TKES Powercore CGO HGO Electrical Steel Brochure 020610

ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel GmbH

Kurt-Schumacher-Str. 95 • D-45881 Gelsenkirchen

Tel. +49 (0)209 407-50845 • Fax +49 (0)209 407-50844

www.thyssenkrupp.com • [email protected]

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Grain oriented electrical steelPowerCore®

Our products

ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel

Contents

3

Energy efficient transmissionand distribution of electrical energy 4–5

PowerCore®: The core material for the future 6–7

We supply more than 400 customers worldwide 8–9

Grain oriented electrical steel PowerCore® C 10

PowerCore® C: Guaranteed magnetic properties 11

PowerCore® C: Comparison charts 12–13

Grain oriented electrical steel PowerCore® H 14

PowerCore® H: Guaranteed magnetic properties 15

PowerCore® H: Comparison charts 16–17

Insulation types 18–19

Characteristics 20–23

Comparison chart 24

PowerCore®: Further processing information 26–29

Imprint 30

4

Energy efficient transmission and distributionof electrical energy

Global demand for energy is constantly rising, and at the same time resources are becoming increasingly scarce. It is therefore vital to adopt a responsible approach to generating, transforming and distributing electrical energy.

The use of ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel’s innovative high-tech PowerCore® C and PowerCore® H electrical steels in distribution and power transformers goes a long way towards minimizing core loss in the transmis-sion and distribution of electrical energy.

Our PowerCore® material makes a significant contri-bution to protecting the environment throughout the world and to the sustainability of energy resources.

5

© AREVA T&D

6

PowerCore®:The core material for the future

© Siemens AG

© Siemens AG © AEM CORES Pty Ltd. © AEM CORES Pty Ltd.

7

Grain oriented electrical steel is a highly sophisticated high-tech core material. It is used wherever motion is transformed into electrical energy or electrical energy is transformed into motion and where electrical energy is transmitted across large distances.

Laminated or wound grain oriented electrical steel is the core material used in power and distribution transformers and also in small transformers.

Premium PowerCore® electrical steel grades signi-ficantly reduce noise emissions in transformers, a distinct advantage in the light of growing urbanization. PowerCore® electrical steel is so energy-efficient that it is now possible to build considerably smaller transformers with the same power output. Since this reduces the consumption of finite resources such as copper, oil and insulating materials, grain oriented electrical steel can be said to make a valuable contri-bution to environmental sustainability.

Our research and development departments in Gel-senkirchen and Isbergues continuously optimize the complex production flow and production characteristics of our PowerCore® grain oriented electrical steel in a permanent process.

We are currently conducting research on your behalf to develop innovative PowerCore® products for future applications.

Applications

Large power transformers

Distribution transformers

Small transformers

Current transformers

Shunt reactors

Wound cores

Power generators

8

We supply more than 400 customers worldwide

ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel is a leading global manufacturer of high-tech recyclable PowerCore® grain oriented and non grain oriented electrical steels.

Our pledge: To meet the most demanding require-ments of our customers sustainably through technol-ogy-based production and continuous development of electrical steel.

How we fulfill this pledge: We supply more than 400 customers in over 60 countries around the world with our high-tech PowerCore® electrical steel.

Nashik

Bochum

Gelsenkirchen

Motta Visconti

Isbergues

9

Our high quality PowerCore® line includes a comple-te choice of grain oriented electrical steels, ranging from conventional 0.35 mm PowerCore® C to ultra thin, highly permeable 0.23 mm PowerCore® H which offers ultimate energy savings following domain refinement.

Our wide range of products and flexible production methods, which we achieve by coordinating the management of our manufacturing plants, enableus to meet our customers requirements.

The excellent magnetic properties of PowerCore® grain oriented electrical steel are due to its unique crystallographic texture, which is formed during the complex production process.

