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“…to raise new ideas and improve policy debates through quality information and analysis on issues shaping New Hampshire’s future.”
Education Funding and Policy in NH
Leadership Seacoast March 5, 2014
New Hampshire Center for Public Policy Studies
Board of DirectorsWilliam H. Dunlap, Chair
David Alukonis
Eric Herr
Dianne Mercier
James Putnam
Todd I. Selig
Michael Whitney
Daniel Wolf
Martin L. Gross, Chair Emeritus
Directors Emeritus Sheila T. Francoeur
Stuart V. Smith, Jr.
Donna Sytek
Brian F. Walsh
Kimon S. Zachos
So what?
• Why are we even having this discussion?
• Why have we been talking about “education funding” for the past 15 years?
3
State Aid as Percent of School RevenueSchool Year 1998-1999
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
New
Ham
pshi
reIll
inoi
sN
evad
aV
irgin
iaS
outh
Dak
ota
Neb
rask
aP
enns
ylva
nia
Con
nect
icut
Mis
sour
iM
aryl
and
Nor
th D
akot
aN
ew J
erse
yR
hode
Isla
ndM
assa
chus
etts
Ohi
oN
ew Y
ork
Texa
sC
olor
ado
Ariz
ona
Mon
tana
Mai
neTe
nnes
see
Geo
rgia
Flo
rida
Loui
sian
aIo
wa
Sou
th C
arol
ina
Wyo
min
gIn
dian
aW
isco
nsin
Mis
siss
ippi
Ore
gon
Min
neso
taA
rkan
sas
Cal
iforn
iaO
klah
oma
Ala
ska
Uta
hId
aho
Ala
bam
aK
ansa
sK
entu
cky
Wes
t Virg
inia
Del
awar
eW
ashi
ngto
nM
ichi
gan
Nor
th C
arol
ina
New
Mex
ico
Ver
mon
tH
awai
i
State
Pe
rce
nt
Sta
te A
id
Before reform, NH was last in state aid for schools.
Here’s why…
4
• The education decision “The responsibility for ensuring the provision of an adequate public education and an adequate level of resources for all students in New Hampshire lies with the State.”
• The tax decision “To the extent that the property tax is used in the future to fund the provision of an adequate education, the tax must be administered in a manner that is equal in valuation and uniform in rate throughout the State.”
Claremont II Decision:
1997
State aid jumps after rulingPercentage of New Hampshire School District Revenue
Provided by State Aid: 1919-2012
36.4%
23.6%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
19
19
-20
19
24
-25
19
29
-30
19
34
-35
19
39
-40
19
44
-45
19
49
-50
19
54
-55
19
59
-60
19
64
-65
19
69
-70
19
74
-75
19
79
-80
19
84
-85
19
89
-90
19
94
-95
19
99
-00
20
04
-05
20
09
-10
Including Statewide Property Tax
Excluding Statewide Property Tax
EQUITY
7
Elementary spending per student1998, 2002, 2013
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151
School districts
Per
pu
pil
sp
end
ing
as
% o
f st
ate
med
ian
201320021998
8
Equalized Tax Rates for Education 1998, 1999, 2005, 2009(compared to median town)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
180%
one dot for each town (sorted from low to high separately for each year)
Rat
io o
f ta
x ra
te t
o m
edia
n t
ow
n t
ax r
ate
1999
1998 Taxpayer equity:The change in taxpayer equity brought about by the reform of 1999 was almost entirely reversed by 2005. By 2009, taxpayer equity has shown how the changes brought by the 1999 reforms have eroded.
2005
2009
Property Taxes By Function 1997-2012
994974939909876824771712639594543514478468438417
1,6121,5691,5171,4781,481
1,3711,331
1,2121,147
932816
718660
537
1,1741,101
460458
499499
495
383362
362362
364 363363
362363
256252
248245242
217202
194180
178
160154
129116
116116
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
$3,000
$3,500
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
County
State Education
Local Education
Municipal
10
Change in Taxpayer EquityThe initial increase in taxpayer equity (although never fully realized) eroded away by 2009.
Change in Pupil EquityNo change in pupil equity ever occurred.
ADEQUACY
Finding a benchmark
• 2006 NH Supreme Court case determined that “adequate education” was never sufficiently defined by Legislature.
• New definition is for “opportunity” for an adequate education– “Inputs” = courses offered, staffing,
funding, etc.– “Outputs” = test scores, graduation rates,
attendance rates, etc.
