Time, Tense and Aspect 1

8/9/2019 Time, Tense and Aspect 1

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TIME, TENSE AND ASPECT

PRESENTED BY

ABINASH TRIPATHY


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TENSE

By tense we understand the correspondencebetween the form of the verb and our

concept of time (past, present and future).


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TENSE

Tense is a category used in the grammatical

description of verbs along with the mood

and aspect referring primarily to the way

grammar marks the time at which the action

denoted by the verb took place.


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TYPES OF TENSE

PRESENT TENSE

PAST TENSE


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DIFFERENT TENSE FORMS

SIMPLE

PROGRESSIVE

PERFECT

PERFECT PROGRESSIVE


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SIMPLE

PRESENT

I eat rice.

Here comes our Chief

Guest.

She wants to speak at

once.

The earth moves

round the sun.

PAST

It rained heavily.

The train arrived one

hour late.

If I were you, I would

buy that property.

Milton wrote Paradise

Lost.


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PROGRESSIVE

PRESENT

It is raining.

I am feeling very

nervous.

We are going to have a

debate tomorrow.

PAST

It was raining.

It was getting dark.

We were preparing for

the competition.


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PERFECTPRESENT

I have taken my lunch.

We have received themail.

You have done thework.

PAST

I had been to Puri.

He had missed theclass.

The train had left thestation when wereached there.


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PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

PRESENT

I have been waiting

for you.

She has been stayingthere for years.

PAST

We had been fighting

all the way.

They had been tryingtheir level best.


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TIME

Time is a non-linguistic and universalconcept which we generally measure in

hours, days, and years.


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TYPES OF TIME

PRESENT

PAST

FUTURE


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PRESENT TIME

PRESENT STATE (SIMPLE PRESENT

TENSE)

Im hungry.

Do you like my hat?


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PRESENT TIME

PRESENT EVENT (SIMPLE PRESENT

TENSE)

I declare the meeting closed.

She serves-and its an ace.


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PRESENT TIME

PRESENT HABIT (SIMPLE PRESENT

TENSE)

I work in two elementary schools.

It rains a lot in this part of the country.


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PRESENT TIME

TEMPORARY PRESENT

(THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE)

Look! Its snowing.

The children are sleeping soundly now.

They are living in a rented house.


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PRESENT TIME

TEMPORARY HABIT (PRESENT

PROGRESSIVE)

I am playing golf regularly these days.

She is not working at the moment.

He is walking to work while his car is being

repaired.


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PRESENT TIME

IN SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES, THE

PAST TENSE CAN BE USED TO REFER

TO THE PRESENT:


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EXAMPLE

Did you want to speak to me? (Do you

want...)

I wondered whether you would help me? (I

wonder...)

I wish I were a king.


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PAST TIME

SIMPLE PAST

The train derailed yesterday.

She sang a beautiful song.

India lost the match to Sri Lanka.

We all went to see the magic show.


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PAST TIME

PRESENT PERFECT

I have completed my task.

He has given me a book to read.

Her computer has been broken.

Have you ever been to Los Angeles?

Have you had your breakfast?


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Past tense is used when the past happening

is related to a definite time, in the past,

which we may call then.

Hence the simple past tense means past-

happening-related -to-past-time.


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In contrast, the perfect aspect is used for a

past happening which is seen in relation to a

later event or time.

Thus the present perfect means past-

happening-related-to-present-time.


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PAST TIME

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

The present perfect progressive has the

same sort of meaning as the simple present

perfect, except that the period leading up to

the present typically has limited duration.


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EXAMPLES

They have been fighting for a sultry cause.

She has been studying for the exams.

People still have been searching for a good

politician.

I have been reading your book.


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PAST TIME

PAST PERFECT

The past perfect means past in the past;

that is, a time further in the past as seen

from a definite point in the past.


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EXAMPLES

Things had been stolen from the ladies

hostel.

The place had been abandoned for years.

The train had left when we reached the

station.

She had given up her studies.


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PAST TIME

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

The past perfect progressive has the same

sort of meaning as the simple past perfect,

except that the period leading up to a

particular point in the past typically haslimited duration.


