Topic 1 : Electrical Installation System in Building SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ SHAH POLYTECHNIC

CC 608 BUILDING SERVICES

Groups MemberJoyce Wong Yun Jie 08DKA12F1068Har Jun Jie 08DKA12F1097 Teoh Su Ling 08DKA12F1071Mohamad Akif Bin Jora Fozi 08DKA12F1082Tamil Alagan A/L Thangaraj 08DKA12F1149

Lecturer : Madam Arffaazila Bt Rahmat

Introduction to electrical installation system in buildingIntroduction to Electrical Building Services provides a practical introduction to electrical theory and electrical building services systems to enable delegates to communicate more effectively with specialists such as electrical designers, consultants and contractors. It will enable the non-electrically minded to comprehend the discussions and requirements surrounding the subject.

To ensure a proper understanding of the basic algorithms used in electrical engineering, delegates will undertake some simple example calculations.

1.0 Types of electrical wiring1.1 Open wiring

An old house more convenient with an open wiring system since the walls are closed. The cables must be mounted without any sharp bends to prevent damage to the sheathing and insulation. The open system will take time to put up neatly, and it will require more cable length as you have to follow all the bends and corners. The cables may be painted or covered with wall-paper to make them less visible.Open wiring is usually the lowest cost system, but offers little protection from fire and mechanical injury. This makes this system relatively undesirable from the standpoint of safety to personnel and appearanceOpen wiring is generally not recommended, sometimes used for low-voltage distribution inside buildings.

Property Selection

Among the feature the selection of this type of wiring systems based on factors below :Building stone or wood.low cost.Number of wires or circuits are less. Less mechanical damage. Prepare and finish in short time. Small load power levels.

Pros And Cons of Open Wiring SystemsThere are several advantages and disadvantages open wiring system are listed below :AdvantagesCheap.Prepare and finish in short time.Easy made maintenance.Easy to be modified.

Disadvantages Suitable for 1 -phase supply only.Susceptible to damage.Small load power levels.

1.2 Hidden wiring

system in which the cable is not visible because it has been hidden from the eyes of consumers .This is intended for consumers who are concerned with neatness and beauty.The only wires will be released as part of the end of the cable should be connected to terminal accessory.

Property Selection

Selection of hidden wiring system depends on several factors such as under :Overall building of stoneNeat and attractive atmosphere Mechanical damage can be reduced Number of cable installed muchCable longer term durability

Pros And Cons of Hidden Wiring SystemsThere are several advantages and disadvantages hidden wiring system are listed below :AdvantagesLooks neat and pretty.Mechanical damage can be reduced.Does not depend on temperature conditions.Can put a lot of cable.Have a relatively long durability.Expenses for this system is not so expensive.Materials used are easily available.

DisadvantagesCircuit damage difficult to detect.Maintenance work quite difficult.

1.3 Conduit wiring

popular in Malaysia and almost every building wiring system using this type because it is durable and is often used in place such as under :Usually installed in place that is likely to mechanical damage such as in factories and workshops.The cable used is composed of coated and non-coated wire.

Property SelectionAmong the feature - the selection of this system is based on factors below :If the cause of mechanical breakdown on a building too much.Requires a good grounding system.Require the addition circuit.Using supply 1 phase and 3 phase.Higher power levels.

Type of conduitThere are several types of conduits used in electrical installations . Among these are :Heavy gauge metal conduit.Flexible conduit.Non-metallic conduit.

Uses of conduitThere are a number of uses in the installation of electrical conduits in particular place. Among them are :Heavy gauge metal conduit is most widely used.Flexible conduit is installed as a connector between fixed or isolator to electric motors.Non-metallic conduit is installed on the outside of the building or place that is easy to apply this reason in metal conduit.

Heavy gauge metal conduitFlexible conduit Non-metallic conduit

Pros And Cons of Conduit Wiring SystemsThere are several advantages and disadvantages conduit wiring system are listed below :AdvantagesCable guaranteed from mechanical damage.Easy to install and swap a new one.Less danger of fire. Produce good earth connection.

Disadvantages Higher cost.Need for skilled labor. Requires a long time to complete the work. Requires other accessories to facilitate installation.

2.0 Fitments and their functions in the electrical wiring

2.1 ConductorElectric current can flow freely"Conductor" implies that the outer electrons of the atoms are loosely bound and free to move through the material. Metals such as copper typify conductors.In copper, the valence electrons are essentially free and strongly repel each other. Mostmetalsare good electrical conductors.Most non-metals are not good electrical conductors.Metals are also generally goodheat conductorswhile non-metals are not.

