Title The viscosity of argon, nitrogen and air at pressures up to800kg/cm2

Author(s) Makita, Tadashi

Citation The Review of Physical Chemistry of Japan (1957), 27(1): 16-21

Issue Date 1957

URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/46745

Right

Type Departmental Bulletin Paper

Textversion publisher

Kyoto University

The Review of Physical Chemistry of Japan Vol. 27 No. 1 (19

THE VISCOSITY OF ARGON, NITROGEN AND AIR

AT PRESSURES UP TO 80o KG/CMZ

BY TAD,\SHr MAXTIAi

The recent survey of available data concerning the viscosity of gases, which was carried out

by Hilsenrath and Touloukiantl, reveals that accurate data on the viscosity of gases at [he wide

region of pressure and temperature are still very scarce. The present investigation has been

undertaken to obtain some new values of thz viscosity of argon, nitrogen and air at the extended

conditions of pressure and temperature. That is, the measurement of the viscosity is made under

pressures up to 800 kg/cm= at 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150°C for argon, and at temperatures up to

200°C for nitrogen and air, by a rolling-ball method described previouslyzl.

On the viscosity of argon, Kiyama and biakitaal determined first by a rolling-ball method

under pressures up to t00kg/cm= at five different temperatures: 50, 100, 150, 200 and 300°C.

Recently, Kestin and Pilarczykt> used an oscillating-disk viscometer and measured the viscosity

of argon up to 70 atm at 20°C, and Michels, Botzen and Schuurmans>, who used a transpiration

method, covered Che range of up to about 2000 atm at 25. 50 and i5°C.

The effect of pressure on the viscosity of nitrogen was carefully determined by Michels and

Gibsons> under pressures up Co 970 atm at 25, 50 and 75C, using a transpiration method. And

H. Iwasaki73 measured it by an oscillating-disk method under pressures up to about 200 atm at

25, 100 and 150°C, and Kestin and Pilarczyk+~ also determined it a[ 1^70 atm and 21°C.

Finally, on the viscosity of air, I. F. Golubeval used a transpiration method and covered the

range of pressures up to 300 kg/cm= at four different temperatures: 0, 16, 50 and 100`C; H,

Iwasaki9> determined it at pressures up to about 200 atm and three different temperatures: 50, 100

and 150`C; and recently Kestin and Pilarczyk<> measured it under pressures up to 70 atm at

21`C.

Experim=ntals

The apparatus and its experimental procedure were described in details in the previous

paperz>. In the measurement of the viscosity of air at 150 and 200°C, the contact surfaces of the electrodes are covered by platinum in order to prevent them from oxidation.

+ Present address, Kyoao Technical University 1) J. Hilsenrath and 1'. S. Touloukian, Traru. ASAfE, 76, 967 (1914) 2) R. Kiyama and T. 1laki ta, This Joan:al, 20, 70 (1916) 3) R. Kiyama and T. )Iakita, ihid., 2v, 49 (1952) 4) J. Kestin and R. Pilarczyk, Trans. ASlf$ 76, 987 (1914) 5) A. Michels, A. Botzen and lV. Schuurman, Phytica, 20, 1141 ([954) 6) A. Michels and R. O. Gibson, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 131 A, 288 (1931) 7) H. Iwasaki, Btdl. Chem. Research Institute of Non•aqueaus Solutions, 3, 117 (1953) 8) I. F. Golubev, d Teck. Phys. GSSR, 8, 1931 (1938) 9) H. Iwasaki, Brc![. Chem. Researh Inslilafa of Nom-aqueous SaGdions, I, 2i (1951)

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The Review of Physical Chemistry of Japan Vol. 27 No. 1 (1957)1

The Viscosity o[ Argon, Nitrogen a¢d Air at Pressures up to 800 kg/cm= 17

The argon and nitrogen used in this measurement have been obtained from commercial sources

and are not further purified. The puiities of argon and nitrogen as indicated by the manufacturers

are 99.9% and 99.8%, respectively.

The values of the density of gases which are necessary for the calculation of the viscosity

have been ohtained from the compressibility data of A. Micheh, Huh Wijker and Hk. Wijkerr¢)

for argon, and of E. H. AmagatrU for nitrogen and air.

The present

SO and 75°C xnd

600

,~ s

b V ~E

x 400 .~ .~

300

200

results of

of Kestin

iso• im'

argon

e1 al.

Resulks and Considerations

are given in Fig, I, where the values

at 20'C are also plotted. Although the

zs' so• ~s'

of Michels et al. at 25,

values of Michels et al.

100' 150"

~~ 60' zs

200 400 600 Pressure, kg/cm'

Fig. 1 Viscosity isotherms of argon -0-: Author, -----: Kestin and Pilarczyk,

~: 2>°C, ~: >0° and /: 7SC of Afichels et al.

200 kg/cm' are smaller by about 2°' than the

800

ill ,,

~s.

