TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

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TIMBER BRIDGES Bridge 707, Lake Bridge, Sussex County. Photograph from Delaware Department of Transportation photographic archives. 21

Transcript of TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

Page 1: TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

TIMBER BRIDGES

Bridge 707 Lake Bridge Sussex County Photograph from Delaware Department of Transportation photographic archives

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TIMBER BRIDGES

There were twelve timber bridges included among the historic highway bridges considered significant in Delaware While poorly represented in northern Delaware the majority of bridges surveyed in southern Delaware were timber bridges Included in the list of significant timber bridges were examples of severa types There are two extant covered bridges a number of small single span timber beam bridges a very long multiple-span example of a simple timber beam bridge and three exceptional examples of a unique composite design a timber-concrete slab bridge

Bridge historian Henry G Tyrell wrote in his 1911 book entitled History of Bridge Engineering that the majority of bridges built prior to 1860 in the United States were built of timber Other nineteenth and twentieth century engineers presenting histories of bridge building including Theodore Cooper and Robert Fletcher described the evolution of the type

In 1889 prominent bridge engineer Theodore Cooper summarized bridge history in the United States in an article published in the Transactions of the

American Society of Civil Engineers he wrote

The earliest bridges where single timbers were not sufficient to stretch from bank to bank were short spans supported on pilesWhere the conditions would not allow of structures of this character arch spans were usually adopted

Fietcher and Snow described multiple span versions of these early bridges in an 1852 American Society of Civil Engineers Transactions article

estuaries and tidal marshes These conditions sometimes required bridges of considerable length and low elevation which were readily and inexpensively constructed by adopting pile bents and short spans As loads were light beams of moderate size were sufficient

And in The Evolution of American Bridges llewellyn N Edwards described an early example of this type of bridge Sewalls 1761 Bridge in York Maine Illustrated below this elemental structure is

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Early example of multi-span timber bridge SewallS Bridge York River Maine 1761

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clearly similar to Delawares extant multipleshyspan example of the simple timber beam bridge (Bridge 708)

As the need for longer spans and heavier loads increased new types were developed and executed by master craftsmen Cooper continued praising the builders of early American covered bridges

The bridging of small streams was a part of the pioneers labor The crossing of the larger rivers developed specially gifted men like Timothy Palmer Theodore Burr Lewis Wernwag and others less well known who built timber bridges that are looked upon as wonderful structures even to the present day

The record of historic timber bridges in Delaware both extant bridges and those illustrated in historic photographs stands as an interesting illustration of the history of the type Recorded examples include the earliest type the simple beam on pile bents beams on m~sonry abutments simple timber trusses on masonry abutments and a number of covered wooden truss bridges Extant examples illustrate the continued popularity of the earliest and simplest type and the

adaptability of the material for creative twentieth century applications such as the unique composite timber-concrete structures built in southern Delaware in the 1930s

Delaware Department of Transportation photographic archives for New Castle County illustrate the existence of approximately 130 timber bridges in that county in the 1920s There are no similar records for Kent and Sussex County Most of the timber bridges illustrated were simple single spans Some were constructed on masonry substructure some were constructed on timber pile bents or abutments some illustrate elaborate iron railings In addition to the simple beam structures there were wood truss bridges and a number of covered bridges Several of the types are illustrated below Examples of covered bridges will be illustrated in the following pages

EARLY TIMBER BRIDGES OF

NEW CASTLE COUNTY

Multiple span timber bndge on timber pile bents North Delaware City Road New Castle County Photo from 1921 No longer standing

Timber bridge with lattice rail Between Blackbird and Walker New Castle County Photo from 1921 No longer standing

Timber bridge spanning masonry abutments Near Delaney New Castle County Photo from 1921 No longer standing

Double lattice wood through truss span Wooddale New Castle County No longer standing 23

Records indicate that there were over thirty-five covered bridges in Delaware Newspaper photographs dating in the 1930s illustrated that at least one Burr truss and one Howe truss were built in Delaware Yorklyn Bridge a Town Lattice (no longer extant) is illustrated below By 1937 there were five remaining covered bridges Smiths Bridge across the Brandywine Yeatmans Bridge across White Clay Creek and three across the Red Clay Creek Two of the covered bridges buiit to cross Red Clay Creek are still standing the Wooddale (137) and Ashland Bridges (118) These bridges are Town trusses patented by Ithiel Town of New Haven Connecticut in 1820 Town an architect designed his truss for ease of construction by a good carpenter He advertized and marketed it for roadways and later for railroad use His patent is shown opposite

Town Lattice wooden covered bridge Yorklyn New Castle County No longer standing

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Bridge 707 Lake Bridge as it appcarcd in the 1938 Annual Report

The extant covered bridges are located in New Castle County but very few of the simple span timber bridges illustrated in the archives remain in that county However the majority of bridges surveyed on secondary roads in southern Delaware are simple timber bridges mostly single spans consisting of timber stringers on pile bents with wood decks and railings Their structural configuration is simple and represents the continued use of one of the most primitive types of early bridges which found widespread application over a long period Most of these bridges surveyed in Delaware date to the 1930s although some are attributed earlier dates by the Department Historic photographs illustrate that the type was built widely prior to the 1920s It continued to be built in the 1940s as these bridges represent a specific engineering response to conditions characteristic of the region they present a low-cost solution to the need for short spans crossing the numerous small waterways of southern Delaware

The structural simplicity of the type the use of readily available materials and the speed of erection also made it an ideal choice for use as a replacement bridge in emergency situations such as after the disastrous floods of September 1935 when approximately 100 bridges were destroyed in Delaware The 1937 annual report of the

State Highway Department noted that a total of 52 creosoted timber bridges were built during the year on the secondary system to replace inadequate or functionally obsolete structures

During that period Delaware Department of Transportation engineers also experimented with a new application for timber bridges in a composite design resulting in the construction of three timber beam-concrete slab bridges in southern Delaware The first of these structures the Mill Creek Bridge (Bridge 9A) was considered a new and very economical design The State Highway Department

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declared in its 1936 Annual Report its serviceability will be watched with interest by the Departments engineers The Department constructed two more of this design each with more elaborate ornamentation and they continue to carry traffic today (Bridges 445 and 707) Bridge 707 is shown below in a photograph from the 1938 Annual Report

Examples of Delawares historic timber bridges are arranged into groups by technological differences and presented in the following pages A complete list of the timber bridges can be found in Appendix 1

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State Bridge 118 Ashland Covered Bridge

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 118

Ashland Covered Bridge Wooddale Drive over Red Clay Creek Ashland New Castle County Delaware 1850-18801982

State Highway Bridge 118 is a covered timber bridge measuring 51-9 long It carries one lane of vehicular traffic on a 14-6 deck The bridge originally consisted of a Town Lattice truss constructed with oak timbers connected together with hardwood tapered dowels (trunnels) The abutments were constructed of semi-coursed rubble flared

uncoursed rubble wing walls are topped with sloped concrete capstones The portals of the bridge are ornamented by pilasters with flared capitals reminiscent of classical columns The bridge underwent a major alteration in 1982 when rolled steel 1shybeams were installed under the deck to support the bridge structurally Excerpts from drawings made at that time are included on the following page

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 118 was built perhaps as early as the mid-

Interior of Bridge 118 showing Town Lattice truss

nineteenth century and is one of only two remaining covered bridges in the State Ithiel Town of New Haven Connecticut successfully patented this lattice truss in 1820 meeting with widespread adoption over the next thirty years From New England to Virginia to as far west as Ohio the timber bridges were used for both highway and railway spans The Ashland Bridge is thought to have been built by the same craftsmen that constructed its twin the Wooddale Covered Bridge some two miles away Both structures were listed on the National Register in 1973

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State Bridge 137 Wooddale Covered Bridge

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 137

Wooddale Covered Bridge Road 263A over Red Clay Creek Mt Cuba New Castle County Delaware 1850-18801969

State Highway Bridge 137 is a covered timber bridge spanning 53-6 long It carries one lane of vehicular traffic on a 13-0 wide deck The bridge originally consisted of a Town lattice truss comprised with oak timber connected together with hardwood tapered dowels (trunnels) The

abutments were constructed of semishycoursed rubble with a smooth finish on the exposed face Flared wing walls are topped with granite capstone Drawings from a 1939 repair are reproduced on the following page A major 1969 alteration added rolled steel I-beams under the deck which support tile bridge structurally The bridge is 10-0 above water level

Delaware Department of Transportation record drawings made in 1939 document the configuration and

construction details of this structure These drawings excerpts of which are presented on the following page depict a Town Lattice truss on rubble masonry abutments with flared stone wing walls having a 53shy6 clear span 67-0 overall length and 15shy9 width The truss is constructed of 2x8 diagonals plates and sills are built up from 3x10 timbers Floor beams of 6x12 timbers with 4x6 cross bracing support 4x8 stringers carrying 8x3 plank decking Drawings note Liveload 3 tons (not 13) Delaware Department of Transportation records also include drawings dated July 23 1981 detailing alterations which add wood members to the floor framing system the 1981 drawings also show that a steel 1shybeam subframe had been constructed by that date to relieve the load on the wooden truss

Bridge 137 was built perhaps as early as the mid-nineteenth century and is one of only two remaining covered bridges in the State The Wooddale Bridge is thought to have been built by the same craftsmen that constructed its twin the Ashland Covered Bridge some two miles away Both structures were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973

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STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 123A

Road 123 over Kings Causeway Branch Milford Neck Wildlife Area Kent County Delaware 1933

State Highway Bridge 123A is a 13shy10 single span timber beam bridge with a timber superstructure and substructure Beams 4X12 in section support the deck composed of 4X10 planks that have been paved over There is a simple

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State Bridge 123A

wood railing composed of 4X6 posts and 2X6 rails The superstructure is supported by timber bents each comprising seven piles 12 in diameter which support a 10X12 header The straight wing walls are constructed of 4X10 planks The bridge is 21-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 123A was built in 1933 under State

Highway Department contract 297 as part of a project to construct a slag road between Thompsonville and Sour Apple Tree a distance of 59 miles This project involved the construction of the present bridge and the provision of 24 pipe culverts to improve drainage on the road which was reported covered with standing water wherever the road went through a wooded section The road construction contract was executed with the Wilson Contracting Company of Wilmington Delaware for a bid price of $16740 of which an estimated $740 applied to the construction of the bridge Bridge 123A replaced a previous timber structure at the same site Original drawings dated February 1933 are on file at the Delaware Department of Transportation Notes on the drawings specify the use of creosoted timber piles and lumber acceptable materials included southern yellow pine douglas fir southern cypress and oak The wood was treated with Grade 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Like other small timber bridges of this period Bridge 123A was designed for a 15 ton truck load without impact Handwritten notes on the drawings indicate that materials were supplied by the Century Wood Preserving Company of Newport Delaware Excerpts from the drawings are presented on the following page

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State Bridge 708

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 708

Route 24 over Love Creek Marshtown Sussex County Delaware 1939

Delaware State Bridge 708 is a 21 span timber bridge 400-0 long The spans are equally spaced 18-9 apart The bridge was built along a vertical curve It is composed of 8 x 14 timber beams spaced 1-6 apart A 6 deep concrete deck has been placed atop the bridges timber frame

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and deck The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on piles 12-15 in diameter and has straight timber wing walls The bents are braced diagonally There is a timber pedestrian walkway 4-0 wide cantilevered on the west elevation The walkway has a timber outside rail 3-0 in height The bridge is 33-0 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and a 4-0 sidewalk on one side The vehicular railing measures 3-6 high

and consists of timber posts a 2 x 6 top rail and a metal intermediate rail

The Delaware Department of Transportations records state that Bridge 708 was built in 1939 and underwent alterations or repairs in 1983 Original drawings dated 1938-1939 note this bridge replaced a 1933 creosote structure at this site Portions of the 1939 drawings appear on the following page As originally constructed it consisted of simple timber spans comprising stringers on bents The timber deck was covered by a thin bituminous concrete wearing surface The contract was awarded on June 16 1939 to Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware for $2481490 Studies for various lengths were made for this replacement bridge alternatives included a 172 bridge a 210 bridge costing $31000 and a 400 bridge AG Livingston Highway Department Bridge Engineer wrote to WW Mack Chief Engineer that the 400 length was chosen due to the soft ground at the site and the desirability of a concrete wearing surface

The Love Creek Bridge was noted in the 1939 Highway Department Annual Report as one of the years highlights in Sussex County A photograph from the 1939 Annual Report is shown on the first page of this section Part of a major

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improvement to a highway carrying very heavy traffic of pleasure-bound motorists

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State Bridge No 708 is an exceptionally long multiple span example of a simple timber bridge The individual spans are representative of the type and the bridges history illustrates the economy of the type even as a multiple-span structure Comprising 21 spans it measures 400 feet long most timber girder bridges in southern Delaware consist of

I 5 5only one span usually less than 20 feet i~-- ~-shylong Bridge 708 is significant as an unusual variation of a common type and (2) regfor its association with the development of the road network in Sussex County during

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STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 9A

Route 6 over Mill Creek Smyrna Kent County Delaware 1936

State Highway Bridge 9A (Mill Creek Bridge) is a 100-0 composite concrete and timber bridge A five span timber and concrete slab superstructure is combined with a substructure of timber bents and timber abutments Each span measures 20-0 The parapet consists of concrete posts and rails The bridge is 23-6 wide and carries two lanes of traffic The

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State Bridge 9A Mill Creek Bridge

substructure has been reinforced with steel I-beams and the flared wing walls are made of steel sheeting The timber bents have been augmented with steel bents and the underside of the slab appears satisfactory but is difficult to see well

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 9A was built in 1936 Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware were the contractors for a bid price of $6820 The bridge was highlighted in the State

Highway Departments annual report for 1936 as an example of unusual construction involving a new and very economical design its serviceability will be watched with interest by the Departments engineers Two photographs of Bridge 9A from the 1936 Annual Report are presented on the following page It was noted that the Vines Creek Bridge in Sussex County (Bridge 445) which was also placed under contract in 1936 was a similar design and both replaced narrow obsolescent structures

Original drawings dated June 1935 detail the bridges configuration Drawing notes indicate that Bridge 9A replaced a pony truss bridge at this site The typical section for this bridge shows a composite structure incorporating timber and concrete Drawing notes indicate special provisions for material placement to form a composite beam using 2X8 laminated timber with shear developers and uplift spikes and covered with approximately 5 inches of concrete The bridge was designed for a 15 ton truck with 30 impact live load The drawing notes specified that southern yellow pine douglas fir oak and southern cypress were acceptable materials treated with 14 pounds of grade no 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Added notes on the drawings document the construction process Excerpts from the drawings are

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presented on the following page In 1970 under contract 70-05-001 it was repaired with steel reinforcement to the substructure

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance and exemplifies the receptiveness to innovation which characterized the bridge engineers of the State Highway Department during this period This new type of structure offered the advantage of utilizing economical materials and Department engineers were quick to test its merits It is significant as one of only three composite timberconcrete bridges surveyed in Delaware

Bridge 9A as it appeared in the 1936 Annual Report

showing deck before and after placing concrete

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STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 445

Omar Bridge Road 54 over Vines Creek Frankford Sussex County Delaware 1937

State Highway Bridge Number 445 Omar Bridge is a three span combination timber and concrete bridge Each span measures 20-0 for an overall length of 60shy0 It carries two lanes of traffic with a deck width of 26-0 The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising a 12 x 12 beam supported by six creosoted 12shydiameter pilings set on six-foot centers with cross bracing The timber wing walls are straight with perpendicular extensions on

Stale Bridge 445 Omar Bridge

the southwest and northeast The deck is a composite slab structure comprising timber and concrete The bridge has a concrete parapet featuring large stepped blocks at the portals and above the piers spanned by arched balustrades The parapet incorporates a curb and fascia a series of perforations at the level of the roadway provide for drainage