2.2 InsulatorsOpposite of electrical conductors.Electrical insulators are materials that can withstand the flow of electrical current. Insulator are non-conducting materials. Insulators help coat, protect, or support electrical conductors so that the electrical current flowsthroughthe conductor. These protective materials help prevent electrical shock or sparks.Glass was used as the earliest electricalinsulator. Glass can withstand the highest volts of electrical current.

2.3 Electrical Protection Wiring2.3.1Lightning Conductor

A lightening conductor is a thick copper wire or strip that connects a spike secured onto the tallest point of a building to a long copper earth pole that is hammered deep into the ground at the side of the building.It protects the building from lightning strikes, by providing an easier path for current to flow to earth than through the building.In the event of a direct lightning strike, the current in the conductor may be so great as to melt or even vaporize the metal, but the damage to the building will nevertheless be limited.

2.3.2 Earth CircuitEarthcan refer to the reference point in anelectrical circuit from which other voltages are measured, or a common return path forelectric current, or a direct physical connection to theearth.Electrical circuits may be connected to ground (earth) for several reasons.Inmainspowered equipment, exposed metal parts are connected to ground to prevent user contact with dangerous voltage ifelectrical insulationfails. Connections to ground limit the build-up ofstatic electricitywhen handling flammable products orelectrostatic-sensitive devices.

2.3.3 Fuse

A type of low resistanceresistorthat acts as asacrificial deviceto provide overcurrent protection, of either the load or source circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows, which interrupts thecircuitin which it is connected.Short circuit, overloading, mismatched loads or device failure are the prime reasons for excessive current.A fuse interrupts excessive current (blows) so that further damage by overheating orfire is prevented.

3.0 Safety procedures and rules based on IEE standard for electrical installation systemIsolation Procedures for Safe Working on Extra-Low and Low Voltages (Up to 1000v)In general remember the following rules:- Identify the source(s) of supply; Isolate; Secure Isolation; Post notices; Test that the equipment/system is DEAD; then Apply earths where necessary and applicable. Begin work

Safe Isolation for Dead Working

Satisfactory? If yes then begin work.

Safety Precautions and Procedure for Work on Low Voltage Systems1. Wherever possible all work on low voltage electrical equipment including conductors shall, except for circumstances details in work on a low voltage system associated with a high voltage system.2. Access to switch rooms is controlled by the Facilities Management section of Campus Services Refer to Section 7 of the Safe System of Work Policy.3. In situations where it is considered essential by an Authorised Person in order to ensure a safe system of work, the dead safe-to-work permit procedures are to be used (Refer to HR3). 4. If electrical equipment and conductors cannot be proved dead at the point of work, and isolated, the live working procedures shall apply.5. Making electrical equipment/conductors dead by means of a signal or pre-arranged time interval is strictly forbidden.6. The use of time clocks, relays, contactors and remote stop buttons as a means of making dead is strictly forbidden.

Electrical Installation WorksOn completion of the works and prior to normal use, the following applies:1. Electrical tests carried out in accordance with IEE Wiring Regulations. Test results to be recorded.2. Completion certificate to be obtained/completed for works including new circuit.3. Minor works certificate to be obtained/completed for works involving modification (excluding repair) to existing circuit.4. Circuit identification chart to be updated.5. Electrical installation drawing to be updated to include new works.6. The Authorised Person shall ensure all work listed above is supervised and carried out in accordance with the IEE Wiring Regulations BS7671 2008.7. The Contractor shall notify the Authorised Person prior to testing so that the Authorised Person can arrange for witnessing of the tests.

4.0 Latest Technology on Electrical Installation SystemSolar energyWind energy

4.1 Solar energy

Solar Electric or PV modules convert sunlight to electricity. The PV modules generate DC electricity - or direct current - sending it to the inverter.The inverter transforms the DC power into AC electricity for ordinary household needs.Existing electrical panel distributes solar electricity and utility power to loads (appliances) For systems with a battery backup (optional), the inverter also regulates the charge of batteries. The electricity stored in the batteries can be used at night orduring blackouts.

4.2 Wind turbine

A shaft and gearbox connect the rotor to a generator,so when the rotor spins, so does the generator. The generator uses an electromagnetic field to convert this mechanical energy into electrical energy.The electrical energy from the generator is transmitted along cables to a substation. The electrical energy generated by all the turbines in the wind farm is combined and converted to a high voltage.The national grid uses high voltages to transmit electricity efficiently through the power lines to the homes and businesses that need it .Here, other transformers reduce the voltage back down to a usable level.

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