~i: ~~

~'~ ~~i ,;

r~

f~ ~,

I ~. `~ 1~

!i

~i ~U

h•

0

under pressures lower than 200 kg/cros are smaller by about 2°' than the present ones, the good agreement is found between both under pressures higher than 300 kg/cm= at the three temperatures.

The values of Kestin et al. are not comparable with the present ones because of the difference

in temperature , but it seems that the value at 70 kgJcm= of Kestin et al. is iarger. Finally, the

present values under 100 kg/cm"- agree with the previous ones within the experimental error, as

considered in the case of oxygenz>. There are no comparative values under pressures higher than

10) A. Jlichels, Hub. Wijker and Hk. Wijker, Physics, 15, 627 (1949) Il) E. H. Amagat, .9nn. chim. phys., 29. 6g (1g93)

I

J

i

~~

The Review of Physical Chemistry of Japan Vol. 27 No. 1 (1

18

100 kg/cm° at 100 and

The present results

150°C.

of the viscosity

T. Makila

of nitrogen are plotted in Fig. 2, in which the values

~ aoo .~

b .~

a. 300 .~

Z00

ADO'

100'

so• ~s

21'

zs sv ~•

lOD' 150' 20D'

0 200 400 600 Pressure, kg/cm`

Fig. 2 Viscosity isotherms of nitrogen -0-= Author , -----: Restin and Pilartzyk, ~: 25, 50 and is'C of Nickels and Gibson, p: 25, tW and ISO'C of H. Rvasaki.

B00

of hlithels et al. at 25,

at 21`C are also plotted.

described previous1y21.

at 2S`C. but the former

50 and i5°C, Iwasaki's at 2S, 100 and ISO°C, and the data of Keslin et al,

The values of ;Nickels et a!. agree very well with the present resultr as

The agreement between Iwasaki's data and the present ones is also good

arc smaller at both 100 and 150°C. I[ Seems that the value at i0kg(cm'

.g

d C ~E

a: .~

400

300

200

200' 150' 100' ^-o-

zs

so•

~s

zi

~s, so'

zs

100' 150'

200'

0 200 400 600 Pressure. kgicm'

Fig. 3 Viscosity isotherms of air -G-: Author , -----: Resin and Pilarczyk, ~: 50' and ~: 100°C of I. F. Goluber•, ~^: SD', U: 100' and ~: 150'C of H. Io•asaki.

800

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The Review of Physical Chemistry of Japan Vol. 27 No. 1

The Viscosity of Argon, Nitrogen and Air at Pressures up to 800 kg/cm"- 19

of Kestin eE ¢l. is larger as mentioned in the case of argon. No comparative dsta on the effect

of pressure upon the viscosity of nitrogen at 200°C have been traced. The results of air are given in Fig. 3, where Golubev's values at i0 and lOD'C, Iwasaki'sat

i0, 100 and 150°C, and the data of Kestin et n1. at 21`C are also plotted. The present isotherms

of 50 and 100`C lie between Golubev's and Iwasaki's ones, Golubev's values being larger by about

2-..3^,d than the present ones, and Iwasaki's data at 150°C are also smaller. It seems that the

value of Kestin eE al. is larger at 70kgfcm=. No comparative value_ under pressures at 200°C

have been reported.

The smoothed values which have been read from these isotherms are given in Table 1, where

the values of the National Bureau of Standards, USAfzI, at [he ordinary pressure are also tabulated.

To conclude these results, i[ can be seen that the effect of pressure upon the viscosity of gases

is always positive at a certain temperature, and that the viscosity at low temperatures increases

with pressure more rapidly than at higher temperatures. Therefore, the isotherms cross each other

as seen in these figures, [hat is, the temperature coefficient of the viscosity at constant pressure,

(o"plBT)„ is positive at low pressures as is the normal case for gases and becomes smaller with

Table 1 Smoothed values of viscosity in micro-poi=_e

957J(1

Pressurc

Temperature1 atm 100 200

kg/cm~ 300 400 500 600 700 800

25'C

50

75

l00

lso

2fi

50

75

100

150

t00

25

50

73

t00

150

zoo

218 (188)

Zi3 (243)

258 (258)

273 (172)

300 (299)

158

171

282

292

312

305

3I0

3t7

313

33fi

ARGON

3fi2 422

354 406

355 398

357 394

362 389

482

458

445

433

a17

537

510

489

473

a5o

593

558

533

iti

484

64i

.608

577

556

sta

177 (178) 189 (189)

199 (199) 211 (209) 231 (129) 251 (248)

199

109

217

228

143

258

228

233

238

248

257

2fifi

NITROGEN

263 302

262 297

266 295

270 293

273 289

277 289

341

331

325

319

309

303

379

364

iii

346

330

320

41fi

398

385

372

353

339

452

430

4I3

394

376

357

t85 (184)

t97 {195) 208 (206)

219 (2 U) 238 (238) 257 (257)

207

216

22i

134

Z51

164

24I

246

251

256

265

273

281

280

279

219

28l

283

A1R

3L

3I3

30i

300

297

294

359

346

334

325

315

307

397

379

3fi5

ail

335

321

434

413

395

379

359

340

471

44fi

425

407

382

362

The pasenthesized values

12J Gates.