Delaware Department of Transportation records indicate that Bridge Number 445 was built in 1937 under State Highway Department contract 543 (Federal Aid Project 173B) replacing a previous structure at this site Bids were received March 16 1938 and the contract was

awarded to the Old Line Construction Company of Chestertown Maryland for $16851 As with other large timber pile structures of the period in the region problems developed in constructing the substructure adequate bearing could not be obtained with 24 piles as designed so piles averaging 45 in length were substituted and details of abutment bent design were revised The increase in pile length was partially responsible for a cost overrun of $173367 The structure was completed on September 24 1938 Original drawings document the construction methods including placement of concrete reinforcement and construction of the composite floor system which is very similar to that of Bridge 9A Details from original drawings showing this floor system are presented on the following page along with other excerpts

This composite structure comprising a three span composite timber-concrete bridge is unusual in Sussex County and has considerable technological significance It is similar to the Mill Creek Bridge of 1936 in Smyrna Kent County (Bridge 9A) specifications for the Omar Bridge conform to those for the Mill Creek Bridge in many respects Bridge 445 is considered significant as one of only three composite timber-concrete structures surveyed in Delaware

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STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 707

Road 50 over Silver Lake Rehoboth Beach Sussex County Delaware 1938

Delaware State Highway Bridge 707 Lake Bridge is a thirteen span combination timber and concrete bridge 260-2 long The spans are equally spaced at 20-0 The deck is a composite slab structure and the parapet is concrete The parapet is decorated with rectangular shaped arched pointed openings between

State BrUlge 707 Lake Bridge

columns These columns are spaced 6-4 apart A concrete fascia with a broad segmental arch curve also ornaments the bridge The fascia is 1-8 wide at the crown of the arch and 4-0 above the water level The concrete deck parapet and fascia are supported by timber members The substructure is timber with timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on pilings and U-shaped timber wing walls The bridges timber bents are laterally braced with horizontal struts Two joints and double piers support the structure at the fourth and

ninth pier The bridge is 30-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and two sidewalks There are four decorative lamps on the bridges west elevation

The records of the Delaware Department of Transportation state that Bridge 707 was built in 1938 under contract 532 Original drawings indicate that this bridge replaced a 1928 timber bridge The drawings show construction details of the composite system laminated wood flooring using uplift spikes and shear developers to be incorporated in a concrete roadway surface Drawing notes indicate that a similar bridge was constructed East of Smyrna (Bridge 9A Bridge 445 is also similar) Portions of the original drawings are presented on the following page The bridge was designed to carry a 15 ton truck with impact The construction of Bridge 707 was a component of Federal Aid Project 113 which involved the construction of a new road between Rehoboth and Bethany Beach a distance of 1265 miles Project 113B provided for the construction of the Silver Lake Bridge The project was plagued by slow delivery of materials and encountered a brief setback when a heavy windstorm blew the contractors pile driver into the lake Nevertheless the bridge was completed and opened to traffic on April 8 1939

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This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and composite timber-concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance In addition its relatively high degree of architectural elaboration may reflect the increasing economic importance of Delawares seashore resorts in the late 1930s The project of which the bridge construction was a part was intended to facilitate travel to and frorn Hle growing resorts of Rehoboth and Bethany Beach The Federal Aid Program project statement also predicted that the route would be greatly increased in importance by the location of a permanent inlet to Indian River which is now being considered by the US Engineers and this Bridge becomes necessary to adequately take care of the increased traffic Upon completion of the project the inspection report noted there are real possibilities of growth in population along the project particularly as to summer residents The growth in population will depend largely on the increase in popularity that beach life holds for the general public ~- -----_ - 1 ~_ (gt ~oomiddotmiddot COo

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40

Page 2: TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

TIMBER BRIDGES

There were twelve timber bridges included among the historic highway bridges considered significant in Delaware While poorly represented in northern Delaware the majority of bridges surveyed in southern Delaware were timber bridges Included in the list of significant timber bridges were examples of severa types There are two extant covered bridges a number of small single span timber beam bridges a very long multiple-span example of a simple timber beam bridge and three exceptional examples of a unique composite design a timber-concrete slab bridge

Bridge historian Henry G Tyrell wrote in his 1911 book entitled History of Bridge Engineering that the majority of bridges built prior to 1860 in the United States were built of timber Other nineteenth and twentieth century engineers presenting histories of bridge building including Theodore Cooper and Robert Fletcher described the evolution of the type

In 1889 prominent bridge engineer Theodore Cooper summarized bridge history in the United States in an article published in the Transactions of the

American Society of Civil Engineers he wrote

The earliest bridges where single timbers were not sufficient to stretch from bank to bank were short spans supported on pilesWhere the conditions would not allow of structures of this character arch spans were usually adopted

Fietcher and Snow described multiple span versions of these early bridges in an 1852 American Society of Civil Engineers Transactions article

estuaries and tidal marshes These conditions sometimes required bridges of considerable length and low elevation which were readily and inexpensively constructed by adopting pile bents and short spans As loads were light beams of moderate size were sufficient

And in The Evolution of American Bridges llewellyn N Edwards described an early example of this type of bridge Sewalls 1761 Bridge in York Maine Illustrated below this elemental structure is

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22

TIMBER

clearly similar to Delawares extant multipleshyspan example of the simple timber beam bridge (Bridge 708)

As the need for longer spans and heavier loads increased new types were developed and executed by master craftsmen Cooper continued praising the builders of early American covered bridges

The bridging of small streams was a part of the pioneers labor The crossing of the larger rivers developed specially gifted men like Timothy Palmer Theodore Burr Lewis Wernwag and others less well known who built timber bridges that are looked upon as wonderful structures even to the present day

The record of historic timber bridges in Delaware both extant bridges and those illustrated in historic photographs stands as an interesting illustration of the history of the type Recorded examples include the earliest type the simple beam on pile bents beams on m~sonry abutments simple timber trusses on masonry abutments and a number of covered wooden truss bridges Extant examples illustrate the continued popularity of the earliest and simplest type and the

adaptability of the material for creative twentieth century applications such as the unique composite timber-concrete structures built in southern Delaware in the 1930s

Delaware Department of Transportation photographic archives for New Castle County illustrate the existence of approximately 130 timber bridges in that county in the 1920s There are no similar records for Kent and Sussex County Most of the timber bridges illustrated were simple single spans Some were constructed on masonry substructure some were constructed on timber pile bents or abutments some illustrate elaborate iron railings In addition to the simple beam structures there were wood truss bridges and a number of covered bridges Several of the types are illustrated below Examples of covered bridges will be illustrated in the following pages

EARLY TIMBER BRIDGES OF

NEW CASTLE COUNTY

Multiple span timber bndge on timber pile bents North Delaware City Road New Castle County Photo from 1921 No longer standing

Timber bridge with lattice rail Between Blackbird and Walker New Castle County Photo from 1921 No longer standing

Timber bridge spanning masonry abutments Near Delaney New Castle County Photo from 1921 No longer standing

Double lattice wood through truss span Wooddale New Castle County No longer standing 23

Records indicate that there were over thirty-five covered bridges in Delaware Newspaper photographs dating in the 1930s illustrated that at least one Burr truss and one Howe truss were built in Delaware Yorklyn Bridge a Town Lattice (no longer extant) is illustrated below By 1937 there were five remaining covered bridges Smiths Bridge across the Brandywine Yeatmans Bridge across White Clay Creek and three across the Red Clay Creek Two of the covered bridges buiit to cross Red Clay Creek are still standing the Wooddale (137) and Ashland Bridges (118) These bridges are Town trusses patented by Ithiel Town of New Haven Connecticut in 1820 Town an architect designed his truss for ease of construction by a good carpenter He advertized and marketed it for roadways and later for railroad use His patent is shown opposite

Town Lattice wooden covered bridge Yorklyn New Castle County No longer standing

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TIMBER

Bridge 707 Lake Bridge as it appcarcd in the 1938 Annual Report

The extant covered bridges are located in New Castle County but very few of the simple span timber bridges illustrated in the archives remain in that county However the majority of bridges surveyed on secondary roads in southern Delaware are simple timber bridges mostly single spans consisting of timber stringers on pile bents with wood decks and railings Their structural configuration is simple and represents the continued use of one of the most primitive types of early bridges which found widespread application over a long period Most of these bridges surveyed in Delaware date to the 1930s although some are attributed earlier dates by the Department Historic photographs illustrate that the type was built widely prior to the 1920s It continued to be built in the 1940s as these bridges represent a specific engineering response to conditions characteristic of the region they present a low-cost solution to the need for short spans crossing the numerous small waterways of southern Delaware

The structural simplicity of the type the use of readily available materials and the speed of erection also made it an ideal choice for use as a replacement bridge in emergency situations such as after the disastrous floods of September 1935 when approximately 100 bridges were destroyed in Delaware The 1937 annual report of the

State Highway Department noted that a total of 52 creosoted timber bridges were built during the year on the secondary system to replace inadequate or functionally obsolete structures

During that period Delaware Department of Transportation engineers also experimented with a new application for timber bridges in a composite design resulting in the construction of three timber beam-concrete slab bridges in southern Delaware The first of these structures the Mill Creek Bridge (Bridge 9A) was considered a new and very economical design The State Highway Department

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declared in its 1936 Annual Report its serviceability will be watched with interest by the Departments engineers The Department constructed two more of this design each with more elaborate ornamentation and they continue to carry traffic today (Bridges 445 and 707) Bridge 707 is shown below in a photograph from the 1938 Annual Report

Examples of Delawares historic timber bridges are arranged into groups by technological differences and presented in the following pages A complete list of the timber bridges can be found in Appendix 1

III

25

State Bridge 118 Ashland Covered Bridge

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 118

Ashland Covered Bridge Wooddale Drive over Red Clay Creek Ashland New Castle County Delaware 1850-18801982

State Highway Bridge 118 is a covered timber bridge measuring 51-9 long It carries one lane of vehicular traffic on a 14-6 deck The bridge originally consisted of a Town Lattice truss constructed with oak timbers connected together with hardwood tapered dowels (trunnels) The abutments were constructed of semi-coursed rubble flared

uncoursed rubble wing walls are topped with sloped concrete capstones The portals of the bridge are ornamented by pilasters with flared capitals reminiscent of classical columns The bridge underwent a major alteration in 1982 when rolled steel 1shybeams were installed under the deck to support the bridge structurally Excerpts from drawings made at that time are included on the following page

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 118 was built perhaps as early as the mid-

Interior of Bridge 118 showing Town Lattice truss

nineteenth century and is one of only two remaining covered bridges in the State Ithiel Town of New Haven Connecticut successfully patented this lattice truss in 1820 meeting with widespread adoption over the next thirty years From New England to Virginia to as far west as Ohio the timber bridges were used for both highway and railway spans The Ashland Bridge is thought to have been built by the same craftsmen that constructed its twin the Wooddale Covered Bridge some two miles away Both structures were listed on the National Register in 1973

26

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STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 137

Wooddale Covered Bridge Road 263A over Red Clay Creek Mt Cuba New Castle County Delaware 1850-18801969

State Highway Bridge 137 is a covered timber bridge spanning 53-6 long It carries one lane of vehicular traffic on a 13-0 wide deck The bridge originally consisted of a Town lattice truss comprised with oak timber connected together with hardwood tapered dowels (trunnels) The

abutments were constructed of semishycoursed rubble with a smooth finish on the exposed face Flared wing walls are topped with granite capstone Drawings from a 1939 repair are reproduced on the following page A major 1969 alteration added rolled steel I-beams under the deck which support tile bridge structurally The bridge is 10-0 above water level

Delaware Department of Transportation record drawings made in 1939 document the configuration and

construction details of this structure These drawings excerpts of which are presented on the following page depict a Town Lattice truss on rubble masonry abutments with flared stone wing walls having a 53shy6 clear span 67-0 overall length and 15shy9 width The truss is constructed of 2x8 diagonals plates and sills are built up from 3x10 timbers Floor beams of 6x12 timbers with 4x6 cross bracing support 4x8 stringers carrying 8x3 plank decking Drawings note Liveload 3 tons (not 13) Delaware Department of Transportation records also include drawings dated July 23 1981 detailing alterations which add wood members to the floor framing system the 1981 drawings also show that a steel 1shybeam subframe had been constructed by that date to relieve the load on the wooden truss

Bridge 137 was built perhaps as early as the mid-nineteenth century and is one of only two remaining covered bridges in the State The Wooddale Bridge is thought to have been built by the same craftsmen that constructed its twin the Ashland Covered Bridge some two miles away Both structures were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973

28

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STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 123A

Road 123 over Kings Causeway Branch Milford Neck Wildlife Area Kent County Delaware 1933

State Highway Bridge 123A is a 13shy10 single span timber beam bridge with a timber superstructure and substructure Beams 4X12 in section support the deck composed of 4X10 planks that have been paved over There is a simple

30

State Bridge 123A

wood railing composed of 4X6 posts and 2X6 rails The superstructure is supported by timber bents each comprising seven piles 12 in diameter which support a 10X12 header The straight wing walls are constructed of 4X10 planks The bridge is 21-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 123A was built in 1933 under State

Highway Department contract 297 as part of a project to construct a slag road between Thompsonville and Sour Apple Tree a distance of 59 miles This project involved the construction of the present bridge and the provision of 24 pipe culverts to improve drainage on the road which was reported covered with standing water wherever the road went through a wooded section The road construction contract was executed with the Wilson Contracting Company of Wilmington Delaware for a bid price of $16740 of which an estimated $740 applied to the construction of the bridge Bridge 123A replaced a previous timber structure at the same site Original drawings dated February 1933 are on file at the Delaware Department of Transportation Notes on the drawings specify the use of creosoted timber piles and lumber acceptable materials included southern yellow pine douglas fir southern cypress and oak The wood was treated with Grade 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Like other small timber bridges of this period Bridge 123A was designed for a 15 ton truck load without impact Handwritten notes on the drawings indicate that materials were supplied by the Century Wood Preserving Company of Newport Delaware Excerpts from the drawings are presented on the following page

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The majority of bridges surveyed on -Iloor4S___~LtE oSl14olP 6IlU ~E 4xT~0M __ nMrs ~IVlt__I secondary roads in southern Delaware are SMIootV _ Scrr r ~14rT ~ ~__0

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consisting of timber stringers on pile bents 7N~ sNnFN9rtM7 Ali ArCD H~

4gt- mr ~ ~_ r~-sIwith wood decks and railings Their 111 IO tJSlttlTr~7_~1 J~ JIIbr 7JooYIlt-zbull JrIVtrr~ 4Am ~J-7~A7JpoundL k pound4(1 hr ~ Ila-structural configuration is simple and o~ -9 J~poundINgtkuwRKt ~sk ashy4400

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~ I2LT ~TR~r 4T w~-a Va tIrlttlSoTGf ~CL ~ nyC ~IBridge No 123A is a typical southern

-- rHS dltn~~ 4_( Mot( 61 ~~Delaware timber bridge which appears to I~- T~1Z seA ~~CP~IQIVrPlpoundpound7JllUv ~ _~ - shyn-0Ji)~ 411~ Usr~trrltlIJCTS~~A(retain much of its original fabric it was built J r PrlJN - shy

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ENP E~IIArID UuIJSOTpound ~middotr-el c~ g 7c fifrequent replacement of members as wear Cru PI7ltess V8~r411 ore lFfIVQ M1-~R4n 4and deterioration take their toll timber 7N~ h~A 6T8A )I-Ch JI)n

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State Bridge 708

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 708

Route 24 over Love Creek Marshtown Sussex County Delaware 1939

Delaware State Bridge 708 is a 21 span timber bridge 400-0 long The spans are equally spaced 18-9 apart The bridge was built along a vertical curve It is composed of 8 x 14 timber beams spaced 1-6 apart A 6 deep concrete deck has been placed atop the bridges timber frame