Grain oriented electrical steel PowerCore® C

10

PowerCore® C:Guaranteed magnetic properties

11

Grade* Thickness Typical core loss at Guaranteed core loss at Typical Guaranteed polarization at polarization at

1.5 T 1.7 T 1.5 T 1.7 T 1.7 T 1.7 T

50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 800 A/m 800 A/m

PowerCore® mm inch W/kg W/kg W/lb W/lb W/kg W/lb typ. T min. T

C 110-23 0.23 0.009 0.69 1.06 0.41 0.64 1.10 0.66 1.83 1.80

C 120-23 0.23 0.009 0.73 1.15 0.44 0.69 1.20 0.72 1.83 1.78

C 120-27 0.27 0.011 0.78 1.16 0.47 0.70 1.20 0.72 1.83 1.80

C 130-27 0.27 0.011 0.82 1.21 0.49 0.74 1.30 0.78 1.83 1.78

C 120-30 0.30 0.012 0.81 1.18 0.47 0.70 1.20 0.72 1.83 1.80

C 130-30 0.30 0.012 0.84 1.22 0.50 0.72 1.30 0.78 1.83 1.80

C 140-30 0.30 0.012 0.87 1.26 0.52 0.76 1.40 0.84 1.83 1.78

C 140-35 0.35 0.014 0.93 1.33 0.56 0.80 1.40 0.84 1.83 1.80

C 150-35 0.35 0.014 0.97 1.40 0.58 0.84 1.50 0.90 1.83 1.78

* Other grades available upon request.

12

PowerCore® C:Comparison charts

Standards Thickness Maximum core loss Maximum core loss Min. Min. Grade

at 1.5 T at 1.7 T J800 stacking

factor

50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz

EN 10107 mm inch W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb W/kg* W/lb* T PowerCore®

M 110-23 S 0.23 0.009 0.73 0.33 - - 1.10 0.50 1.45 0.66 1.78 0.945 C 110-23

M 120-23 S 0.23 0.009 0.77 0.35 - - 1.20 0.54 1.58 0.72 1.78 0.945 C 120-23

M 127-23 S 0.23 0.009 0.80 0.36 - - 1.27 0.58 1.67 0.76 1.75 0.945 C 120-23

M 120-27 S 0.27 0.011 0.80 0.36 - - 1.20 0.54 1.58 0.72 1.78 0.950 C 120-27

M 130-27 S 0.27 0.011 0.85 0.39 - - 1.30 0.59 1.71 0.78 1.78 0.950 C 130-27

M 140-27 S 0.27 0.011 0.89 0.40 - - 1.40 0.64 1.84 0.84 1.75 0.950 C 130-27

M 130-30 S 0.30 0.012 0.85 0.39 - - 1.30 0.59 1.71 0.78 1.78 0.955 C 130-30

M 140-30 S 0.30 0.012 0.92 0.42 - - 1.40 0.64 1.84 0.84 1.78 0.955 C 140-30

M 150-30 S 0.30 0.012 0.97 0.44 - - 1.50 0.68 1.97 0.89 1.75 0.955 C 140-30

M 140-35 S 0.35 0.014 1.00 0.45 - - 1.40 0.64 1.84 0.84 1.78 0.960 C 140-35

M 150-35 S 0.35 0.014 1.05 0.48 - - 1.50 0.68 1.97 0.89 1.78 0.960 C 150-35

M 165-35 S 0.35 0.014 1.11 0.50 - - 1.65 0.75 2.17 0.99 1.75 0.960 C 150-35

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* P values informative for 60 Hz.



factor


IEC 60404-8-7 mm inch W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb T PowerCore®

M 110-23 S5 0.23 0.009 0.73 0.33 0.96 0.44 1.10 0.50 1.45 0.66 1.78 0.945 C 110-23

M 120-23 S5 0.23 0.009 0.77 0.35 1.01 0.46 1.20 0.54 1.57 0.71 1.78 0.945 C 120-23

M 120-27 S5 0.27 0.011 0.80 0.36 1.07 0.49 1.20 0.54 1.58 0.72 1.78 0.950 C 120-27

M 130-27 S5 0.27 0.011 0.85 0.39 1.12 0.51 1.30 0.59 1.68 0.76 1.78 0.950 C 130-27

M 130-30 S5 0.30 0.012 0.85 0.39 1.15 0.52 1.30 0.59 1.71 0.78 1.78 0.955 C 130-30

M 140-30 S5 0.30 0.012 0.92 0.42 1.21 0.55 1.40 0.64 1.83 0.83 1.78 0.955 C 140-30

M 145-35 S5 0.35 0.014 1.03 0.47 1.36 0.62 1.45 0.66 1.91 0.87 1.78 0.960 C 140-35

M 155-35 S5 0.35 0.014 1.07 0.49 1.41 0.64 1.55 0.70 2.04 0.93 1.78 0.960 C 150-35

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factor

ASTM A 876/ 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz

A 876 M mm inch W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb T PowerCore®