U.

PP•

5. Department of 69, 118, 357, Wash

are calculated from 11,e Tables

Commerce, iVational Bureau ington (1955)

o,(

of

the National

Standards,

Bureau of Standards.

Tebles of Tberm¢l Properties of

The Review of Physical Chemistry of Japan Vol. 27 No. 1 (1957

20 T. Makita

increasing pressure, and its sign is converted at the crossing point from positive to negative~as

is common for liquids. And the pressure of the inversion point of the sign of (Br~Jr3T), becomes

higher with intteasing temperature. If the viscosity is plotted against the density, the isotherms

at different temperatures do not intersect and (8n/o"T)P remains practically constant over tht whole

range of the density for the three gases, and the diagram for nitrogen is given in Fig. 4.

400

ss .$

a ~E

T .~

.'+

zoo•

~~o•

ioo•

T'

50'

26'

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 OS Density, g/a

Fig. 4 Viscosity versus density diagram of nitrogen

A Corcelation of the Viscosity under Pressures

The results of the present measuremee[ are summarized and correlated by means of the

principle of corresponding states. The viscosity coefficients are reduced by [heir limiting values

at low density. For most gases it is satisfactory to take the value of [he viscosity at 1 atm to

be the limiting value at zero pressure, since [he coefficient of viscosity is relatively independent

of pressure at low density. In this case the reduced viscosity is defined as ~"=Tjn/r/r, where >)n

and ~, are the viscosity coefficients under high pressure and 1 atm, respective]y, at a certain

temperature. According to the principle of corresponding states, this reduced viscosity is a function

of the reduced pressure P, and the reduced temperature Tr.

The present values of the viscosity of argon, nitrogen, air and ozygenzl have been plotted as

isobars of P, on r,'-T, diagram, and it is found that these isobars can reproduce all the experi-

mental points within the deviation of 5%. Comings, ~fayland and Eglytsl published a generalized

viscosity chart based on [he similar principle, and covered the region of P,=0.110 and Tr=

0.8-3.0. In the prexnt investigation the region is extended up to P,=25 and Tr=4.0. Further-

more, the reduced viscosity has been calculated and plotted by the following data: argon (1000

t3) E. ~i'. Comings, B. J. btayland and R. S. Egly, Eniv. /ffi,wis &eg. Ezpt. SNtian Dull. serier 354 (1944)

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The Review of Physical Chemistry of Japan Vol. 27 No. 1 (1957)

The Viscosity of Argon, Nitrogen and Air at Pressures up to 800 kg/cmz 21

2000 atm at 0, 25, 50 and 75 C)s>, hydrogen (I ~ 1000 atm at 25, 50, 75, 100 and 12SC)1t1, and

nitrogen-hydrogen mixtures (1200 atm at 50 and I00°C)~>, covering the region up to P,=40

and T>=t0. The generalized viscosity char[ obtained is given in Fig. 5, where the reduced

5 ~ ~ \\~ \

•':, \\ \ \\~ -The present work 4

\v \ \\ --- Correlation of Comings of aL"'

\\ \ ~ ~.4 '-'- Argon by MirMle et aL° `

3 \P \ •,, \ ~ -Hydrogen by Mtchels of al,°~

,; ~\ ~ --- Interpolated or extrapolated .~ :;\ rs \\ \\\ \\

.~ ! \

~ 2 !2 \ o \

~ S \ ~ ~ \ ~ ~

1S ~• ~ ~

2S . .,_!

11 15 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Reduced temperature, T>=T/T~ Fig. 3 Generalized correlation chart (or the viscosity of gases

viscosity rl$ is shown as a function of the pressure P, and temperature T,. This chart provides a

a practical method of predicting the viscosity of gases under conditions where no data exist or no

satisfactory theoretical treatmeeu may be applied.

The author Las great pleasure is expressing his sincere thaals to Prof. Ryo Kiyama for his

valuable guidance and encouragement throughout the course of this research .

Laboratory of Physical Chemistry,

Kyoto University

14) A. Michels, A. C. J. Schipper and LS'. H. Rintoul, Physics, 19, IOll (1953)

~ \ \~~ 1

The preseot wor&

Correiatan of Conungs d a1.

Argon by MirMle et al.°

Hydrogen by Mxhels of al;°~

Interpolated or extrapolated

~~_ ~ ~

\` ~ ~ \\

'~ ~

~~~

~.4~a

~ ;~;~\~

`. ~

\\\\~. I_

F I s\ !2 \\ •\\.

~

\ ~.

~~

_ ~-~'

2s ..~

-.

~ ,

~: ~I

_~-1~.. _E=,