32

and deck The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on piles 12-15 in diameter and has straight timber wing walls The bents are braced diagonally There is a timber pedestrian walkway 4-0 wide cantilevered on the west elevation The walkway has a timber outside rail 3-0 in height The bridge is 33-0 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and a 4-0 sidewalk on one side The vehicular railing measures 3-6 high

and consists of timber posts a 2 x 6 top rail and a metal intermediate rail

The Delaware Department of Transportations records state that Bridge 708 was built in 1939 and underwent alterations or repairs in 1983 Original drawings dated 1938-1939 note this bridge replaced a 1933 creosote structure at this site Portions of the 1939 drawings appear on the following page As originally constructed it consisted of simple timber spans comprising stringers on bents The timber deck was covered by a thin bituminous concrete wearing surface The contract was awarded on June 16 1939 to Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware for $2481490 Studies for various lengths were made for this replacement bridge alternatives included a 172 bridge a 210 bridge costing $31000 and a 400 bridge AG Livingston Highway Department Bridge Engineer wrote to WW Mack Chief Engineer that the 400 length was chosen due to the soft ground at the site and the desirability of a concrete wearing surface

The Love Creek Bridge was noted in the 1939 Highway Department Annual Report as one of the years highlights in Sussex County A photograph from the 1939 Annual Report is shown on the first page of this section Part of a major

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improvement to a highway carrying very heavy traffic of pleasure-bound motorists

3~ 10bound for Rehoboth and Oak Orchard during the summer months the building of J4- - _ __ I-CJ-I

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road The alignment on this section has been eased and the bridge widened J

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State Bridge No 708 is an exceptionally long multiple span example of a simple timber bridge The individual spans are representative of the type and the bridges history illustrates the economy of the type even as a multiple-span structure Comprising 21 spans it measures 400 feet long most timber girder bridges in southern Delaware consist of

I 5 5only one span usually less than 20 feet i~-- ~-shylong Bridge 708 is significant as an unusual variation of a common type and (2) regfor its association with the development of the road network in Sussex County during

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33

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 9A

Route 6 over Mill Creek Smyrna Kent County Delaware 1936

State Highway Bridge 9A (Mill Creek Bridge) is a 100-0 composite concrete and timber bridge A five span timber and concrete slab superstructure is combined with a substructure of timber bents and timber abutments Each span measures 20-0 The parapet consists of concrete posts and rails The bridge is 23-6 wide and carries two lanes of traffic The

34

State Bridge 9A Mill Creek Bridge

substructure has been reinforced with steel I-beams and the flared wing walls are made of steel sheeting The timber bents have been augmented with steel bents and the underside of the slab appears satisfactory but is difficult to see well

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 9A was built in 1936 Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware were the contractors for a bid price of $6820 The bridge was highlighted in the State

Highway Departments annual report for 1936 as an example of unusual construction involving a new and very economical design its serviceability will be watched with interest by the Departments engineers Two photographs of Bridge 9A from the 1936 Annual Report are presented on the following page It was noted that the Vines Creek Bridge in Sussex County (Bridge 445) which was also placed under contract in 1936 was a similar design and both replaced narrow obsolescent structures

Original drawings dated June 1935 detail the bridges configuration Drawing notes indicate that Bridge 9A replaced a pony truss bridge at this site The typical section for this bridge shows a composite structure incorporating timber and concrete Drawing notes indicate special provisions for material placement to form a composite beam using 2X8 laminated timber with shear developers and uplift spikes and covered with approximately 5 inches of concrete The bridge was designed for a 15 ton truck with 30 impact live load The drawing notes specified that southern yellow pine douglas fir oak and southern cypress were acceptable materials treated with 14 pounds of grade no 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Added notes on the drawings document the construction process Excerpts from the drawings are

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presented on the following page In 1970 under contract 70-05-001 it was repaired with steel reinforcement to the substructure

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance and exemplifies the receptiveness to innovation which characterized the bridge engineers of the State Highway Department during this period This new type of structure offered the advantage of utilizing economical materials and Department engineers were quick to test its merits It is significant as one of only three composite timberconcrete bridges surveyed in Delaware

Bridge 9A as it appeared in the 1936 Annual Report

showing deck before and after placing concrete

35

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STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 445

Omar Bridge Road 54 over Vines Creek Frankford Sussex County Delaware 1937

State Highway Bridge Number 445 Omar Bridge is a three span combination timber and concrete bridge Each span measures 20-0 for an overall length of 60shy0 It carries two lanes of traffic with a deck width of 26-0 The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising a 12 x 12 beam supported by six creosoted 12shydiameter pilings set on six-foot centers with cross bracing The timber wing walls are straight with perpendicular extensions on

Stale Bridge 445 Omar Bridge

the southwest and northeast The deck is a composite slab structure comprising timber and concrete The bridge has a concrete parapet featuring large stepped blocks at the portals and above the piers spanned by arched balustrades The parapet incorporates a curb and fascia a series of perforations at the level of the roadway provide for drainage

Delaware Department of Transportation records indicate that Bridge Number 445 was built in 1937 under State Highway Department contract 543 (Federal Aid Project 173B) replacing a previous structure at this site Bids were received March 16 1938 and the contract was

awarded to the Old Line Construction Company of Chestertown Maryland for $16851 As with other large timber pile structures of the period in the region problems developed in constructing the substructure adequate bearing could not be obtained with 24 piles as designed so piles averaging 45 in length were substituted and details of abutment bent design were revised The increase in pile length was partially responsible for a cost overrun of $173367 The structure was completed on September 24 1938 Original drawings document the construction methods including placement of concrete reinforcement and construction of the composite floor system which is very similar to that of Bridge 9A Details from original drawings showing this floor system are presented on the following page along with other excerpts

This composite structure comprising a three span composite timber-concrete bridge is unusual in Sussex County and has considerable technological significance It is similar to the Mill Creek Bridge of 1936 in Smyrna Kent County (Bridge 9A) specifications for the Omar Bridge conform to those for the Mill Creek Bridge in many respects Bridge 445 is considered significant as one of only three composite timber-concrete structures surveyed in Delaware

37

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STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 707

Road 50 over Silver Lake Rehoboth Beach Sussex County Delaware 1938

Delaware State Highway Bridge 707 Lake Bridge is a thirteen span combination timber and concrete bridge 260-2 long The spans are equally spaced at 20-0 The deck is a composite slab structure and the parapet is concrete The parapet is decorated with rectangular shaped arched pointed openings between

State BrUlge 707 Lake Bridge

columns These columns are spaced 6-4 apart A concrete fascia with a broad segmental arch curve also ornaments the bridge The fascia is 1-8 wide at the crown of the arch and 4-0 above the water level The concrete deck parapet and fascia are supported by timber members The substructure is timber with timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on pilings and U-shaped timber wing walls The bridges timber bents are laterally braced with horizontal struts Two joints and double piers support the structure at the fourth and

ninth pier The bridge is 30-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and two sidewalks There are four decorative lamps on the bridges west elevation

The records of the Delaware Department of Transportation state that Bridge 707 was built in 1938 under contract 532 Original drawings indicate that this bridge replaced a 1928 timber bridge The drawings show construction details of the composite system laminated wood flooring using uplift spikes and shear developers to be incorporated in a concrete roadway surface Drawing notes indicate that a similar bridge was constructed East of Smyrna (Bridge 9A Bridge 445 is also similar) Portions of the original drawings are presented on the following page The bridge was designed to carry a 15 ton truck with impact The construction of Bridge 707 was a component of Federal Aid Project 113 which involved the construction of a new road between Rehoboth and Bethany Beach a distance of 1265 miles Project 113B provided for the construction of the Silver Lake Bridge The project was plagued by slow delivery of materials and encountered a brief setback when a heavy windstorm blew the contractors pile driver into the lake Nevertheless the bridge was completed and opened to traffic on April 8 1939

39

_ __

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and composite timber-concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance In addition its relatively high degree of architectural elaboration may reflect the increasing economic importance of Delawares seashore resorts in the late 1930s The project of which the bridge construction was a part was intended to facilitate travel to and frorn Hle growing resorts of Rehoboth and Bethany Beach The Federal Aid Program project statement also predicted that the route would be greatly increased in importance by the location of a permanent inlet to Indian River which is now being considered by the US Engineers and this Bridge becomes necessary to adequately take care of the increased traffic Upon completion of the project the inspection report noted there are real possibilities of growth in population along the project particularly as to summer residents The growth in population will depend largely on the increase in popularity that beach life holds for the general public ~- -----_ - 1 ~_ (gt ~oomiddotmiddot COo

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40

Page 3: TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

TIMBER

clearly similar to Delawares extant multipleshyspan example of the simple timber beam bridge (Bridge 708)

As the need for longer spans and heavier loads increased new types were developed and executed by master craftsmen Cooper continued praising the builders of early American covered bridges

The bridging of small streams was a part of the pioneers labor The crossing of the larger rivers developed specially gifted men like Timothy Palmer Theodore Burr Lewis Wernwag and others less well known who built timber bridges that are looked upon as wonderful structures even to the present day

The record of historic timber bridges in Delaware both extant bridges and those illustrated in historic photographs stands as an interesting illustration of the history of the type Recorded examples include the earliest type the simple beam on pile bents beams on m~sonry abutments simple timber trusses on masonry abutments and a number of covered wooden truss bridges Extant examples illustrate the continued popularity of the earliest and simplest type and the

adaptability of the material for creative twentieth century applications such as the unique composite timber-concrete structures built in southern Delaware in the 1930s

Delaware Department of Transportation photographic archives for New Castle County illustrate the existence of approximately 130 timber bridges in that county in the 1920s There are no similar records for Kent and Sussex County Most of the timber bridges illustrated were simple single spans Some were constructed on masonry substructure some were constructed on timber pile bents or abutments some illustrate elaborate iron railings In addition to the simple beam structures there were wood truss bridges and a number of covered bridges Several of the types are illustrated below Examples of covered bridges will be illustrated in the following pages

EARLY TIMBER BRIDGES OF

NEW CASTLE COUNTY

Multiple span timber bndge on timber pile bents North Delaware City Road New Castle County Photo from 1921 No longer standing

Timber bridge with lattice rail Between Blackbird and Walker New Castle County Photo from 1921 No longer standing

Timber bridge spanning masonry abutments Near Delaney New Castle County Photo from 1921 No longer standing

Double lattice wood through truss span Wooddale New Castle County No longer standing 23

Records indicate that there were over thirty-five covered bridges in Delaware Newspaper photographs dating in the 1930s illustrated that at least one Burr truss and one Howe truss were built in Delaware Yorklyn Bridge a Town Lattice (no longer extant) is illustrated below By 1937 there were five remaining covered bridges Smiths Bridge across the Brandywine Yeatmans Bridge across White Clay Creek and three across the Red Clay Creek Two of the covered bridges buiit to cross Red Clay Creek are still standing the Wooddale (137) and Ashland Bridges (118) These bridges are Town trusses patented by Ithiel Town of New Haven Connecticut in 1820 Town an architect designed his truss for ease of construction by a good carpenter He advertized and marketed it for roadways and later for railroad use His patent is shown opposite

Town Lattice wooden covered bridge Yorklyn New Castle County No longer standing

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Pment for Town Lattice Tmss Pmented by [thie Town of New Haven Connecticut in 1820 24

TIMBER

Bridge 707 Lake Bridge as it appcarcd in the 1938 Annual Report

The extant covered bridges are located in New Castle County but very few of the simple span timber bridges illustrated in the archives remain in that county However the majority of bridges surveyed on secondary roads in southern Delaware are simple timber bridges mostly single spans consisting of timber stringers on pile bents with wood decks and railings Their structural configuration is simple and represents the continued use of one of the most primitive types of early bridges which found widespread application over a long period Most of these bridges surveyed in Delaware date to the 1930s although some are attributed earlier dates by the Department Historic photographs illustrate that the type was built widely prior to the 1920s It continued to be built in the 1940s as these bridges represent a specific engineering response to conditions characteristic of the region they present a low-cost solution to the need for short spans crossing the numerous small waterways of southern Delaware

The structural simplicity of the type the use of readily available materials and the speed of erection also made it an ideal choice for use as a replacement bridge in emergency situations such as after the disastrous floods of September 1935 when approximately 100 bridges were destroyed in Delaware The 1937 annual report of the

State Highway Department noted that a total of 52 creosoted timber bridges were built during the year on the secondary system to replace inadequate or functionally obsolete structures

During that period Delaware Department of Transportation engineers also experimented with a new application for timber bridges in a composite design resulting in the construction of three timber beam-concrete slab bridges in southern Delaware The first of these structures the Mill Creek Bridge (Bridge 9A) was considered a new and very economical design The State Highway Department

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declared in its 1936 Annual Report its serviceability will be watched with interest by the Departments engineers The Department constructed two more of this design each with more elaborate ornamentation and they continue to carry traffic today (Bridges 445 and 707) Bridge 707 is shown below in a photograph from the 1938 Annual Report

Examples of Delawares historic timber bridges are arranged into groups by technological differences and presented in the following pages A complete list of the timber bridges can be found in Appendix 1

III

25

State Bridge 118 Ashland Covered Bridge

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 118

Ashland Covered Bridge Wooddale Drive over Red Clay Creek Ashland New Castle County Delaware 1850-18801982

State Highway Bridge 118 is a covered timber bridge measuring 51-9 long It carries one lane of vehicular traffic on a 14-6 deck The bridge originally consisted of a Town Lattice truss constructed with oak timbers connected together with hardwood tapered dowels (trunnels) The abutments were constructed of semi-coursed rubble flared

uncoursed rubble wing walls are topped with sloped concrete capstones The portals of the bridge are ornamented by pilasters with flared capitals reminiscent of classical columns The bridge underwent a major alteration in 1982 when rolled steel 1shybeams were installed under the deck to support the bridge structurally Excerpts from drawings made at that time are included on the following page

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 118 was built perhaps as early as the mid-

Interior of Bridge 118 showing Town Lattice truss

nineteenth century and is one of only two remaining covered bridges in the State Ithiel Town of New Haven Connecticut successfully patented this lattice truss in 1820 meeting with widespread adoption over the next thirty years From New England to Virginia to as far west as Ohio the timber bridges were used for both highway and railway spans The Ashland Bridge is thought to have been built by the same craftsmen that constructed its twin the Wooddale Covered Bridge some two miles away Both structures were listed on the National Register in 1973

26

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State Bridge 137 Wooddale Covered Bridge

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 137

Wooddale Covered Bridge Road 263A over Red Clay Creek Mt Cuba New Castle County Delaware 1850-18801969

State Highway Bridge 137 is a covered timber bridge spanning 53-6 long It carries one lane of vehicular traffic on a 13-0 wide deck The bridge originally consisted of a Town lattice truss comprised with oak timber connected together with hardwood tapered dowels (trunnels) The

abutments were constructed of semishycoursed rubble with a smooth finish on the exposed face Flared wing walls are topped with granite capstone Drawings from a 1939 repair are reproduced on the following page A major 1969 alteration added rolled steel I-beams under the deck which support tile bridge structurally The bridge is 10-0 above water level

Delaware Department of Transportation record drawings made in 1939 document the configuration and

construction details of this structure These drawings excerpts of which are presented on the following page depict a Town Lattice truss on rubble masonry abutments with flared stone wing walls having a 53shy6 clear span 67-0 overall length and 15shy9 width The truss is constructed of 2x8 diagonals plates and sills are built up from 3x10 timbers Floor beams of 6x12 timbers with 4x6 cross bracing support 4x8 stringers carrying 8x3 plank decking Drawings note Liveload 3 tons (not 13) Delaware Department of Transportation records also include drawings dated July 23 1981 detailing alterations which add wood members to the floor framing system the 1981 drawings also show that a steel 1shybeam subframe had been constructed by that date to relieve the load on the wooden truss