• Teachers = $47,267– 1 teacher/25 students (K-2) = $1,891 per pupil– 1 teacher/30 students (3-12) = $1,576 per pupil
• Specialty teachers = $330 per pupil• Principals = $202 per pupil• Guidance counselors = $130 per pupil• Library media specialists = $95 per pupil• Custodians = $73 per pupil• Facilities maintenance = $195 per pupil• Technology = $75 per pupil• Instructional materials = $250 per pupil• Transportation = $315 per pupil
The Magic Number:$3,456 per pupil
Differentiated Aid for at-risk populations
• Economically disadvantaged $1,750 per low-income student
• English language learners $685 per student
• Special education students $1,882 per student
Poor performers $685 for each 3rd grader who tests
below grade level in reading
The current landscape
Statewide Property Tax
13%
State Foundation/Adequacy Aid
20%
Federal Aid7%
Other State Aid3%
Tuition, Food, and Other1%
Local Property Tax55%
Sale of Bonds & Notes
1%
School revenue: Largely a local affair
State Share of Public Elementary and Secondary Education Funding, 2010-11
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
SD
MO
NE IL NV
CT FL
PA RI
NH
VA NJ
MA
CO
NY
TX
AZ
ME
MD
GA
LA IA OH
SC
MO
US
TN
OR WI
MS
OK
ND
UT
AR
KY
AL
KS
WY MI
INW
VC
AW
AN
CM
ND
EA
K ID NM VT HI
U.S Average
New Hampshire
NH below national average in state funding . . .
New Hampshire
Per Pupil Public School Spending by State, 2010-11
$0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
$12,000
$14,000
$16,000
$18,000
$20,000
UT ID OK
AZ
MS
TN
NC
NV
TX
CO
SD AL
FL
SC
NM
CA
GA
KY
AR IN
MO W KS
OR IA VA
US
MT
MN LA IL MI
NE
OH
ND
ME
WI
W HI
DE
NH
PA RI
MD
MA
CT
WY
VT
NJ
AK
DC
NY
U.S. Aver
New Hampshire
. . . but we spend more per student overall
New Hampshire
We’re in a high-spending region
• The problem is still the disparity across the state in education spending, outcomes, and property valuations (i.e., the basis for spending)
• Franklin $8,370 per pupil spending $460,000 per pupil valuation
60% low-income students 63% 3rd Graders proficient in math
• Newington $32,029 per pupil spending $12.4 million per pupil val. 10% low-income students 100% 3rd grd proficient in math
What’s the concern?
Regional variation is significant
Cost Per Pupil by NH Region, 2011-2012
$13,301
$15,045$14,848
$11,807$11,344
$13,499
$16,304
$14,366$15,197
$0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
$12,000
$14,000
$16,000
$18,000
Dar
tmou
th-
Sun
apee
Gre
at N
orth
Woo
ds
Whi
teM
ount
ains
Gre
ater
Con
cord
Gre
ater
Man
ches
ter
Gre
ater
Nas
hua
Mon
adno
ck
Lake
s R
egio
n
Sea
coas
t
Spending & student success
Per pupil expenditures by NH district vs. percent of students scoring Proficient or higher
on NECAP Reading (2012)
y = 0.0004x + 75.061
R2 = 0.031
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
$0 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000 $25,000 $30,000 $35,000
Impact on policy:Four big questions
• What do we want from our education system?
• How should we measure success?
• Who are interested parties in this discussion? What are their priorities?
• What outside trends are shaping education in NH?
• What do you want your 18-year-old to be able to do when he or she graduates high school?
1. What is the desired outcome?
2. What do we measure?– Spending per pupil– English-language learners– Racial/ethnic breakdowns by district– Poverty rates by district– Teacher/student ratios– Teacher salaries– Teacher educational attainment
– Graduation rates– Drop-out rates– College placement rates– Attendance rates– Test score, test scores, test scores
• Students
• Parents
• Business community
• Higher education community
• Society at large
3. Interested parties
4. What about demographics?
• What does education policy mean for a state that is:– Growing older,– Raising fewer school-aged children,– Seeing a significant shift in its pattern and
rates of in-migration?
Student trends moving in one direction
New Hampshire Total Public School Enrollment, 2001-02 to 2012-13
175,000
180,000
185,000
190,000
195,000
200,000
205,000
210,000
01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13
Nu
mb
er
of
Stu
de
nts
Public School Enrollment
Without Charter Students
N H School Age Population C hange by Tow n, 2000 to 2010
Source: US C ensus Bureau
Berlin
Laconia
Franklin
Lebanon
C larem ont
Keene
C oncord
N ashua
M anchester
D erry
R ochesterSom ersworth
D overD urham
Portsm outh
C hange from 2000 to 2010
-2,500 - 0
0 - 100
100 - 500
500 - 1 ,000What kind of educational system
should we be building, based on what this
map tells us?
•73 high schools•100 SAUs•160+ school districts
New Hampshire Center for New Hampshire Center for Public Policy StudiesPublic Policy Studies
Want to learn more?• Online: nhpolicy.org• Facebook: facebook.com/nhpolicy• Twitter: @nhpublicpolicy• Our blog: policyblognh.org• (603) 226-2500
Board of DirectorsSheila T. Francoeur, Chair
David Alukonis
William H. Dunlap
Eric Herr
Dianne Mercier
Richard Ober
James Putnam
Stephen J. Reno
Stuart V. Smith, Jr.
Donna Sytek
Brian F. Walsh
Michael Whitney
Martin L. Gross, Chair Emeritus
Todd I. Selig
Kimon S. Zachos
Directors Emeritus“…to raise new ideas and improve policy debates through quality information and analysis on issues shaping New Hampshire’s future.”