23 G 045** 0.23 0.009 0.75 0.34 0.99 0.45 - - - - 1.80 0.940 C 120-23

23 H 070* 0.23 0.009 - - - - 1.17 0.53 1.54 0.70 1.80 0.940 C 120-23

27 G 051** 0.27 0.011 0.85 0.39 1.12 0.51 - - - - 1.80 0.945 C 130-27

27 H 074* 0.27 0.011 - - - - 1.24 0.56 1.63 0.74 1.80 0.945 C 120-27

30 G 058** 0.30 0.012 0.97 0.44 1.28 0.58 - - - - 1.80 0.950 C 140-30

30 H 083* 0.30 0.012 - - - - 1.39 0.63 1.83 0.83 1.80 0.950 C 140-30

35 G 066** 0.35 0.014 1.11 0.50 1.46 0.66 - - - - 1.80 0.955 C 150-35

35 H 094* 0.35 0.014 - - - - 1.57 0.71 2.07 0.94 1.80 0.955 C 150-35

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* H: Conventional grain oriented electrical steel tested at 1.7 T.

** G: Conventional grain oriented electrical steel tested at 1.5 T.

PowerCore® C:Comparison charts

13



factor


JIS C2553 mm inch W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb T PowerCore®

23 G 110 0.23 0.009 - - - - 1.10 0.50 - - 1.78 0.945 C 110-23

27 G 120 0.27 0.011 - - - - 1.20 0.54 - - 1.78 0.950 C 120-27

27 G 130 0.27 0.011 - - - - 1.30 0.59 - - 1.78 0.950 C 130-27

30 G 130 0.30 0.012 - - - - 1.30 0.59 - - 1.78 0.955 C 130-30

30 G 140 0.30 0.012 - - - - 1.40 0.64 - - 1.78 0.955 C 140-30

35 G 145 0.35 0.014 - - - - 1.45 0.66 - - 1.78 0.960 C 140-35

35 G 155 0.35 0.014 - - - - 1.55 0.70 - - 1.78 0.960 C 150-35

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factor

GOST 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz

21427.1-83 mm inch W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb T PowerCore®

3404 0.35 0.014 - - - - 1.60 - - - 1.60 0.97 C 150-35

3405 0.35 0.014 - - - - 1.50 - - - 1.61 0.97 C 150-35

3406 0.35 0.014 - - - - 1.43 - - - 1.62 0.97 C 140-35

3404 0.30 0.012 - - - - 1.50 - - - 1.60 0.96 C 140-30

3405 0.30 0.012 - - - - 1.40 - - - 1.61 0.95 C 140-30

3406 0.30 0.012 - - - - 1.33 - - - 1.62 0.95 C 130-30

3405 0.27 0.011 - - - - 1.38 - - - 1.61 0.95 C 130-27

3406 0.27 0.011 - - - - 1.27 - - - 1.62 0.95 C 130-27

3407 0.27 0.011 - - - - 1.20 - - - 1.72 0.95 C 120-27

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Grain oriented electrical steel PowerCore® H

ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel’s high-tech core material PowerCore® H has been largely responsible for increasing the efficiency of power and distribution transformers.

PowerCore® H grades have a more defined crystallographic texture than PowerCore® C grades. This reduces both total core loss and magnetostriction, making PowerCore® H grades the material of choice for transformers used in areas requiring low noise emissions.

The use of PowerCore® H can also significantly reduce total manufacturing costs for transformers, a major advantage in the face of rising raw material costs.

PowerCore® H is the core material for the future!