Bridge 137 was built perhaps as early as the mid-nineteenth century and is one of only two remaining covered bridges in the State The Wooddale Bridge is thought to have been built by the same craftsmen that constructed its twin the Ashland Covered Bridge some two miles away Both structures were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973

28

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STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 123A

Road 123 over Kings Causeway Branch Milford Neck Wildlife Area Kent County Delaware 1933

State Highway Bridge 123A is a 13shy10 single span timber beam bridge with a timber superstructure and substructure Beams 4X12 in section support the deck composed of 4X10 planks that have been paved over There is a simple

30

State Bridge 123A

wood railing composed of 4X6 posts and 2X6 rails The superstructure is supported by timber bents each comprising seven piles 12 in diameter which support a 10X12 header The straight wing walls are constructed of 4X10 planks The bridge is 21-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 123A was built in 1933 under State

Highway Department contract 297 as part of a project to construct a slag road between Thompsonville and Sour Apple Tree a distance of 59 miles This project involved the construction of the present bridge and the provision of 24 pipe culverts to improve drainage on the road which was reported covered with standing water wherever the road went through a wooded section The road construction contract was executed with the Wilson Contracting Company of Wilmington Delaware for a bid price of $16740 of which an estimated $740 applied to the construction of the bridge Bridge 123A replaced a previous timber structure at the same site Original drawings dated February 1933 are on file at the Delaware Department of Transportation Notes on the drawings specify the use of creosoted timber piles and lumber acceptable materials included southern yellow pine douglas fir southern cypress and oak The wood was treated with Grade 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Like other small timber bridges of this period Bridge 123A was designed for a 15 ton truck load without impact Handwritten notes on the drawings indicate that materials were supplied by the Century Wood Preserving Company of Newport Delaware Excerpts from the drawings are presented on the following page

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The majority of bridges surveyed on -Iloor4S___~LtE oSl14olP 6IlU ~E 4xT~0M __ nMrs ~IVlt__I secondary roads in southern Delaware are SMIootV _ Scrr r ~14rT ~ ~__0

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consisting of timber stringers on pile bents 7N~ sNnFN9rtM7 Ali ArCD H~

4gt- mr ~ ~_ r~-sIwith wood decks and railings Their 111 IO tJSlttlTr~7_~1 J~ JIIbr 7JooYIlt-zbull JrIVtrr~ 4Am ~J-7~A7JpoundL k pound4(1 hr ~ Ila-structural configuration is simple and o~ -9 J~poundINgtkuwRKt ~sk ashy4400

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most primitive types of early bridges State L 1_middotJ7X4middot d I~I---middot--- SO Ii f shy

~ I2LT ~TR~r 4T w~-a Va tIrlttlSoTGf ~CL ~ nyC ~IBridge No 123A is a typical southern

-- rHS dltn~~ 4_( Mot( 61 ~~Delaware timber bridge which appears to I~- T~1Z seA ~~CP~IQIVrPlpoundpound7JllUv ~ _~ - shyn-0Ji)~ 411~ Usr~trrltlIJCTS~~A(retain much of its original fabric it was built J r PrlJN - shy

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ENP E~IIArID UuIJSOTpound ~middotr-el c~ g 7c fifrequent replacement of members as wear Cru PI7ltess V8~r411 ore lFfIVQ M1-~R4n 4and deterioration take their toll timber 7N~ h~A 6T8A )I-Ch JI)n

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State Bridge 708

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 708

Route 24 over Love Creek Marshtown Sussex County Delaware 1939

Delaware State Bridge 708 is a 21 span timber bridge 400-0 long The spans are equally spaced 18-9 apart The bridge was built along a vertical curve It is composed of 8 x 14 timber beams spaced 1-6 apart A 6 deep concrete deck has been placed atop the bridges timber frame

32

and deck The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on piles 12-15 in diameter and has straight timber wing walls The bents are braced diagonally There is a timber pedestrian walkway 4-0 wide cantilevered on the west elevation The walkway has a timber outside rail 3-0 in height The bridge is 33-0 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and a 4-0 sidewalk on one side The vehicular railing measures 3-6 high

and consists of timber posts a 2 x 6 top rail and a metal intermediate rail

The Delaware Department of Transportations records state that Bridge 708 was built in 1939 and underwent alterations or repairs in 1983 Original drawings dated 1938-1939 note this bridge replaced a 1933 creosote structure at this site Portions of the 1939 drawings appear on the following page As originally constructed it consisted of simple timber spans comprising stringers on bents The timber deck was covered by a thin bituminous concrete wearing surface The contract was awarded on June 16 1939 to Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware for $2481490 Studies for various lengths were made for this replacement bridge alternatives included a 172 bridge a 210 bridge costing $31000 and a 400 bridge AG Livingston Highway Department Bridge Engineer wrote to WW Mack Chief Engineer that the 400 length was chosen due to the soft ground at the site and the desirability of a concrete wearing surface

The Love Creek Bridge was noted in the 1939 Highway Department Annual Report as one of the years highlights in Sussex County A photograph from the 1939 Annual Report is shown on the first page of this section Part of a major

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TIMBER

improvement to a highway carrying very heavy traffic of pleasure-bound motorists

3~ 10bound for Rehoboth and Oak Orchard during the summer months the building of J4- - _ __ I-CJ-I

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40 sJC1ltC bull ~ eliminated one of the danger spots on this J ~ t )~Jr

road The alignment on this section has been eased and the bridge widened J

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State Bridge No 708 is an exceptionally long multiple span example of a simple timber bridge The individual spans are representative of the type and the bridges history illustrates the economy of the type even as a multiple-span structure Comprising 21 spans it measures 400 feet long most timber girder bridges in southern Delaware consist of

I 5 5only one span usually less than 20 feet i~-- ~-shylong Bridge 708 is significant as an unusual variation of a common type and (2) regfor its association with the development of the road network in Sussex County during

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33

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 9A

Route 6 over Mill Creek Smyrna Kent County Delaware 1936

State Highway Bridge 9A (Mill Creek Bridge) is a 100-0 composite concrete and timber bridge A five span timber and concrete slab superstructure is combined with a substructure of timber bents and timber abutments Each span measures 20-0 The parapet consists of concrete posts and rails The bridge is 23-6 wide and carries two lanes of traffic The

34

State Bridge 9A Mill Creek Bridge

substructure has been reinforced with steel I-beams and the flared wing walls are made of steel sheeting The timber bents have been augmented with steel bents and the underside of the slab appears satisfactory but is difficult to see well

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 9A was built in 1936 Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware were the contractors for a bid price of $6820 The bridge was highlighted in the State

Highway Departments annual report for 1936 as an example of unusual construction involving a new and very economical design its serviceability will be watched with interest by the Departments engineers Two photographs of Bridge 9A from the 1936 Annual Report are presented on the following page It was noted that the Vines Creek Bridge in Sussex County (Bridge 445) which was also placed under contract in 1936 was a similar design and both replaced narrow obsolescent structures

Original drawings dated June 1935 detail the bridges configuration Drawing notes indicate that Bridge 9A replaced a pony truss bridge at this site The typical section for this bridge shows a composite structure incorporating timber and concrete Drawing notes indicate special provisions for material placement to form a composite beam using 2X8 laminated timber with shear developers and uplift spikes and covered with approximately 5 inches of concrete The bridge was designed for a 15 ton truck with 30 impact live load The drawing notes specified that southern yellow pine douglas fir oak and southern cypress were acceptable materials treated with 14 pounds of grade no 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Added notes on the drawings document the construction process Excerpts from the drawings are

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presented on the following page In 1970 under contract 70-05-001 it was repaired with steel reinforcement to the substructure

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance and exemplifies the receptiveness to innovation which characterized the bridge engineers of the State Highway Department during this period This new type of structure offered the advantage of utilizing economical materials and Department engineers were quick to test its merits It is significant as one of only three composite timberconcrete bridges surveyed in Delaware

Bridge 9A as it appeared in the 1936 Annual Report

showing deck before and after placing concrete

35

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STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 445

Omar Bridge Road 54 over Vines Creek Frankford Sussex County Delaware 1937

State Highway Bridge Number 445 Omar Bridge is a three span combination timber and concrete bridge Each span measures 20-0 for an overall length of 60shy0 It carries two lanes of traffic with a deck width of 26-0 The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising a 12 x 12 beam supported by six creosoted 12shydiameter pilings set on six-foot centers with cross bracing The timber wing walls are straight with perpendicular extensions on

Stale Bridge 445 Omar Bridge

the southwest and northeast The deck is a composite slab structure comprising timber and concrete The bridge has a concrete parapet featuring large stepped blocks at the portals and above the piers spanned by arched balustrades The parapet incorporates a curb and fascia a series of perforations at the level of the roadway provide for drainage

Delaware Department of Transportation records indicate that Bridge Number 445 was built in 1937 under State Highway Department contract 543 (Federal Aid Project 173B) replacing a previous structure at this site Bids were received March 16 1938 and the contract was

awarded to the Old Line Construction Company of Chestertown Maryland for $16851 As with other large timber pile structures of the period in the region problems developed in constructing the substructure adequate bearing could not be obtained with 24 piles as designed so piles averaging 45 in length were substituted and details of abutment bent design were revised The increase in pile length was partially responsible for a cost overrun of $173367 The structure was completed on September 24 1938 Original drawings document the construction methods including placement of concrete reinforcement and construction of the composite floor system which is very similar to that of Bridge 9A Details from original drawings showing this floor system are presented on the following page along with other excerpts

This composite structure comprising a three span composite timber-concrete bridge is unusual in Sussex County and has considerable technological significance It is similar to the Mill Creek Bridge of 1936 in Smyrna Kent County (Bridge 9A) specifications for the Omar Bridge conform to those for the Mill Creek Bridge in many respects Bridge 445 is considered significant as one of only three composite timber-concrete structures surveyed in Delaware

37

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STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 707

Road 50 over Silver Lake Rehoboth Beach Sussex County Delaware 1938

Delaware State Highway Bridge 707 Lake Bridge is a thirteen span combination timber and concrete bridge 260-2 long The spans are equally spaced at 20-0 The deck is a composite slab structure and the parapet is concrete The parapet is decorated with rectangular shaped arched pointed openings between

State BrUlge 707 Lake Bridge

columns These columns are spaced 6-4 apart A concrete fascia with a broad segmental arch curve also ornaments the bridge The fascia is 1-8 wide at the crown of the arch and 4-0 above the water level The concrete deck parapet and fascia are supported by timber members The substructure is timber with timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on pilings and U-shaped timber wing walls The bridges timber bents are laterally braced with horizontal struts Two joints and double piers support the structure at the fourth and

ninth pier The bridge is 30-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and two sidewalks There are four decorative lamps on the bridges west elevation

The records of the Delaware Department of Transportation state that Bridge 707 was built in 1938 under contract 532 Original drawings indicate that this bridge replaced a 1928 timber bridge The drawings show construction details of the composite system laminated wood flooring using uplift spikes and shear developers to be incorporated in a concrete roadway surface Drawing notes indicate that a similar bridge was constructed East of Smyrna (Bridge 9A Bridge 445 is also similar) Portions of the original drawings are presented on the following page The bridge was designed to carry a 15 ton truck with impact The construction of Bridge 707 was a component of Federal Aid Project 113 which involved the construction of a new road between Rehoboth and Bethany Beach a distance of 1265 miles Project 113B provided for the construction of the Silver Lake Bridge The project was plagued by slow delivery of materials and encountered a brief setback when a heavy windstorm blew the contractors pile driver into the lake Nevertheless the bridge was completed and opened to traffic on April 8 1939

39

_ __

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and composite timber-concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance In addition its relatively high degree of architectural elaboration may reflect the increasing economic importance of Delawares seashore resorts in the late 1930s The project of which the bridge construction was a part was intended to facilitate travel to and frorn Hle growing resorts of Rehoboth and Bethany Beach The Federal Aid Program project statement also predicted that the route would be greatly increased in importance by the location of a permanent inlet to Indian River which is now being considered by the US Engineers and this Bridge becomes necessary to adequately take care of the increased traffic Upon completion of the project the inspection report noted there are real possibilities of growth in population along the project particularly as to summer residents The growth in population will depend largely on the increase in popularity that beach life holds for the general public ~- -----_ - 1 ~_ (gt ~oomiddotmiddot COo

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40

Page 4: TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

Records indicate that there were over thirty-five covered bridges in Delaware Newspaper photographs dating in the 1930s illustrated that at least one Burr truss and one Howe truss were built in Delaware Yorklyn Bridge a Town Lattice (no longer extant) is illustrated below By 1937 there were five remaining covered bridges Smiths Bridge across the Brandywine Yeatmans Bridge across White Clay Creek and three across the Red Clay Creek Two of the covered bridges buiit to cross Red Clay Creek are still standing the Wooddale (137) and Ashland Bridges (118) These bridges are Town trusses patented by Ithiel Town of New Haven Connecticut in 1820 Town an architect designed his truss for ease of construction by a good carpenter He advertized and marketed it for roadways and later for railroad use His patent is shown opposite

Town Lattice wooden covered bridge Yorklyn New Castle County No longer standing

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Pment for Town Lattice Tmss Pmented by [thie Town of New Haven Connecticut in 1820 24

TIMBER

Bridge 707 Lake Bridge as it appcarcd in the 1938 Annual Report

The extant covered bridges are located in New Castle County but very few of the simple span timber bridges illustrated in the archives remain in that county However the majority of bridges surveyed on secondary roads in southern Delaware are simple timber bridges mostly single spans consisting of timber stringers on pile bents with wood decks and railings Their structural configuration is simple and represents the continued use of one of the most primitive types of early bridges which found widespread application over a long period Most of these bridges surveyed in Delaware date to the 1930s although some are attributed earlier dates by the Department Historic photographs illustrate that the type was built widely prior to the 1920s It continued to be built in the 1940s as these bridges represent a specific engineering response to conditions characteristic of the region they present a low-cost solution to the need for short spans crossing the numerous small waterways of southern Delaware

The structural simplicity of the type the use of readily available materials and the speed of erection also made it an ideal choice for use as a replacement bridge in emergency situations such as after the disastrous floods of September 1935 when approximately 100 bridges were destroyed in Delaware The 1937 annual report of the

State Highway Department noted that a total of 52 creosoted timber bridges were built during the year on the secondary system to replace inadequate or functionally obsolete structures

During that period Delaware Department of Transportation engineers also experimented with a new application for timber bridges in a composite design resulting in the construction of three timber beam-concrete slab bridges in southern Delaware The first of these structures the Mill Creek Bridge (Bridge 9A) was considered a new and very economical design The State Highway Department

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declared in its 1936 Annual Report its serviceability will be watched with interest by the Departments engineers The Department constructed two more of this design each with more elaborate ornamentation and they continue to carry traffic today (Bridges 445 and 707) Bridge 707 is shown below in a photograph from the 1938 Annual Report

Examples of Delawares historic timber bridges are arranged into groups by technological differences and presented in the following pages A complete list of the timber bridges can be found in Appendix 1

III

25

State Bridge 118 Ashland Covered Bridge

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 118

Ashland Covered Bridge Wooddale Drive over Red Clay Creek Ashland New Castle County Delaware 1850-18801982

State Highway Bridge 118 is a covered timber bridge measuring 51-9 long It carries one lane of vehicular traffic on a 14-6 deck The bridge originally consisted of a Town Lattice truss constructed with oak timbers connected together with hardwood tapered dowels (trunnels) The abutments were constructed of semi-coursed rubble flared

uncoursed rubble wing walls are topped with sloped concrete capstones The portals of the bridge are ornamented by pilasters with flared capitals reminiscent of classical columns The bridge underwent a major alteration in 1982 when rolled steel 1shybeams were installed under the deck to support the bridge structurally Excerpts from drawings made at that time are included on the following page

