Zarinah- FEM 41011 TOPIC 4 LEARNING THEORIES, MOTIVATION AND HUMAN ACHIEVEMENT.
Topic 3 - Theories of Childhood
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TOPIC 4:
THEORIES OF CHILDHOOD
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What are children learning and how do they learn?
When do children develop emotional capabilities similar to adults?
How do children process information?
How do childhood experiences affect personality development?
TRADITIONAL QUESTIONS ASKED ABOUT Children
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Born out of a discontent with the ways traditional academic perspectives saw children and treated childhood as
simply a step on the way to adulthood, the new sociology of children was established.
the New Sociology of Children
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Introduced by sociologist Barrie Thorne,
Launched as an area of academic study by Gertrud Lenzer in 1991,
... And theoretically advanced by William Corsaro in the U.S. and Alan Prout and Alison James in the UK.
the New Sociology of Children
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THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
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FOUNDED BY
B.F. Skinner(& Pavlov)
Psychological Theory
of BEHAVIORISM
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Psychological Theory
of BEHAVIORISM
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REINFORCEMENT& PUNISHMENT
ARE KEY in Learning
Psychological Theory
of BEHAVIORISM
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Some Assumptions:#1. Child is Passive
#2. Adults Shape Children
#3. Development is Unilateral
Psychological Theory
of BEHAVIORISM
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MICRO / IndividuaL
Psychological Theory
of BEHAVIORISM
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Assumptions:
#1. Child is Passive
#2. Adults Shape Children
#3. Development is Unilateral
FOUNDED BY: B.F. Skinner
Reinforcement & PunishmentAre Key in Learning
FOCUS: Micro / Individual
Psychological Theory
of BEHAVIORISM
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Functionalist ViewOF SOCIALIZATION THEORY
FOUNDED BY
Durkheim & Parsons
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SOCIALIZATION IS VIEWED...
Older Generations PASS Culture Onto Younger Generations
Functionalist ViewOF SOCIALIZATION THEORY
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Some Assumptions:#1. Child is passive
#2. Children must be shaped to fit in
#3. Cultural transmission insures survival
Functionalist ViewOF SOCIALIZATION THEORY
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MACRO / SOCIETAL
Functionalist ViewOF SOCIALIZATION THEORY
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Assumptions:
#1. Child is Passive
#2. Children must be shaped to fit in
#3. Cultural transmission
insures survival
FOUNDED BY: Durkheim, Parsons
FOCUS: Macro / Societal
OLDER GENERATION
PASSES CULTURE On To YOUNGER GENERATION
Functionalist ViewOF SOCIALIZATION THEORY
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THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENTS
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SOCIAL LEARNINGPERSPECTIVE
FOUNDED BY
Piaget & Vygotsky
(Neither)
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Children...
Interpret, Organize, and Use
Information
From Their Environment
SOCIAL LEARNINGPERSPECTIVE
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Some Assumptions:#1. Development occurs in discrete stages
#2. Child must accomplish one stage successfully before moving on to the next
SOCIAL LEARNINGPERSPECTIVE
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MICRO / IndividuaL
SOCIAL LEARNINGPERSPECTIVE
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Assumptions:
#1. Development occurs in discrete
stages
#2. Child must accomplish one
before moving on to the next
FOUNDED BY: Piaget, Vygotsky
FOCUS: Micro / Individual
Children Interpret, Organize and Use Information from their Environment
SOCIAL LEARNINGPERSPECTIVE
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INTERACTIONISTPERSPECTIVE
FOUNDED BY GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
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MICRO / IndividuaL
INTERACTIONISTPERSPECTIVE
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Children Develop Identityin response to
interactions with others
INTERACTIONISTPERSPECTIVE
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Some Assumptions:#1. Child is an active agent
#2. Identity is based on children’s perceptions of others’ perceptions of them
INTERACTIONISTPERSPECTIVE
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Assumptions:
#1. Child is an active agent
#2. Identity is based on children’s
perceptions of others’ perceptions
of them
FOUNDED BY: Mead
FOCUS: Micro / Individual
Children Develop Identity in response
to Interactions with others
INTERACTIONISTPERSPECTIVE
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THEORETICAL Innovations
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Interpretive Reproduction
FOUNDED BY
William Corsaro
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Children Negotiate, Share
and Create Culture with Adults
and Each Other
Interpretive Reproduction
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Some Assumptions:#1. Children are active agents#2. Children are innovative and creative#2. Children influence adults in addition
to being influenced by them
Interpretive Reproduction
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Micro-MaCRO Connections
Interpretive Reproduction
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Assumptions:
#1. Children are active agents
#2. Children are innovative & creative
#2. Children influence adults and
vice versa
FOUNDED BY: Corsaro
FOCUS: Micro / Individual
Children Negotiate, Share, and Create
CulturE with Adults and Each Other
Interpretive Reproduction
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Ecological Perspectives
FOUNDED BY
Urie Bronfenbrenner
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Child Develops Competence
Within a
Social Network
Ecological Perspectives
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Micro-MaCRO Connections
Ecological Perspectives
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OVERLAPPINGSOCIAL CIRCLES
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Some Assumptions:#1. Social systems overlap and interact#2. Interactions between systems shape
child outcomes#3. The goal for the child is competence
Ecological Perspectives
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Assumptions:
#1. Social systems overlap and interact
#2. Interactions between systems
shape child outcomes
#2. The goal for the child is competence
FOUNDED BY: Bronfenbrenner
FOCUS: Micro/Macro
Ecological Perspectives
Child Develops CompetenceWithin a
Social Network
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Structural Perspectives
FOUNDED BY JENS QVORTRUP
(NOT JENS QVORTRUP)
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Childhood is a Permanent
Structural CategorySimilar to Social Class
Structural Perspectives
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Some Assumptions:#1. Childhood constitutes a particular
social form#2. Children are exposed to the same
social forces as adults#3. Children actively construct society
Structural Perspectives
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Micro-MaCRO Connections
Structural Perspectives
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Assumptions:
#1. Social systems overlap and interact
#2. Interactions between systems
shape child outcomes
#2. The goal for the child is competence
FOUNDED BY: Qvortrup
FOCUS: Macro
Childhood is a Permanent Structural
CategorySimilar to Social Class
Structural Perspectives
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CRITICAL Perspectives
FOUNDED BY BARRIE THORNE
and James & Prout
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ChildrenRESIST domination, both actively and passively
CRITICAL Perspectives
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Some Assumptions:#1. Children are active agents#2. Adults have more power than children
and use it to control and dominate them#3. Like other oppressed groups, children
will resist domination
CRITICAL Perspectives
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Micro-MaCRO Connections
CRITICAL Perspectives
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Assumptions:
#1. Children are active agents
#2. Adults have more power than children and use it to
control and dominate them
#2. Like other oppressed groups, children will resist
domination
FOUNDED BY: Thorne,
Prout & James
FOCUS: Micro-Macro
ChildrenRESIST domination, both actively & passively
CRITICAL Perspectives
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Behaviorism
Socialization
Learning Theory
Interactionist
Interpretive Reproduction
Ecological
Structural
Critical
USING THEORETICAL APPROACHES
Which of these theories do you tend to use to explain children’s lives/childhood?
Sometimes two theories will give us two different
perspectives on an event or situation
Sometimes different theories will be compatible and will
expand our understanding of an event or situation
How do children theorize about their lives?
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THE
MARSHMALLOW TEST