14

Reduced noise emissions due to:

– extremely low level of magnetostriction

– improved insulation properties

Cost benefits due to:

Higher energy efficiency due to:

– minimum no-load losses

– better capitalization of losses

– lower core weights

– more compact dimensions

15

PowerCore® H:Guaranteed magnetic properties

Grade* Thickness Typical core loss at Guaranteed core loss at Typical Guaranteed polarization polarization at at

1.5 T 1.7 T 1.5 T 1.7 T 1.7 T 1.7 T

50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 800 A/m 800 A/m

PowerCore® mm inch W/kg W/kg W/lb W/lb W/kg W/lb typ. T min. T

H 085-23 0.23 0.009 0.59 0.81 0.36 0.49 0.85 0.51 1.91 1.88

H 090-23 0.23 0.009 0.63 0.86 0.39 0.52 0.90 0.54 1.91 1.88

H 095-23 0.23 0.009 0.66 0.91 0.40 0.55 0.95 0.57 1.89 1.88

H 100-23 0.23 0.009 0.68 0.96 0.41 0.58 1.00 0.60 1.88 1.85

H 090-27 0.27 0.011 0.66 0.87 0.40 0.52 0.90 0.54 1.91 1.88

H 095-27 0.27 0.011 0.70 0.92 0.42 0.55 0.95 0.57 1.91 1.88

H 103-27 0.27 0.011 0.73 0.97 0.44 0.58 1.03 0.62 1.89 1.88

H 100-30 0.30 0.012 0.74 0.98 0.44 0.59 1.00 0.60 1.91 1.88

H 105-30 0.30 0.012 0.77 1.02 0.46 0.61 1.05 0.63 1.91 1.88

H 111-30 0.30 0.012 0.80 1.06 0.49 0.64 1.11 0.66 1.90 1.88

* Other grades available upon request.

PowerCore® H:Comparison charts

16

Standards Thickness Maximum core loss Min. Min. Grade

at 1.7 T J800 stacking

factor

50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz

EN 10107 mm inch W/kg W/lb W/kg* W/lb* T PowerCore®

M 85-23 P 0.23 0.009 0.85 0.39 1.12 0.51 1.88 0.945 H 085-23

M 90-23 P 0.23 0.009 0.90 0.41 1.18 0.54 1.88 0.945 H 090-23

M 95-23 P 0.23 0.009 0.95 0.43 1.25 0.57 1.88 0.945 H 095-23

M 100-23 P 0.23 0.009 1.00 0.45 1.32 0.60 1.85 0.945 H 100-23

M 90-27 P 0.27 0.011 0.90 0.41 1.18 0.54 1.88 0.950 H 090-27

M 95-27 P 0.27 0.011 0.95 0.43 1.25 0.57 1.88 0.950 H 095-27

M 103-27 P 0.27 0.011 1.03 0.47 1.36 0.62 1.88 0.950 H 103-27

M 100-30 P 0.30 0.012 1.00 0.45 1.32 0.60 1.88 0.955 H 100-30

M 105-30 P 0.30 0.012 1.05 0.48 1.38 0.63 1.88 0.955 H 105-30

M 111-30 P 0.30 0.012 1.11 0.50 1.46 0.66 1.88 0.955 H 111-30

M 125-35 P 0.35 0.014 1.25 0.57 1.65 0.75 1.88 0.960 **

2005

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factor

50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz

IEC 60404-8-7 mm inch W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb T PowerCore®