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FUTURE TIME Will or shall

Be going to

Simple present

Present progressive

Will or shall+ progressive aspect

Be to, be about to, be on the point of


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FUTURE TIME

WILL OR SHALL (MODAL VERBS)

The neutral future of prediction is expressed

by will or shall.


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EXAMPLE

Temperature tomorrow will be much the

same as today.

We shall hear the results of the election

within a week.


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FUTURE TIME

Will is particularly common in the main

clause of a conditional sentence.


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EXAMPLES

If the book has real merit, it will sell.

Wherever you go, you will find the local

people friendly.


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WILL/ SHALL

But with personal subjects, will/ shall

usually suggests an element of intention.


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EXAMPLE

Ill see you again on Tuesday.

Theyll make a cup of coffee if you ask

them.


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FUTURE TIME

BE GOING TO

Be going to+ infinitive tends to indicate the

future as a fulfillment of the present.It may

refer to a future resulting from a present

intention.


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EXAMPLES

He is going to pay a visit to you.

The party is going to be a great one.

She is going to be a doctor as she grows up.


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BE GOING TO

It may also refer to the future resulting from

other causative factors in the present.


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EXAMPLE

It is going to rain to night.

Im afraid were going to have to stop the

meeting now.


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FUTURE TIME

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

The simple present tense is used for the

future in certain types of sub-ordinate

clause, especially adverbial time clauses

and conditional clauses


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EXAMPLES

Ill get her to phone you when/if/after she

comes in.

(some of the conjunctions which go with the

present tense in this way are- after, as,

before, once, until, when, as soon as, if,even if, unless, as long as)


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That-clauses following hope, assume,

suppose etc can also contain a verb in the

present tense referring to the future.


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EXAMPLES

I hope the train is on time.

Just suppose the network fails, itll be a

total disaster.


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The simple present is also used for future

events which are seen as absolutely certain,

because they are determined in advance.


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EXAMPLES Tomorrow is a holiday.

Our examination begins from next Monday.

The term finishes at the beginning of July.


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FUTURE TIMEPRESENT PROGRESSIVE

The present progressive is used for future

events arising from a present plan, program,

or arrangement.


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EXAMPLE We are preparing for the forthcoming

examination.

They are inviting several people to the party.

What are you doing for the lunch?

She is going back to her native place in a

couple of days.


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FUTURE TIMEWILL OR SHALL+PROGRESSIVE

ASPECT

Willorshallfollowed by the progressive can

be used in a regular way to add the temporary

meaning of the progressive to the futuremeaning of the willconstruction.


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EXAMPLE We willbe takingpartin an international

conference on global warming on January

30th.

Dont call her at seven oclock-they willbe

eatingdinner by then.


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FUTURE TIMEBE TO, BE ABOUT TO, BE ON THE

POINT OF

Jaguar is to launch a new saloon model, the

xx 4.05.

Im about to write the director a nasty letter.

She was on the point of moving when themessage arrived.


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FUTURE IN THE PAST They were going to arrest him, when he

escaped from the building.

The priceless tapestry was about to catch

fire, but was fortunately saved through the

prompt action of the fire service.


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PAST IN THE FUTURE

The past in the future is expressed by will +

perfect infinitive


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EXAMPLES I am hoping that by the end of the month

you will have finished your report.

In three months time, the plant will have

taken root.


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ASPECT

Aspect concerns the manner in which a

verbal action is experienced or regarded, for

example as complete or inprogress.


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ASPECT

THE PERFECT ASPECT

THE PROGRESSIVE ASPECT


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PERFECT ASPECT

Perfect aspect is used for a past happening

which is seen in relation to a later event or

time.


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EXAMPLE I have completed my work.

He had gone to attend the party.

The government has implemented the very

policy for the upliftment of the poor.


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PROGRESSIVE ASPECT

Progressive aspect refers to activity in

progress and it also adds temporariness to

the meaning.


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EXAMPLE He is taking his breakfast now.

They were dancing on the floor.

The examination is going on.

It was raining too heavily.

The show is gaining popularity.

Time, Tense and Aspect 1

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