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 118 was built perhaps as early as the mid-

Interior of Bridge 118 showing Town Lattice truss

nineteenth century and is one of only two remaining covered bridges in the State Ithiel Town of New Haven Connecticut successfully patented this lattice truss in 1820 meeting with widespread adoption over the next thirty years From New England to Virginia to as far west as Ohio the timber bridges were used for both highway and railway spans The Ashland Bridge is thought to have been built by the same craftsmen that constructed its twin the Wooddale Covered Bridge some two miles away Both structures were listed on the National Register in 1973

26

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State Bridge 137 Wooddale Covered Bridge

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 137

Wooddale Covered Bridge Road 263A over Red Clay Creek Mt Cuba New Castle County Delaware 1850-18801969

State Highway Bridge 137 is a covered timber bridge spanning 53-6 long It carries one lane of vehicular traffic on a 13-0 wide deck The bridge originally consisted of a Town lattice truss comprised with oak timber connected together with hardwood tapered dowels (trunnels) The

abutments were constructed of semishycoursed rubble with a smooth finish on the exposed face Flared wing walls are topped with granite capstone Drawings from a 1939 repair are reproduced on the following page A major 1969 alteration added rolled steel I-beams under the deck which support tile bridge structurally The bridge is 10-0 above water level

Delaware Department of Transportation record drawings made in 1939 document the configuration and

construction details of this structure These drawings excerpts of which are presented on the following page depict a Town Lattice truss on rubble masonry abutments with flared stone wing walls having a 53shy6 clear span 67-0 overall length and 15shy9 width The truss is constructed of 2x8 diagonals plates and sills are built up from 3x10 timbers Floor beams of 6x12 timbers with 4x6 cross bracing support 4x8 stringers carrying 8x3 plank decking Drawings note Liveload 3 tons (not 13) Delaware Department of Transportation records also include drawings dated July 23 1981 detailing alterations which add wood members to the floor framing system the 1981 drawings also show that a steel 1shybeam subframe had been constructed by that date to relieve the load on the wooden truss

Bridge 137 was built perhaps as early as the mid-nineteenth century and is one of only two remaining covered bridges in the State The Wooddale Bridge is thought to have been built by the same craftsmen that constructed its twin the Ashland Covered Bridge some two miles away Both structures were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973

28

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STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 123A

Road 123 over Kings Causeway Branch Milford Neck Wildlife Area Kent County Delaware 1933

State Highway Bridge 123A is a 13shy10 single span timber beam bridge with a timber superstructure and substructure Beams 4X12 in section support the deck composed of 4X10 planks that have been paved over There is a simple

30

State Bridge 123A

wood railing composed of 4X6 posts and 2X6 rails The superstructure is supported by timber bents each comprising seven piles 12 in diameter which support a 10X12 header The straight wing walls are constructed of 4X10 planks The bridge is 21-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 123A was built in 1933 under State

Highway Department contract 297 as part of a project to construct a slag road between Thompsonville and Sour Apple Tree a distance of 59 miles This project involved the construction of the present bridge and the provision of 24 pipe culverts to improve drainage on the road which was reported covered with standing water wherever the road went through a wooded section The road construction contract was executed with the Wilson Contracting Company of Wilmington Delaware for a bid price of $16740 of which an estimated $740 applied to the construction of the bridge Bridge 123A replaced a previous timber structure at the same site Original drawings dated February 1933 are on file at the Delaware Department of Transportation Notes on the drawings specify the use of creosoted timber piles and lumber acceptable materials included southern yellow pine douglas fir southern cypress and oak The wood was treated with Grade 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Like other small timber bridges of this period Bridge 123A was designed for a 15 ton truck load without impact Handwritten notes on the drawings indicate that materials were supplied by the Century Wood Preserving Company of Newport Delaware Excerpts from the drawings are presented on the following page

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The majority of bridges surveyed on -Iloor4S___~LtE oSl14olP 6IlU ~E 4xT~0M __ nMrs ~IVlt__I secondary roads in southern Delaware are SMIootV _ Scrr r ~14rT ~ ~__0

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consisting of timber stringers on pile bents 7N~ sNnFN9rtM7 Ali ArCD H~

4gt- mr ~ ~_ r~-sIwith wood decks and railings Their 111 IO tJSlttlTr~7_~1 J~ JIIbr 7JooYIlt-zbull JrIVtrr~ 4Am ~J-7~A7JpoundL k pound4(1 hr ~ Ila-structural configuration is simple and o~ -9 J~poundINgtkuwRKt ~sk ashy4400

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-- rHS dltn~~ 4_( Mot( 61 ~~Delaware timber bridge which appears to I~- T~1Z seA ~~CP~IQIVrPlpoundpound7JllUv ~ _~ - shyn-0Ji)~ 411~ Usr~trrltlIJCTS~~A(retain much of its original fabric it was built J r PrlJN - shy

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ENP E~IIArID UuIJSOTpound ~middotr-el c~ g 7c fifrequent replacement of members as wear Cru PI7ltess V8~r411 ore lFfIVQ M1-~R4n 4and deterioration take their toll timber 7N~ h~A 6T8A )I-Ch JI)n

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State Bridge 708

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 708

Route 24 over Love Creek Marshtown Sussex County Delaware 1939

Delaware State Bridge 708 is a 21 span timber bridge 400-0 long The spans are equally spaced 18-9 apart The bridge was built along a vertical curve It is composed of 8 x 14 timber beams spaced 1-6 apart A 6 deep concrete deck has been placed atop the bridges timber frame

32

and deck The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on piles 12-15 in diameter and has straight timber wing walls The bents are braced diagonally There is a timber pedestrian walkway 4-0 wide cantilevered on the west elevation The walkway has a timber outside rail 3-0 in height The bridge is 33-0 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and a 4-0 sidewalk on one side The vehicular railing measures 3-6 high

and consists of timber posts a 2 x 6 top rail and a metal intermediate rail

The Delaware Department of Transportations records state that Bridge 708 was built in 1939 and underwent alterations or repairs in 1983 Original drawings dated 1938-1939 note this bridge replaced a 1933 creosote structure at this site Portions of the 1939 drawings appear on the following page As originally constructed it consisted of simple timber spans comprising stringers on bents The timber deck was covered by a thin bituminous concrete wearing surface The contract was awarded on June 16 1939 to Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware for $2481490 Studies for various lengths were made for this replacement bridge alternatives included a 172 bridge a 210 bridge costing $31000 and a 400 bridge AG Livingston Highway Department Bridge Engineer wrote to WW Mack Chief Engineer that the 400 length was chosen due to the soft ground at the site and the desirability of a concrete wearing surface

The Love Creek Bridge was noted in the 1939 Highway Department Annual Report as one of the years highlights in Sussex County A photograph from the 1939 Annual Report is shown on the first page of this section Part of a major

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TIMBER

improvement to a highway carrying very heavy traffic of pleasure-bound motorists

3~ 10bound for Rehoboth and Oak Orchard during the summer months the building of J4- - _ __ I-CJ-I

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40 sJC1ltC bull ~ eliminated one of the danger spots on this J ~ t )~Jr

road The alignment on this section has been eased and the bridge widened J

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State Bridge No 708 is an exceptionally long multiple span example of a simple timber bridge The individual spans are representative of the type and the bridges history illustrates the economy of the type even as a multiple-span structure Comprising 21 spans it measures 400 feet long most timber girder bridges in southern Delaware consist of

I 5 5only one span usually less than 20 feet i~-- ~-shylong Bridge 708 is significant as an unusual variation of a common type and (2) regfor its association with the development of the road network in Sussex County during

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33

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 9A

Route 6 over Mill Creek Smyrna Kent County Delaware 1936

State Highway Bridge 9A (Mill Creek Bridge) is a 100-0 composite concrete and timber bridge A five span timber and concrete slab superstructure is combined with a substructure of timber bents and timber abutments Each span measures 20-0 The parapet consists of concrete posts and rails The bridge is 23-6 wide and carries two lanes of traffic The

34

State Bridge 9A Mill Creek Bridge

substructure has been reinforced with steel I-beams and the flared wing walls are made of steel sheeting The timber bents have been augmented with steel bents and the underside of the slab appears satisfactory but is difficult to see well

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 9A was built in 1936 Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware were the contractors for a bid price of $6820 The bridge was highlighted in the State

Highway Departments annual report for 1936 as an example of unusual construction involving a new and very economical design its serviceability will be watched with interest by the Departments engineers Two photographs of Bridge 9A from the 1936 Annual Report are presented on the following page It was noted that the Vines Creek Bridge in Sussex County (Bridge 445) which was also placed under contract in 1936 was a similar design and both replaced narrow obsolescent structures

Original drawings dated June 1935 detail the bridges configuration Drawing notes indicate that Bridge 9A replaced a pony truss bridge at this site The typical section for this bridge shows a composite structure incorporating timber and concrete Drawing notes indicate special provisions for material placement to form a composite beam using 2X8 laminated timber with shear developers and uplift spikes and covered with approximately 5 inches of concrete The bridge was designed for a 15 ton truck with 30 impact live load The drawing notes specified that southern yellow pine douglas fir oak and southern cypress were acceptable materials treated with 14 pounds of grade no 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Added notes on the drawings document the construction process Excerpts from the drawings are

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presented on the following page In 1970 under contract 70-05-001 it was repaired with steel reinforcement to the substructure

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance and exemplifies the receptiveness to innovation which characterized the bridge engineers of the State Highway Department during this period This new type of structure offered the advantage of utilizing economical materials and Department engineers were quick to test its merits It is significant as one of only three composite timberconcrete bridges surveyed in Delaware

Bridge 9A as it appeared in the 1936 Annual Report

showing deck before and after placing concrete

35

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STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 445

Omar Bridge Road 54 over Vines Creek Frankford Sussex County Delaware 1937

State Highway Bridge Number 445 Omar Bridge is a three span combination timber and concrete bridge Each span measures 20-0 for an overall length of 60shy0 It carries two lanes of traffic with a deck width of 26-0 The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising a 12 x 12 beam supported by six creosoted 12shydiameter pilings set on six-foot centers with cross bracing The timber wing walls are straight with perpendicular extensions on

Stale Bridge 445 Omar Bridge

the southwest and northeast The deck is a composite slab structure comprising timber and concrete The bridge has a concrete parapet featuring large stepped blocks at the portals and above the piers spanned by arched balustrades The parapet incorporates a curb and fascia a series of perforations at the level of the roadway provide for drainage

Delaware Department of Transportation records indicate that Bridge Number 445 was built in 1937 under State Highway Department contract 543 (Federal Aid Project 173B) replacing a previous structure at this site Bids were received March 16 1938 and the contract was

awarded to the Old Line Construction Company of Chestertown Maryland for $16851 As with other large timber pile structures of the period in the region problems developed in constructing the substructure adequate bearing could not be obtained with 24 piles as designed so piles averaging 45 in length were substituted and details of abutment bent design were revised The increase in pile length was partially responsible for a cost overrun of $173367 The structure was completed on September 24 1938 Original drawings document the construction methods including placement of concrete reinforcement and construction of the composite floor system which is very similar to that of Bridge 9A Details from original drawings showing this floor system are presented on the following page along with other excerpts

This composite structure comprising a three span composite timber-concrete bridge is unusual in Sussex County and has considerable technological significance It is similar to the Mill Creek Bridge of 1936 in Smyrna Kent County (Bridge 9A) specifications for the Omar Bridge conform to those for the Mill Creek Bridge in many respects Bridge 445 is considered significant as one of only three composite timber-concrete structures surveyed in Delaware

37

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STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 707

Road 50 over Silver Lake Rehoboth Beach Sussex County Delaware 1938

Delaware State Highway Bridge 707 Lake Bridge is a thirteen span combination timber and concrete bridge 260-2 long The spans are equally spaced at 20-0 The deck is a composite slab structure and the parapet is concrete The parapet is decorated with rectangular shaped arched pointed openings between

State BrUlge 707 Lake Bridge

columns These columns are spaced 6-4 apart A concrete fascia with a broad segmental arch curve also ornaments the bridge The fascia is 1-8 wide at the crown of the arch and 4-0 above the water level The concrete deck parapet and fascia are supported by timber members The substructure is timber with timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on pilings and U-shaped timber wing walls The bridges timber bents are laterally braced with horizontal struts Two joints and double piers support the structure at the fourth and

ninth pier The bridge is 30-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and two sidewalks There are four decorative lamps on the bridges west elevation

The records of the Delaware Department of Transportation state that Bridge 707 was built in 1938 under contract 532 Original drawings indicate that this bridge replaced a 1928 timber bridge The drawings show construction details of the composite system laminated wood flooring using uplift spikes and shear developers to be incorporated in a concrete roadway surface Drawing notes indicate that a similar bridge was constructed East of Smyrna (Bridge 9A Bridge 445 is also similar) Portions of the original drawings are presented on the following page The bridge was designed to carry a 15 ton truck with impact The construction of Bridge 707 was a component of Federal Aid Project 113 which involved the construction of a new road between Rehoboth and Bethany Beach a distance of 1265 miles Project 113B provided for the construction of the Silver Lake Bridge The project was plagued by slow delivery of materials and encountered a brief setback when a heavy windstorm blew the contractors pile driver into the lake Nevertheless the bridge was completed and opened to traffic on April 8 1939

39

_ __

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and composite timber-concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance In addition its relatively high degree of architectural elaboration may reflect the increasing economic importance of Delawares seashore resorts in the late 1930s The project of which the bridge construction was a part was intended to facilitate travel to and frorn Hle growing resorts of Rehoboth and Bethany Beach The Federal Aid Program project statement also predicted that the route would be greatly increased in importance by the location of a permanent inlet to Indian River which is now being considered by the US Engineers and this Bridge becomes necessary to adequately take care of the increased traffic Upon completion of the project the inspection report noted there are real possibilities of growth in population along the project particularly as to summer residents The growth in population will depend largely on the increase in popularity that beach life holds for the general public ~- -----_ - 1 ~_ (gt ~oomiddotmiddot COo

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40

Page 5: TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

TIMBER

Bridge 707 Lake Bridge as it appcarcd in the 1938 Annual Report

The extant covered bridges are located in New Castle County but very few of the simple span timber bridges illustrated in the archives remain in that county However the majority of bridges surveyed on secondary roads in southern Delaware are simple timber bridges mostly single spans consisting of timber stringers on pile bents with wood decks and railings Their structural configuration is simple and represents the continued use of one of the most primitive types of early bridges which found widespread application over a long period Most of these bridges surveyed in Delaware date to the 1930s although some are attributed earlier dates by the Department Historic photographs illustrate that the type was built widely prior to the 1920s It continued to be built in the 1940s as these bridges represent a specific engineering response to conditions characteristic of the region they present a low-cost solution to the need for short spans crossing the numerous small waterways of southern Delaware

The structural simplicity of the type the use of readily available materials and the speed of erection also made it an ideal choice for use as a replacement bridge in emergency situations such as after the disastrous floods of September 1935 when approximately 100 bridges were destroyed in Delaware The 1937 annual report of the

State Highway Department noted that a total of 52 creosoted timber bridges were built during the year on the secondary system to replace inadequate or functionally obsolete structures

During that period Delaware Department of Transportation engineers also experimented with a new application for timber bridges in a composite design resulting in the construction of three timber beam-concrete slab bridges in southern Delaware The first of these structures the Mill Creek Bridge (Bridge 9A) was considered a new and very economical design The State Highway Department

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declared in its 1936 Annual Report its serviceability will be watched with interest by the Departments engineers The Department constructed two more of this design each with more elaborate ornamentation and they continue to carry traffic today (Bridges 445 and 707) Bridge 707 is shown below in a photograph from the 1938 Annual Report

Examples of Delawares historic timber bridges are arranged into groups by technological differences and presented in the following pages A complete list of the timber bridges can be found in Appendix 1