M 85-23 P5 0.23 0.009 0.85 0.39 1.12 0.51 1.85 0.945 H 085-23

M 90-23 P5 0.23 0.009 0.90 0.41 1.19 0.54 1.85 0.945 H 090-23

M 95-23 P5 0.23 0.009 0.95 0.43 1.25 0.57 1.85 0.945 H 095-23

M 100-23 P5 0.23 0.009 1.00 0.45 1.32 0.60 1.85 0.945 H 100-23

M 90-27 P5 0.27 0.011 0.90 0.41 1.19 0.54 1.85 0.950 H 090-27

M 95-27 P5 0.27 0.011 0.95 0.43 1.25 0.57 1.85 0.950 H 095-27

M 100-27 P5 0.27 0.011 1.00 0.45 1.32 0.60 1.88 0.950 H 095-27

M 110-27 P5 0.27 0.011 1.10 0.50 1.45 0.66 1.88 0.950 H 103-27

M 105-30 P5 0.30 0.012 1.05 0.48 1.38 0.63 1.88 0.955 H 105-30

M 110-30 P5 0.30 0.012 1.10 0.50 1.46 0.66 1.88 0.955 H 111-30

M 120-30 P5 0.30 0.012 1.20 0.54 1.58 0.72 1.85 0.955 H 111-30

M 115-35 P5 0.35 0.014 1.15 0.52 1.51 0.68 1.88 0.960 *

M 125-35 P5 0.35 0.014 1.25 0.57 1.64 0.74 1.88 0.960 *

M 135-35 P5 0.35 0.014 1.35 0.61 1.77 0.80 1.88 0.960 *

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* P values informative for 60 Hz. ** Available upon request.

* Available upon request.



factor

ASTM A876/ 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz

A 876 M mm inch W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb T PowerCore®

23 Q 054* 0.23 0.009 0.90 0.41 1.19 0.54 1.88 0.940 H 090-23

23 P 060** 0.23 0.009 1.01 0.46 1.32 0.60 1.88 0.940 H 100-23

27 Q 057* 0.27 0.011 0.96 0.43 1.26 0.57 1.88 0.945 H 095-27

27 P 066* 0.27 0.011 1.11 0.50 1.46 0.66 1.88 0.945 H 103-27

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* Q: Laser scratched high permeability grain oriented electrical steel tested at 1.7 T.

** P: High permeability grain oriented electrical steel tested at 1.7 T.

PowerCore® H:Comparison charts

17



factor

50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz

JIS C2553 mm inch W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb T PowerCore®

23 R 085 0.23 0.009 0.85 0.39 - - 1.85 0.945 H 085-23

23 P 090 0.23 0.009 0.90 0.41 - - 1.85 0.945 H 090-23

23 P 095 0.23 0.009 0.95 0.43 - - 1.85 0.945 H 095-23

23 P 100 0.23 0.009 1.00 0.45 - - 1.85 0.945 H 100-23

27 R 090 0.27 0.011 0.90 0.41 - - 1.85 0.950 H 090-27

27 R 095 0.27 0.011 0.95 0.43 - - 1.85 0.950 H 095-27

27 P 100 0.27 0.011 1.00 0.45 - - 1.88 0.950 H 103-27

27 P 110 0.27 0.011 1.10 0.50 - - 1.85 0.950 *

30 P 105 0.30 0.012 1.05 0.48 - - 1.88 0.955 H 105-30

30 P 110 0.30 0.012 1.10 0.50 - - 1.88 0.955 H 111-30

30 P 120 0.30 0.012 1.20 0.54 - - 1.85 0.955 *

35 P 115 0.35 0.014 1.15 0.52 - - 1.88 0.960 *

35 P 125 0.35 0.014 1.25 0.57 - - 1.88 0.960 *

35 P 135 0.35 0.014 1.35 0.61 - - 1.88 0.960 *

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* Available upon request.



factor

GOST 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz

21427.1-83 mm inch W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb T PowerCore®

3407 0.30 0.012 - - - - 1.26 - - - 1.72 0.95 H 111-30

3408 0.30 0.012 - - - - 1.20 - - - 1.74 0.95 H 111-30

3408 0.27 0.011 - - - - 1.14 - - - 1.74 0.94 H 103-27

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Insulation types

18

19

Insulation types

Color

Color deviations may occur, Phosphate

but will not affect the properties over glass film:

grey

Coated sides Both sides

Thickness of coating 2 μm-5 μm

Surface insulation resistance

at room temperature as per

DIN IEC 60404-11 >10 Ω cm2

Annealing resistance

Under inert gas as per

DIN IEC 60404-12 840 °C/2 h

Chemical resistance

to transformer oil Good

Designation according to

IEC 60404-1-1 EC-5-G

Designation according to

ASTM A976 C-5 over C-2

The grain oriented electrical steel is supplied with a thin anorganic coating on the glass film layer which forms during annealing. A coating thickness of 2 to 5 μm provides good electrical resistance and a high stacking factor.

The coating, which is annealing resistant up to 840 °C, enables wound cores and punched lami-nations to be stress relief annealed. The coating is chemically resistant to any fluid it may be exposed to during the production process. It is unaffected by, and likewise does not affect, the different types of transfor-mer oils.