III

25

State Bridge 118 Ashland Covered Bridge

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 118

Ashland Covered Bridge Wooddale Drive over Red Clay Creek Ashland New Castle County Delaware 1850-18801982

State Highway Bridge 118 is a covered timber bridge measuring 51-9 long It carries one lane of vehicular traffic on a 14-6 deck The bridge originally consisted of a Town Lattice truss constructed with oak timbers connected together with hardwood tapered dowels (trunnels) The abutments were constructed of semi-coursed rubble flared

uncoursed rubble wing walls are topped with sloped concrete capstones The portals of the bridge are ornamented by pilasters with flared capitals reminiscent of classical columns The bridge underwent a major alteration in 1982 when rolled steel 1shybeams were installed under the deck to support the bridge structurally Excerpts from drawings made at that time are included on the following page

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 118 was built perhaps as early as the mid-

Interior of Bridge 118 showing Town Lattice truss

nineteenth century and is one of only two remaining covered bridges in the State Ithiel Town of New Haven Connecticut successfully patented this lattice truss in 1820 meeting with widespread adoption over the next thirty years From New England to Virginia to as far west as Ohio the timber bridges were used for both highway and railway spans The Ashland Bridge is thought to have been built by the same craftsmen that constructed its twin the Wooddale Covered Bridge some two miles away Both structures were listed on the National Register in 1973

26

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State Bridge 137 Wooddale Covered Bridge

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 137

Wooddale Covered Bridge Road 263A over Red Clay Creek Mt Cuba New Castle County Delaware 1850-18801969

State Highway Bridge 137 is a covered timber bridge spanning 53-6 long It carries one lane of vehicular traffic on a 13-0 wide deck The bridge originally consisted of a Town lattice truss comprised with oak timber connected together with hardwood tapered dowels (trunnels) The

abutments were constructed of semishycoursed rubble with a smooth finish on the exposed face Flared wing walls are topped with granite capstone Drawings from a 1939 repair are reproduced on the following page A major 1969 alteration added rolled steel I-beams under the deck which support tile bridge structurally The bridge is 10-0 above water level

Delaware Department of Transportation record drawings made in 1939 document the configuration and

construction details of this structure These drawings excerpts of which are presented on the following page depict a Town Lattice truss on rubble masonry abutments with flared stone wing walls having a 53shy6 clear span 67-0 overall length and 15shy9 width The truss is constructed of 2x8 diagonals plates and sills are built up from 3x10 timbers Floor beams of 6x12 timbers with 4x6 cross bracing support 4x8 stringers carrying 8x3 plank decking Drawings note Liveload 3 tons (not 13) Delaware Department of Transportation records also include drawings dated July 23 1981 detailing alterations which add wood members to the floor framing system the 1981 drawings also show that a steel 1shybeam subframe had been constructed by that date to relieve the load on the wooden truss

Bridge 137 was built perhaps as early as the mid-nineteenth century and is one of only two remaining covered bridges in the State The Wooddale Bridge is thought to have been built by the same craftsmen that constructed its twin the Ashland Covered Bridge some two miles away Both structures were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973

28

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STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 123A

Road 123 over Kings Causeway Branch Milford Neck Wildlife Area Kent County Delaware 1933

State Highway Bridge 123A is a 13shy10 single span timber beam bridge with a timber superstructure and substructure Beams 4X12 in section support the deck composed of 4X10 planks that have been paved over There is a simple

30

State Bridge 123A

wood railing composed of 4X6 posts and 2X6 rails The superstructure is supported by timber bents each comprising seven piles 12 in diameter which support a 10X12 header The straight wing walls are constructed of 4X10 planks The bridge is 21-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 123A was built in 1933 under State

Highway Department contract 297 as part of a project to construct a slag road between Thompsonville and Sour Apple Tree a distance of 59 miles This project involved the construction of the present bridge and the provision of 24 pipe culverts to improve drainage on the road which was reported covered with standing water wherever the road went through a wooded section The road construction contract was executed with the Wilson Contracting Company of Wilmington Delaware for a bid price of $16740 of which an estimated $740 applied to the construction of the bridge Bridge 123A replaced a previous timber structure at the same site Original drawings dated February 1933 are on file at the Delaware Department of Transportation Notes on the drawings specify the use of creosoted timber piles and lumber acceptable materials included southern yellow pine douglas fir southern cypress and oak The wood was treated with Grade 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Like other small timber bridges of this period Bridge 123A was designed for a 15 ton truck load without impact Handwritten notes on the drawings indicate that materials were supplied by the Century Wood Preserving Company of Newport Delaware Excerpts from the drawings are presented on the following page

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The majority of bridges surveyed on -Iloor4S___~LtE oSl14olP 6IlU ~E 4xT~0M __ nMrs ~IVlt__I secondary roads in southern Delaware are SMIootV _ Scrr r ~14rT ~ ~__0

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consisting of timber stringers on pile bents 7N~ sNnFN9rtM7 Ali ArCD H~

4gt- mr ~ ~_ r~-sIwith wood decks and railings Their 111 IO tJSlttlTr~7_~1 J~ JIIbr 7JooYIlt-zbull JrIVtrr~ 4Am ~J-7~A7JpoundL k pound4(1 hr ~ Ila-structural configuration is simple and o~ -9 J~poundINgtkuwRKt ~sk ashy4400

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most primitive types of early bridges State L 1_middotJ7X4middot d I~I---middot--- SO Ii f shy

~ I2LT ~TR~r 4T w~-a Va tIrlttlSoTGf ~CL ~ nyC ~IBridge No 123A is a typical southern

-- rHS dltn~~ 4_( Mot( 61 ~~Delaware timber bridge which appears to I~- T~1Z seA ~~CP~IQIVrPlpoundpound7JllUv ~ _~ - shyn-0Ji)~ 411~ Usr~trrltlIJCTS~~A(retain much of its original fabric it was built J r PrlJN - shy

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ENP E~IIArID UuIJSOTpound ~middotr-el c~ g 7c fifrequent replacement of members as wear Cru PI7ltess V8~r411 ore lFfIVQ M1-~R4n 4and deterioration take their toll timber 7N~ h~A 6T8A )I-Ch JI)n

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State Bridge 708

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 708

Route 24 over Love Creek Marshtown Sussex County Delaware 1939

Delaware State Bridge 708 is a 21 span timber bridge 400-0 long The spans are equally spaced 18-9 apart The bridge was built along a vertical curve It is composed of 8 x 14 timber beams spaced 1-6 apart A 6 deep concrete deck has been placed atop the bridges timber frame

32

and deck The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on piles 12-15 in diameter and has straight timber wing walls The bents are braced diagonally There is a timber pedestrian walkway 4-0 wide cantilevered on the west elevation The walkway has a timber outside rail 3-0 in height The bridge is 33-0 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and a 4-0 sidewalk on one side The vehicular railing measures 3-6 high

and consists of timber posts a 2 x 6 top rail and a metal intermediate rail

The Delaware Department of Transportations records state that Bridge 708 was built in 1939 and underwent alterations or repairs in 1983 Original drawings dated 1938-1939 note this bridge replaced a 1933 creosote structure at this site Portions of the 1939 drawings appear on the following page As originally constructed it consisted of simple timber spans comprising stringers on bents The timber deck was covered by a thin bituminous concrete wearing surface The contract was awarded on June 16 1939 to Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware for $2481490 Studies for various lengths were made for this replacement bridge alternatives included a 172 bridge a 210 bridge costing $31000 and a 400 bridge AG Livingston Highway Department Bridge Engineer wrote to WW Mack Chief Engineer that the 400 length was chosen due to the soft ground at the site and the desirability of a concrete wearing surface

The Love Creek Bridge was noted in the 1939 Highway Department Annual Report as one of the years highlights in Sussex County A photograph from the 1939 Annual Report is shown on the first page of this section Part of a major

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improvement to a highway carrying very heavy traffic of pleasure-bound motorists

3~ 10bound for Rehoboth and Oak Orchard during the summer months the building of J4- - _ __ I-CJ-I

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dv7I-1ov3 CoINC4TAiLove Creek Bridge and its approaches has ~

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road The alignment on this section has been eased and the bridge widened J

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State Bridge No 708 is an exceptionally long multiple span example of a simple timber bridge The individual spans are representative of the type and the bridges history illustrates the economy of the type even as a multiple-span structure Comprising 21 spans it measures 400 feet long most timber girder bridges in southern Delaware consist of

I 5 5only one span usually less than 20 feet i~-- ~-shylong Bridge 708 is significant as an unusual variation of a common type and (2) regfor its association with the development of the road network in Sussex County during

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this period when efforts were directed PILE BENT SECTION toward facilitating travel to the growing seaside resorts

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33

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 9A

Route 6 over Mill Creek Smyrna Kent County Delaware 1936

State Highway Bridge 9A (Mill Creek Bridge) is a 100-0 composite concrete and timber bridge A five span timber and concrete slab superstructure is combined with a substructure of timber bents and timber abutments Each span measures 20-0 The parapet consists of concrete posts and rails The bridge is 23-6 wide and carries two lanes of traffic The

34

State Bridge 9A Mill Creek Bridge

substructure has been reinforced with steel I-beams and the flared wing walls are made of steel sheeting The timber bents have been augmented with steel bents and the underside of the slab appears satisfactory but is difficult to see well

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 9A was built in 1936 Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware were the contractors for a bid price of $6820 The bridge was highlighted in the State

Highway Departments annual report for 1936 as an example of unusual construction involving a new and very economical design its serviceability will be watched with interest by the Departments engineers Two photographs of Bridge 9A from the 1936 Annual Report are presented on the following page It was noted that the Vines Creek Bridge in Sussex County (Bridge 445) which was also placed under contract in 1936 was a similar design and both replaced narrow obsolescent structures

Original drawings dated June 1935 detail the bridges configuration Drawing notes indicate that Bridge 9A replaced a pony truss bridge at this site The typical section for this bridge shows a composite structure incorporating timber and concrete Drawing notes indicate special provisions for material placement to form a composite beam using 2X8 laminated timber with shear developers and uplift spikes and covered with approximately 5 inches of concrete The bridge was designed for a 15 ton truck with 30 impact live load The drawing notes specified that southern yellow pine douglas fir oak and southern cypress were acceptable materials treated with 14 pounds of grade no 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Added notes on the drawings document the construction process Excerpts from the drawings are

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presented on the following page In 1970 under contract 70-05-001 it was repaired with steel reinforcement to the substructure

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance and exemplifies the receptiveness to innovation which characterized the bridge engineers of the State Highway Department during this period This new type of structure offered the advantage of utilizing economical materials and Department engineers were quick to test its merits It is significant as one of only three composite timberconcrete bridges surveyed in Delaware

Bridge 9A as it appeared in the 1936 Annual Report

showing deck before and after placing concrete

35

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STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 445

Omar Bridge Road 54 over Vines Creek Frankford Sussex County Delaware 1937

State Highway Bridge Number 445 Omar Bridge is a three span combination timber and concrete bridge Each span measures 20-0 for an overall length of 60shy0 It carries two lanes of traffic with a deck width of 26-0 The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising a 12 x 12 beam supported by six creosoted 12shydiameter pilings set on six-foot centers with cross bracing The timber wing walls are straight with perpendicular extensions on

Stale Bridge 445 Omar Bridge

the southwest and northeast The deck is a composite slab structure comprising timber and concrete The bridge has a concrete parapet featuring large stepped blocks at the portals and above the piers spanned by arched balustrades The parapet incorporates a curb and fascia a series of perforations at the level of the roadway provide for drainage

Delaware Department of Transportation records indicate that Bridge Number 445 was built in 1937 under State Highway Department contract 543 (Federal Aid Project 173B) replacing a previous structure at this site Bids were received March 16 1938 and the contract was

awarded to the Old Line Construction Company of Chestertown Maryland for $16851 As with other large timber pile structures of the period in the region problems developed in constructing the substructure adequate bearing could not be obtained with 24 piles as designed so piles averaging 45 in length were substituted and details of abutment bent design were revised The increase in pile length was partially responsible for a cost overrun of $173367 The structure was completed on September 24 1938 Original drawings document the construction methods including placement of concrete reinforcement and construction of the composite floor system which is very similar to that of Bridge 9A Details from original drawings showing this floor system are presented on the following page along with other excerpts

This composite structure comprising a three span composite timber-concrete bridge is unusual in Sussex County and has considerable technological significance It is similar to the Mill Creek Bridge of 1936 in Smyrna Kent County (Bridge 9A) specifications for the Omar Bridge conform to those for the Mill Creek Bridge in many respects Bridge 445 is considered significant as one of only three composite timber-concrete structures surveyed in Delaware

37

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STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 707

Road 50 over Silver Lake Rehoboth Beach Sussex County Delaware 1938

Delaware State Highway Bridge 707 Lake Bridge is a thirteen span combination timber and concrete bridge 260-2 long The spans are equally spaced at 20-0 The deck is a composite slab structure and the parapet is concrete The parapet is decorated with rectangular shaped arched pointed openings between

State BrUlge 707 Lake Bridge

columns These columns are spaced 6-4 apart A concrete fascia with a broad segmental arch curve also ornaments the bridge The fascia is 1-8 wide at the crown of the arch and 4-0 above the water level The concrete deck parapet and fascia are supported by timber members The substructure is timber with timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on pilings and U-shaped timber wing walls The bridges timber bents are laterally braced with horizontal struts Two joints and double piers support the structure at the fourth and

ninth pier The bridge is 30-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and two sidewalks There are four decorative lamps on the bridges west elevation

The records of the Delaware Department of Transportation state that Bridge 707 was built in 1938 under contract 532 Original drawings indicate that this bridge replaced a 1928 timber bridge The drawings show construction details of the composite system laminated wood flooring using uplift spikes and shear developers to be incorporated in a concrete roadway surface Drawing notes indicate that a similar bridge was constructed East of Smyrna (Bridge 9A Bridge 445 is also similar) Portions of the original drawings are presented on the following page The bridge was designed to carry a 15 ton truck with impact The construction of Bridge 707 was a component of Federal Aid Project 113 which involved the construction of a new road between Rehoboth and Bethany Beach a distance of 1265 miles Project 113B provided for the construction of the Silver Lake Bridge The project was plagued by slow delivery of materials and encountered a brief setback when a heavy windstorm blew the contractors pile driver into the lake Nevertheless the bridge was completed and opened to traffic on April 8 1939

39

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This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and composite timber-concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance In addition its relatively high degree of architectural elaboration may reflect the increasing economic importance of Delawares seashore resorts in the late 1930s The project of which the bridge construction was a part was intended to facilitate travel to and frorn Hle growing resorts of Rehoboth and Bethany Beach The Federal Aid Program project statement also predicted that the route would be greatly increased in importance by the location of a permanent inlet to Indian River which is now being considered by the US Engineers and this Bridge becomes necessary to adequately take care of the increased traffic Upon completion of the project the inspection report noted there are real possibilities of growth in population along the project particularly as to summer residents The growth in population will depend largely on the increase in popularity that beach life holds for the general public ~- -----_ - 1 ~_ (gt ~oomiddotmiddot COo

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40

Page 6: TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

State Bridge 118 Ashland Covered Bridge

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 118

Ashland Covered Bridge Wooddale Drive over Red Clay Creek Ashland New Castle County Delaware 1850-18801982

State Highway Bridge 118 is a covered timber bridge measuring 51-9 long It carries one lane of vehicular traffic on a 14-6 deck The bridge originally consisted of a Town Lattice truss constructed with oak timbers connected together with hardwood tapered dowels (trunnels) The abutments were constructed of semi-coursed rubble flared

uncoursed rubble wing walls are topped with sloped concrete capstones The portals of the bridge are ornamented by pilasters with flared capitals reminiscent of classical columns The bridge underwent a major alteration in 1982 when rolled steel 1shybeams were installed under the deck to support the bridge structurally Excerpts from drawings made at that time are included on the following page