Standard strips

Inside diameter 508 mm

Width 950-1,000 mm

Nominal thickness 0.23 mm

0.27 mm

0.30 mm

0.35 mm

Thickness tolerances

Max. tolerance on the nominal thickness ±0.020 mm

Max. difference in thickness parallel to the direction of rolling within a sheet or in a length of strip of 1,500 mm 0.025 mm

Max. difference in thickness perpendicular to the direction of rolling at a minimum distance of 40 mm from the edges 0.020 mm

Residual curvature

Max. distance for a sample

500 mm in length applicable

for width >150 mm 35 mm

Characteristics

Dimensions

Geometric tolerances

Other characteristics and tolerances

20

Slit width

Inside diameter 508 mm

Width ≥6 mm

Nominal thickness 0.23 mm

0.27 mm

0.30 mm

0.35 mm

Tolerances for widths

Standard widths ±1 mm

Slit width*

≥150 mm 0/-0.2 mm

>150-400 mm 0/-0.3 mm

>400-750 mm 0/-0.5 mm

>750-1000 mm 0/-0.6 mm

* Plus tolerances

must be stipulated with order.

Edge camber

Max. edge camber for a

measuring length of

1,500 mm applicable for

width >150 mm 0.5 mm

Deviation from the shearing

line due to internal stresses

Max. measured gap within a

strip length of 1,500 mm

applicable for width >500 mm 1 mm

Flatness

(wave factor)

Max. wave factor applicable for

width >150 mm 1.5 %

Burr height (only for slit width)

Max. burr height 0.025 mm

The measuring methods for thickness and width are given

in the product standards EN 10107 and IEC 60404-8-7.

All other measuring methods and definitions are given in

EN 10251 and IEC 60404-9.

The quoted values are in many cases better than those

specified in the EN or IEC-Norm.

Characteristics

22

Yield point Rp 0,2

longitudinal in rolling direction 300-340 MPa

transverse to rolling direction 330-360 MPa

Elongation Al=80

longitudinal in rolling direction 6-14 %

transverse to rolling direction 24-48 %

Hardness

HRB 15T 75-85

HV 5 170-180

Stacking factor, thickness

0.23 mm 95.5 %

0.27 mm 96.0 %

0.30 mm 96.5 %

0.35 mm 97.0 %

Saturation polarization JS 2.03 T

Coercive field strength HS 5 A/m

Curie temperature Tc 745 °C/1,345 °F

Density pm 7.65 kg/dm3

Electrical resistivity pe 0.48 μΩm

Typical physical properties

Ultimate tensile strength Rm

longitudinal in rolling direction 330-370 MPa

transverse to rolling direction 390-420 MPa

23

Comparison chart

24

Magnetic flux density B in to be to obtain

and magnetic polarization J multiplied by

T = Wb/m2 = Vs/m2 10-4 Wb/cm2 = Vs/cm2

T 104 G

T 6.45 x 104 lines/square inch

Vs/cm2 104 T

G 10-4 T

lines/square inch 1.55 x 10-5 T

Magnetic field strength H

A/m 0.01 A/cm

A/m 0.01257 Oe

A/m 0.0254 Ampere-turns/inch

A/cm 100 A/m

Oe 79.6 A/m

Ampere-turns/inch 39.37 A/m

Total core loss PS

W/kg 0.4536 W/lb

W/lb 2.20462 W/kg

Length

cm 0.3937 inch

inch 2.54 cm

Area A

cm2 0.155 square inch

square inch 6.45 cm2

Volume V

cm3 0.061 cubic inch

cubic inch 16.4 cm3

Mass m

g 0.0353 ounce

kg 2.20462 pound

ounce 28.35 g

pound 0.4536 kg

Force F

N = kgm/s2 0.102 kp

kp 9.81 N = kgm/s2

Tensile strength Re, Rp, Rm

N/mm2 0.102 kp/mm2

N/mm2 145 pounds/square inch (psi)

kp/mm2 9.81 N/mm2

pounds/square inch (psi) 6.90 x 10-3 N/mm2

Temperature T

°C x 1.8 + 32 °F

°F x 0.556 - 17.8 °C

Units

26

PowerCore®: Further processing information

Grain oriented electrical steel is used to build mag-netic cores. It should be noted that the best magnetic properties are found only in the rolling direction. If the magnetization is outside the rolling direction, core loss will increase substantially, e.g. at 90° to the rolling direction, the loss increases by a factor of more than three and at 60° it increases by a factor of more than four. It is therefore essential that the steel is magnetized as precisely as possible along the rolling direction in the whole magnetic circuit.