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 118 was built perhaps as early as the mid-

Interior of Bridge 118 showing Town Lattice truss

nineteenth century and is one of only two remaining covered bridges in the State Ithiel Town of New Haven Connecticut successfully patented this lattice truss in 1820 meeting with widespread adoption over the next thirty years From New England to Virginia to as far west as Ohio the timber bridges were used for both highway and railway spans The Ashland Bridge is thought to have been built by the same craftsmen that constructed its twin the Wooddale Covered Bridge some two miles away Both structures were listed on the National Register in 1973

26

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State Bridge 137 Wooddale Covered Bridge

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 137

Wooddale Covered Bridge Road 263A over Red Clay Creek Mt Cuba New Castle County Delaware 1850-18801969

State Highway Bridge 137 is a covered timber bridge spanning 53-6 long It carries one lane of vehicular traffic on a 13-0 wide deck The bridge originally consisted of a Town lattice truss comprised with oak timber connected together with hardwood tapered dowels (trunnels) The

abutments were constructed of semishycoursed rubble with a smooth finish on the exposed face Flared wing walls are topped with granite capstone Drawings from a 1939 repair are reproduced on the following page A major 1969 alteration added rolled steel I-beams under the deck which support tile bridge structurally The bridge is 10-0 above water level

Delaware Department of Transportation record drawings made in 1939 document the configuration and

construction details of this structure These drawings excerpts of which are presented on the following page depict a Town Lattice truss on rubble masonry abutments with flared stone wing walls having a 53shy6 clear span 67-0 overall length and 15shy9 width The truss is constructed of 2x8 diagonals plates and sills are built up from 3x10 timbers Floor beams of 6x12 timbers with 4x6 cross bracing support 4x8 stringers carrying 8x3 plank decking Drawings note Liveload 3 tons (not 13) Delaware Department of Transportation records also include drawings dated July 23 1981 detailing alterations which add wood members to the floor framing system the 1981 drawings also show that a steel 1shybeam subframe had been constructed by that date to relieve the load on the wooden truss

Bridge 137 was built perhaps as early as the mid-nineteenth century and is one of only two remaining covered bridges in the State The Wooddale Bridge is thought to have been built by the same craftsmen that constructed its twin the Ashland Covered Bridge some two miles away Both structures were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973

28

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STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 123A

Road 123 over Kings Causeway Branch Milford Neck Wildlife Area Kent County Delaware 1933

State Highway Bridge 123A is a 13shy10 single span timber beam bridge with a timber superstructure and substructure Beams 4X12 in section support the deck composed of 4X10 planks that have been paved over There is a simple

30

State Bridge 123A

wood railing composed of 4X6 posts and 2X6 rails The superstructure is supported by timber bents each comprising seven piles 12 in diameter which support a 10X12 header The straight wing walls are constructed of 4X10 planks The bridge is 21-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 123A was built in 1933 under State

Highway Department contract 297 as part of a project to construct a slag road between Thompsonville and Sour Apple Tree a distance of 59 miles This project involved the construction of the present bridge and the provision of 24 pipe culverts to improve drainage on the road which was reported covered with standing water wherever the road went through a wooded section The road construction contract was executed with the Wilson Contracting Company of Wilmington Delaware for a bid price of $16740 of which an estimated $740 applied to the construction of the bridge Bridge 123A replaced a previous timber structure at the same site Original drawings dated February 1933 are on file at the Delaware Department of Transportation Notes on the drawings specify the use of creosoted timber piles and lumber acceptable materials included southern yellow pine douglas fir southern cypress and oak The wood was treated with Grade 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Like other small timber bridges of this period Bridge 123A was designed for a 15 ton truck load without impact Handwritten notes on the drawings indicate that materials were supplied by the Century Wood Preserving Company of Newport Delaware Excerpts from the drawings are presented on the following page

__

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The majority of bridges surveyed on -Iloor4S___~LtE oSl14olP 6IlU ~E 4xT~0M __ nMrs ~IVlt__I secondary roads in southern Delaware are SMIootV _ Scrr r ~14rT ~ ~__0

J YuL ~sc-r~artA -pPftJor~w(simple timber bridges mostly single spans Ie ~- r S1Ir- pweuroSM7V HI~Av~ (~~__ arF9Q4A1t~) shy

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consisting of timber stringers on pile bents 7N~ sNnFN9rtM7 Ali ArCD H~

4gt- mr ~ ~_ r~-sIwith wood decks and railings Their 111 IO tJSlttlTr~7_~1 J~ JIIbr 7JooYIlt-zbull JrIVtrr~ 4Am ~J-7~A7JpoundL k pound4(1 hr ~ Ila-structural configuration is simple and o~ -9 J~poundINgtkuwRKt ~sk ashy4400

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most primitive types of early bridges State L 1_middotJ7X4middot d I~I---middot--- SO Ii f shy

~ I2LT ~TR~r 4T w~-a Va tIrlttlSoTGf ~CL ~ nyC ~IBridge No 123A is a typical southern

-- rHS dltn~~ 4_( Mot( 61 ~~Delaware timber bridge which appears to I~- T~1Z seA ~~CP~IQIVrPlpoundpound7JllUv ~ _~ - shyn-0Ji)~ 411~ Usr~trrltlIJCTS~~A(retain much of its original fabric it was built J r PrlJN - shy

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ENP E~IIArID UuIJSOTpound ~middotr-el c~ g 7c fifrequent replacement of members as wear Cru PI7ltess V8~r411 ore lFfIVQ M1-~R4n 4and deterioration take their toll timber 7N~ h~A 6T8A )I-Ch JI)n

ttJW~cr-decking and railings are especially H~

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~ R~the majority of its original superstructure - ~ ~ TNpound 5TJiNC~ JS ~ Tlt hi5

~8~ 1Nc PftgtBA6LE U-Tgtf 0 CLpoundOJ07rJJ -pound$ JS 22 rar 114 Dtr MNUrand substructure it was considered to Fi1r~ ~ ~ ~

retain sufficient integrity to be significant as I II ~ _ ~ shy r--- - Ia representative example of the type I-t-1 r _ _ dLJ -i shy

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State Bridge 708

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 708

Route 24 over Love Creek Marshtown Sussex County Delaware 1939

Delaware State Bridge 708 is a 21 span timber bridge 400-0 long The spans are equally spaced 18-9 apart The bridge was built along a vertical curve It is composed of 8 x 14 timber beams spaced 1-6 apart A 6 deep concrete deck has been placed atop the bridges timber frame

32

and deck The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on piles 12-15 in diameter and has straight timber wing walls The bents are braced diagonally There is a timber pedestrian walkway 4-0 wide cantilevered on the west elevation The walkway has a timber outside rail 3-0 in height The bridge is 33-0 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and a 4-0 sidewalk on one side The vehicular railing measures 3-6 high

and consists of timber posts a 2 x 6 top rail and a metal intermediate rail

The Delaware Department of Transportations records state that Bridge 708 was built in 1939 and underwent alterations or repairs in 1983 Original drawings dated 1938-1939 note this bridge replaced a 1933 creosote structure at this site Portions of the 1939 drawings appear on the following page As originally constructed it consisted of simple timber spans comprising stringers on bents The timber deck was covered by a thin bituminous concrete wearing surface The contract was awarded on June 16 1939 to Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware for $2481490 Studies for various lengths were made for this replacement bridge alternatives included a 172 bridge a 210 bridge costing $31000 and a 400 bridge AG Livingston Highway Department Bridge Engineer wrote to WW Mack Chief Engineer that the 400 length was chosen due to the soft ground at the site and the desirability of a concrete wearing surface

The Love Creek Bridge was noted in the 1939 Highway Department Annual Report as one of the years highlights in Sussex County A photograph from the 1939 Annual Report is shown on the first page of this section Part of a major

--

TIMBER

improvement to a highway carrying very heavy traffic of pleasure-bound motorists

3~ 10bound for Rehoboth and Oak Orchard during the summer months the building of J4- - _ __ I-CJ-I

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dv7I-1ov3 CoINC4TAiLove Creek Bridge and its approaches has ~

40 sJC1ltC bull ~ eliminated one of the danger spots on this J ~ t )~Jr

road The alignment on this section has been eased and the bridge widened J

IZ~~-tlt J ~

State Bridge No 708 is an exceptionally long multiple span example of a simple timber bridge The individual spans are representative of the type and the bridges history illustrates the economy of the type even as a multiple-span structure Comprising 21 spans it measures 400 feet long most timber girder bridges in southern Delaware consist of

I 5 5only one span usually less than 20 feet i~-- ~-shylong Bridge 708 is significant as an unusual variation of a common type and (2) regfor its association with the development of the road network in Sussex County during

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this period when efforts were directed PILE BENT SECTION toward facilitating travel to the growing seaside resorts

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33

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 9A

Route 6 over Mill Creek Smyrna Kent County Delaware 1936

State Highway Bridge 9A (Mill Creek Bridge) is a 100-0 composite concrete and timber bridge A five span timber and concrete slab superstructure is combined with a substructure of timber bents and timber abutments Each span measures 20-0 The parapet consists of concrete posts and rails The bridge is 23-6 wide and carries two lanes of traffic The

34

State Bridge 9A Mill Creek Bridge

substructure has been reinforced with steel I-beams and the flared wing walls are made of steel sheeting The timber bents have been augmented with steel bents and the underside of the slab appears satisfactory but is difficult to see well

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 9A was built in 1936 Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware were the contractors for a bid price of $6820 The bridge was highlighted in the State

Highway Departments annual report for 1936 as an example of unusual construction involving a new and very economical design its serviceability will be watched with interest by the Departments engineers Two photographs of Bridge 9A from the 1936 Annual Report are presented on the following page It was noted that the Vines Creek Bridge in Sussex County (Bridge 445) which was also placed under contract in 1936 was a similar design and both replaced narrow obsolescent structures

Original drawings dated June 1935 detail the bridges configuration Drawing notes indicate that Bridge 9A replaced a pony truss bridge at this site The typical section for this bridge shows a composite structure incorporating timber and concrete Drawing notes indicate special provisions for material placement to form a composite beam using 2X8 laminated timber with shear developers and uplift spikes and covered with approximately 5 inches of concrete The bridge was designed for a 15 ton truck with 30 impact live load The drawing notes specified that southern yellow pine douglas fir oak and southern cypress were acceptable materials treated with 14 pounds of grade no 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Added notes on the drawings document the construction process Excerpts from the drawings are

TIMBER

presented on the following page In 1970 under contract 70-05-001 it was repaired with steel reinforcement to the substructure

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance and exemplifies the receptiveness to innovation which characterized the bridge engineers of the State Highway Department during this period This new type of structure offered the advantage of utilizing economical materials and Department engineers were quick to test its merits It is significant as one of only three composite timberconcrete bridges surveyed in Delaware

Bridge 9A as it appeared in the 1936 Annual Report

showing deck before and after placing concrete

35

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STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 445

Omar Bridge Road 54 over Vines Creek Frankford Sussex County Delaware 1937

State Highway Bridge Number 445 Omar Bridge is a three span combination timber and concrete bridge Each span measures 20-0 for an overall length of 60shy0 It carries two lanes of traffic with a deck width of 26-0 The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising a 12 x 12 beam supported by six creosoted 12shydiameter pilings set on six-foot centers with cross bracing The timber wing walls are straight with perpendicular extensions on

Stale Bridge 445 Omar Bridge

the southwest and northeast The deck is a composite slab structure comprising timber and concrete The bridge has a concrete parapet featuring large stepped blocks at the portals and above the piers spanned by arched balustrades The parapet incorporates a curb and fascia a series of perforations at the level of the roadway provide for drainage

Delaware Department of Transportation records indicate that Bridge Number 445 was built in 1937 under State Highway Department contract 543 (Federal Aid Project 173B) replacing a previous structure at this site Bids were received March 16 1938 and the contract was

awarded to the Old Line Construction Company of Chestertown Maryland for $16851 As with other large timber pile structures of the period in the region problems developed in constructing the substructure adequate bearing could not be obtained with 24 piles as designed so piles averaging 45 in length were substituted and details of abutment bent design were revised The increase in pile length was partially responsible for a cost overrun of $173367 The structure was completed on September 24 1938 Original drawings document the construction methods including placement of concrete reinforcement and construction of the composite floor system which is very similar to that of Bridge 9A Details from original drawings showing this floor system are presented on the following page along with other excerpts

This composite structure comprising a three span composite timber-concrete bridge is unusual in Sussex County and has considerable technological significance It is similar to the Mill Creek Bridge of 1936 in Smyrna Kent County (Bridge 9A) specifications for the Omar Bridge conform to those for the Mill Creek Bridge in many respects Bridge 445 is considered significant as one of only three composite timber-concrete structures surveyed in Delaware

37

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STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 707

Road 50 over Silver Lake Rehoboth Beach Sussex County Delaware 1938

Delaware State Highway Bridge 707 Lake Bridge is a thirteen span combination timber and concrete bridge 260-2 long The spans are equally spaced at 20-0 The deck is a composite slab structure and the parapet is concrete The parapet is decorated with rectangular shaped arched pointed openings between

State BrUlge 707 Lake Bridge

columns These columns are spaced 6-4 apart A concrete fascia with a broad segmental arch curve also ornaments the bridge The fascia is 1-8 wide at the crown of the arch and 4-0 above the water level The concrete deck parapet and fascia are supported by timber members The substructure is timber with timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on pilings and U-shaped timber wing walls The bridges timber bents are laterally braced with horizontal struts Two joints and double piers support the structure at the fourth and

ninth pier The bridge is 30-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and two sidewalks There are four decorative lamps on the bridges west elevation

The records of the Delaware Department of Transportation state that Bridge 707 was built in 1938 under contract 532 Original drawings indicate that this bridge replaced a 1928 timber bridge The drawings show construction details of the composite system laminated wood flooring using uplift spikes and shear developers to be incorporated in a concrete roadway surface Drawing notes indicate that a similar bridge was constructed East of Smyrna (Bridge 9A Bridge 445 is also similar) Portions of the original drawings are presented on the following page The bridge was designed to carry a 15 ton truck with impact The construction of Bridge 707 was a component of Federal Aid Project 113 which involved the construction of a new road between Rehoboth and Bethany Beach a distance of 1265 miles Project 113B provided for the construction of the Silver Lake Bridge The project was plagued by slow delivery of materials and encountered a brief setback when a heavy windstorm blew the contractors pile driver into the lake Nevertheless the bridge was completed and opened to traffic on April 8 1939

39

_ __

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and composite timber-concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance In addition its relatively high degree of architectural elaboration may reflect the increasing economic importance of Delawares seashore resorts in the late 1930s The project of which the bridge construction was a part was intended to facilitate travel to and frorn Hle growing resorts of Rehoboth and Bethany Beach The Federal Aid Program project statement also predicted that the route would be greatly increased in importance by the location of a permanent inlet to Indian River which is now being considered by the US Engineers and this Bridge becomes necessary to adequately take care of the increased traffic Upon completion of the project the inspection report noted there are real possibilities of growth in population along the project particularly as to summer residents The growth in population will depend largely on the increase in popularity that beach life holds for the general public ~- -----_ - 1 ~_ (gt ~oomiddotmiddot COo

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40

Page 7: TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

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State Bridge 137 Wooddale Covered Bridge

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 137

Wooddale Covered Bridge Road 263A over Red Clay Creek Mt Cuba New Castle County Delaware 1850-18801969

State Highway Bridge 137 is a covered timber bridge spanning 53-6 long It carries one lane of vehicular traffic on a 13-0 wide deck The bridge originally consisted of a Town lattice truss comprised with oak timber connected together with hardwood tapered dowels (trunnels) The

abutments were constructed of semishycoursed rubble with a smooth finish on the exposed face Flared wing walls are topped with granite capstone Drawings from a 1939 repair are reproduced on the following page A major 1969 alteration added rolled steel I-beams under the deck which support tile bridge structurally The bridge is 10-0 above water level