Mechanical stressMechanical stress has a highly negative effect on the magnetic properties of grain oriented electrical steel. The strips can become exposed to this type of stress for a variety of reasons:– external forces (external stresses)– plastic deformation (internal stresses)

External stress is caused by excessive or uneven com-pression forcing the magnetic core laminations into a wavy or curved shape. Internal stress is generated along the cut edges during each slitting operation oras a result of bending the sheet or subjecting it to tension beyond the yield point.

This sometimes unavoidable stress can be almost completely eliminated by stress relief annealing.Material can be annealed in a continuous annealing line under air (short-time annealing) or in a box an-nealing line under a nitrogen atmosphere (long-time annealing). Whether or not the material is stress relief annealed depends on the conditions at the customers place of installation.

Annealing by the customer

Short-time annealingLaminations are usually subjected to short-time annealing in a roller furnace. This process takes a few minutes and requires a soaking time of 1 to 2 minutes at a maximum temperature of 860 °C. Since the lami-nations are annealed under an air atmosphere, the cut edges oxidize, thus creating an insulating coating. Any grease or oil from earlier processing stages is burnt off and is generally harmless in small quantities.

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PowerCore®: Further processing information

Long-time annealingWound cores and stacking transformers undergo long-time annealing in a box-type furnace. Long-time annealing should be carried out under the following conditions:

• Soaking temperature: Min. 820 °C, max. 840 °C to 850 °C

• Soaking time: 2 hours (the coolest part of the material must be at least 800 °C) • Cooling: Preferably within the furnace to about 200 °C to 300 °C

• Protective atmosphere: Preferably 100 % nitrogen. The addition of hydrogen is not recommended.

The heating, soaking and cooling times are largely determined by the type and size of furnace and the amount of annealing material. The annealing cyclemust be adapted to the above parameters. As a gener-al rule, heating the material too quickly may result in local overheating, especially in the outer cores. This risk can be reduced by controlling the temperature with a thermocouple near the heating conductors.

The soaking time must be long enough to ensure that the annealing material reaches the soaking tempera-ture (minimum 800 °C) throughout.

If the material cools down too quickly, the cores may warp or distort. It is further recommended that the soaking temperature is controlled by thermocouples positioned at the hottest and the coolest points of the annealing material. The cores should be allowed to cool down in the furnace to a temperature between 200 °C to 300 °C to avoid quenching effects during unloading. The annealing material must be free from grease, oil and other organic substances to prevent carburization.

Domain refined materialStress relief annealing of laser-irradiated PowerCore® Hreverses the reduction in core loss produced by the laser treatment. The special design of our laser beam ensures that the excellent adhesive properties and the high resistance value of the insulation are preserved in our laser-irradiated PowerCore® H grades. As a result, laser-irradiated PowerCore® H grades show the same favorable noise behavior in the finished transformers as PowerCore® H grades that have not been laser treated.

© Siemens AG

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EditorThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel GmbHSalesServiceKurt-Schumacher-Str. 95D-45881 GelsenkirchenTel. +49 (0)209 407-50845Fax +49 (0)209 407-50844E-mail: [email protected]

CopyrightThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel GmbH

The given values serve only as guidelines. We do not guarantee specific properties without a written agreement.

PowerCore® is a registered brand name of ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel.

DesignGK Marketing Service GmbHEssenwww.gk-mas.de

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Pictures courtesy ofAEM Cores Pty Ltd.: Page 6 see small picture below center and rightAREVA T&D: Page 4, 5Siemens AG: Cover, page 6 see big picture, small picture below left, page 29

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TKES Powercore CGO HGO Electrical Steel Brochure 020610

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