Delaware Department of Transportation record drawings made in 1939 document the configuration and

construction details of this structure These drawings excerpts of which are presented on the following page depict a Town Lattice truss on rubble masonry abutments with flared stone wing walls having a 53shy6 clear span 67-0 overall length and 15shy9 width The truss is constructed of 2x8 diagonals plates and sills are built up from 3x10 timbers Floor beams of 6x12 timbers with 4x6 cross bracing support 4x8 stringers carrying 8x3 plank decking Drawings note Liveload 3 tons (not 13) Delaware Department of Transportation records also include drawings dated July 23 1981 detailing alterations which add wood members to the floor framing system the 1981 drawings also show that a steel 1shybeam subframe had been constructed by that date to relieve the load on the wooden truss

Bridge 137 was built perhaps as early as the mid-nineteenth century and is one of only two remaining covered bridges in the State The Wooddale Bridge is thought to have been built by the same craftsmen that constructed its twin the Ashland Covered Bridge some two miles away Both structures were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973

28

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bullbull bull bull 1 r bullbullN AI 4 I Jtbullbull raquoraquo 6 r_ I rr~ C7~Q

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Diagram of covered bndge truss types I 1 ~

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Elevation plan and section from 1939 record drawings of BrUlge ]f7 29

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 123A

Road 123 over Kings Causeway Branch Milford Neck Wildlife Area Kent County Delaware 1933

State Highway Bridge 123A is a 13shy10 single span timber beam bridge with a timber superstructure and substructure Beams 4X12 in section support the deck composed of 4X10 planks that have been paved over There is a simple

30

State Bridge 123A

wood railing composed of 4X6 posts and 2X6 rails The superstructure is supported by timber bents each comprising seven piles 12 in diameter which support a 10X12 header The straight wing walls are constructed of 4X10 planks The bridge is 21-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 123A was built in 1933 under State

Highway Department contract 297 as part of a project to construct a slag road between Thompsonville and Sour Apple Tree a distance of 59 miles This project involved the construction of the present bridge and the provision of 24 pipe culverts to improve drainage on the road which was reported covered with standing water wherever the road went through a wooded section The road construction contract was executed with the Wilson Contracting Company of Wilmington Delaware for a bid price of $16740 of which an estimated $740 applied to the construction of the bridge Bridge 123A replaced a previous timber structure at the same site Original drawings dated February 1933 are on file at the Delaware Department of Transportation Notes on the drawings specify the use of creosoted timber piles and lumber acceptable materials included southern yellow pine douglas fir southern cypress and oak The wood was treated with Grade 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Like other small timber bridges of this period Bridge 123A was designed for a 15 ton truck load without impact Handwritten notes on the drawings indicate that materials were supplied by the Century Wood Preserving Company of Newport Delaware Excerpts from the drawings are presented on the following page

__

TIMBER

The majority of bridges surveyed on -Iloor4S___~LtE oSl14olP 6IlU ~E 4xT~0M __ nMrs ~IVlt__I secondary roads in southern Delaware are SMIootV _ Scrr r ~14rT ~ ~__0

J YuL ~sc-r~artA -pPftJor~w(simple timber bridges mostly single spans Ie ~- r S1Ir- pweuroSM7V HI~Av~ (~~__ arF9Q4A1t~) shy

~~

consisting of timber stringers on pile bents 7N~ sNnFN9rtM7 Ali ArCD H~

4gt- mr ~ ~_ r~-sIwith wood decks and railings Their 111 IO tJSlttlTr~7_~1 J~ JIIbr 7JooYIlt-zbull JrIVtrr~ 4Am ~J-7~A7JpoundL k pound4(1 hr ~ Ila-structural configuration is simple and o~ -9 J~poundINgtkuwRKt ~sk ashy4400

II ~ Jum~l t-rJs ~ tkrrPTtI9~represents the continued use of one of the 118pound11 T~rrg Njnr e-~b~poundr-D~611

0

wSTSr -

CAL~So~ Q( iW~~ ~ ~ oQr ~oCta 5Pttln~~770N~9~-+a IiIwr~~

r-yl~ ~9U ar-df9ltA(II NnW htampc

most primitive types of early bridges State L 1_middotJ7X4middot d I~I---middot--- SO Ii f shy

~ I2LT ~TR~r 4T w~-a Va tIrlttlSoTGf ~CL ~ nyC ~IBridge No 123A is a typical southern

-- rHS dltn~~ 4_( Mot( 61 ~~Delaware timber bridge which appears to I~- T~1Z seA ~~CP~IQIVrPlpoundpound7JllUv ~ _~ - shyn-0Ji)~ 411~ Usr~trrltlIJCTS~~A(retain much of its original fabric it was built J r PrlJN - shy

rlTLD44 -- dts7N~~~~h~s-n 4AN ~IIIS 4War ~ JJaes ~ c

J r shyas part of a project to improve the rural

S-nrvtlltI~n--~4fs7ll h_g~

Jl9NL~N~UvcL~ J~AiQ~ ~rtransportation network in Kent County The -wSJlIr ~1fI1I r~~MJy~ 7Aot ~~4otM -AoW 4Lrnature of the timber bridge presumes RsrH ONFraquo~2T~n

ENP E~IIArID UuIJSOTpound ~middotr-el c~ g 7c fifrequent replacement of members as wear Cru PI7ltess V8~r411 ore lFfIVQ M1-~R4n 4and deterioration take their toll timber 7N~ h~A 6T8A )I-Ch JI)n

ttJW~cr-decking and railings are especially H~

~LrcweDpoundlewt9rJyenAlttl-tpoundTmiddot Nn inT~ ~SRT~e tIR IOTKAit 1He-e-rvulnerable As long as the bridge retains J1~ ftU -NldIS ~euro89~ 6 4tR7fi

~ R~the majority of its original superstructure - ~ ~ TNpound 5TJiNC~ JS ~ Tlt hi5

~8~ 1Nc PftgtBA6LE U-Tgtf 0 CLpoundOJ07rJJ -pound$ JS 22 rar 114 Dtr MNUrand substructure it was considered to Fi1r~ ~ ~ ~

retain sufficient integrity to be significant as I II ~ _ ~ shy r--- - Ia representative example of the type I-t-1 r _ _ dLJ -i shy

111- il ~

J~ I t ic

I 1-=1 - plusmn~ u ~

ft t zmiddotJiq6T- - r=- __ _ ~ ~- - IT--J - ~l ~ i Ji- -- 2 -- -td=ltr ~

I 1f--l+I tr~ UfJ j-1r l ~ Lr~ -tlmiddot

~ ~I I ~J -Frill n~I I _

Elevation plan and section from original 1933 drawings for Bridge 123A

f-shy

uyen~_ shynlttr 6n

~ 100

HAJJ rYPr~f SCtrIDIV 31

State Bridge 708

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 708

Route 24 over Love Creek Marshtown Sussex County Delaware 1939

Delaware State Bridge 708 is a 21 span timber bridge 400-0 long The spans are equally spaced 18-9 apart The bridge was built along a vertical curve It is composed of 8 x 14 timber beams spaced 1-6 apart A 6 deep concrete deck has been placed atop the bridges timber frame

32

and deck The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on piles 12-15 in diameter and has straight timber wing walls The bents are braced diagonally There is a timber pedestrian walkway 4-0 wide cantilevered on the west elevation The walkway has a timber outside rail 3-0 in height The bridge is 33-0 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and a 4-0 sidewalk on one side The vehicular railing measures 3-6 high

and consists of timber posts a 2 x 6 top rail and a metal intermediate rail

The Delaware Department of Transportations records state that Bridge 708 was built in 1939 and underwent alterations or repairs in 1983 Original drawings dated 1938-1939 note this bridge replaced a 1933 creosote structure at this site Portions of the 1939 drawings appear on the following page As originally constructed it consisted of simple timber spans comprising stringers on bents The timber deck was covered by a thin bituminous concrete wearing surface The contract was awarded on June 16 1939 to Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware for $2481490 Studies for various lengths were made for this replacement bridge alternatives included a 172 bridge a 210 bridge costing $31000 and a 400 bridge AG Livingston Highway Department Bridge Engineer wrote to WW Mack Chief Engineer that the 400 length was chosen due to the soft ground at the site and the desirability of a concrete wearing surface

The Love Creek Bridge was noted in the 1939 Highway Department Annual Report as one of the years highlights in Sussex County A photograph from the 1939 Annual Report is shown on the first page of this section Part of a major

--

TIMBER

improvement to a highway carrying very heavy traffic of pleasure-bound motorists

3~ 10bound for Rehoboth and Oak Orchard during the summer months the building of J4- - _ __ I-CJ-I

-------~-- ------ shy~ j u iJr- ~~ --- ~

dv7I-1ov3 CoINC4TAiLove Creek Bridge and its approaches has ~

40 sJC1ltC bull ~ eliminated one of the danger spots on this J ~ t )~Jr

road The alignment on this section has been eased and the bridge widened J

IZ~~-tlt J ~

State Bridge No 708 is an exceptionally long multiple span example of a simple timber bridge The individual spans are representative of the type and the bridges history illustrates the economy of the type even as a multiple-span structure Comprising 21 spans it measures 400 feet long most timber girder bridges in southern Delaware consist of

I 5 5only one span usually less than 20 feet i~-- ~-shylong Bridge 708 is significant as an unusual variation of a common type and (2) regfor its association with the development of the road network in Sussex County during

T

J (jltZ tJr

5Z l23_ I

I

t~ct (J ~sr

reg 8J1AC[ BEfrlfT9- 89~ IOIII~1314

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bull J bulla (9 DLT

J bull q It 4~

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LH~

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o

this period when efforts were directed PILE BENT SECTION toward facilitating travel to the growing seaside resorts

__ 4~9~_i_~qO~-9Y _ I ~shy

-~ j ~ HU40tl SCHeeL

~ MIDNAV -

~ shy ltgt - ~ ~ ~Ii ~ c ~ ~ -

shy ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ or 0 ~ lt ~ ~ ~ 0 ll III ~ ~

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Elevation and section of original 1939 drawings for Bridge 708 ELEVATION

33

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 9A

Route 6 over Mill Creek Smyrna Kent County Delaware 1936

State Highway Bridge 9A (Mill Creek Bridge) is a 100-0 composite concrete and timber bridge A five span timber and concrete slab superstructure is combined with a substructure of timber bents and timber abutments Each span measures 20-0 The parapet consists of concrete posts and rails The bridge is 23-6 wide and carries two lanes of traffic The

34

State Bridge 9A Mill Creek Bridge

substructure has been reinforced with steel I-beams and the flared wing walls are made of steel sheeting The timber bents have been augmented with steel bents and the underside of the slab appears satisfactory but is difficult to see well

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 9A was built in 1936 Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware were the contractors for a bid price of $6820 The bridge was highlighted in the State

Highway Departments annual report for 1936 as an example of unusual construction involving a new and very economical design its serviceability will be watched with interest by the Departments engineers Two photographs of Bridge 9A from the 1936 Annual Report are presented on the following page It was noted that the Vines Creek Bridge in Sussex County (Bridge 445) which was also placed under contract in 1936 was a similar design and both replaced narrow obsolescent structures

Original drawings dated June 1935 detail the bridges configuration Drawing notes indicate that Bridge 9A replaced a pony truss bridge at this site The typical section for this bridge shows a composite structure incorporating timber and concrete Drawing notes indicate special provisions for material placement to form a composite beam using 2X8 laminated timber with shear developers and uplift spikes and covered with approximately 5 inches of concrete The bridge was designed for a 15 ton truck with 30 impact live load The drawing notes specified that southern yellow pine douglas fir oak and southern cypress were acceptable materials treated with 14 pounds of grade no 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Added notes on the drawings document the construction process Excerpts from the drawings are

TIMBER

presented on the following page In 1970 under contract 70-05-001 it was repaired with steel reinforcement to the substructure

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance and exemplifies the receptiveness to innovation which characterized the bridge engineers of the State Highway Department during this period This new type of structure offered the advantage of utilizing economical materials and Department engineers were quick to test its merits It is significant as one of only three composite timberconcrete bridges surveyed in Delaware

Bridge 9A as it appeared in the 1936 Annual Report

showing deck before and after placing concrete

35

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a=c HW

middot~Hmiddot rDashy _o~

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~ $~ _~ ~-== -~ ~ ---j ~ -- -L---~~--- - -~-- __ ~hI -=- --lt=__- ---- ~__-----shyA~ - -==- IE-~~ __~~ d ~~~_ __ _------- - --==-===_ gt ~ ~~ ~ ----- lt~=~-===~~ ~p_ry~r~r

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Elevation and section of original 1935 drawings for Bridge 9A

36

TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 445

Omar Bridge Road 54 over Vines Creek Frankford Sussex County Delaware 1937

State Highway Bridge Number 445 Omar Bridge is a three span combination timber and concrete bridge Each span measures 20-0 for an overall length of 60shy0 It carries two lanes of traffic with a deck width of 26-0 The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising a 12 x 12 beam supported by six creosoted 12shydiameter pilings set on six-foot centers with cross bracing The timber wing walls are straight with perpendicular extensions on

Stale Bridge 445 Omar Bridge

the southwest and northeast The deck is a composite slab structure comprising timber and concrete The bridge has a concrete parapet featuring large stepped blocks at the portals and above the piers spanned by arched balustrades The parapet incorporates a curb and fascia a series of perforations at the level of the roadway provide for drainage

Delaware Department of Transportation records indicate that Bridge Number 445 was built in 1937 under State Highway Department contract 543 (Federal Aid Project 173B) replacing a previous structure at this site Bids were received March 16 1938 and the contract was

awarded to the Old Line Construction Company of Chestertown Maryland for $16851 As with other large timber pile structures of the period in the region problems developed in constructing the substructure adequate bearing could not be obtained with 24 piles as designed so piles averaging 45 in length were substituted and details of abutment bent design were revised The increase in pile length was partially responsible for a cost overrun of $173367 The structure was completed on September 24 1938 Original drawings document the construction methods including placement of concrete reinforcement and construction of the composite floor system which is very similar to that of Bridge 9A Details from original drawings showing this floor system are presented on the following page along with other excerpts

This composite structure comprising a three span composite timber-concrete bridge is unusual in Sussex County and has considerable technological significance It is similar to the Mill Creek Bridge of 1936 in Smyrna Kent County (Bridge 9A) specifications for the Omar Bridge conform to those for the Mill Creek Bridge in many respects Bridge 445 is considered significant as one of only three composite timber-concrete structures surveyed in Delaware

37

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Elevation and details pmll original 1937 drawings for Bridge 445 38

TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 707

Road 50 over Silver Lake Rehoboth Beach Sussex County Delaware 1938

Delaware State Highway Bridge 707 Lake Bridge is a thirteen span combination timber and concrete bridge 260-2 long The spans are equally spaced at 20-0 The deck is a composite slab structure and the parapet is concrete The parapet is decorated with rectangular shaped arched pointed openings between

State BrUlge 707 Lake Bridge

columns These columns are spaced 6-4 apart A concrete fascia with a broad segmental arch curve also ornaments the bridge The fascia is 1-8 wide at the crown of the arch and 4-0 above the water level The concrete deck parapet and fascia are supported by timber members The substructure is timber with timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on pilings and U-shaped timber wing walls The bridges timber bents are laterally braced with horizontal struts Two joints and double piers support the structure at the fourth and

ninth pier The bridge is 30-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and two sidewalks There are four decorative lamps on the bridges west elevation

The records of the Delaware Department of Transportation state that Bridge 707 was built in 1938 under contract 532 Original drawings indicate that this bridge replaced a 1928 timber bridge The drawings show construction details of the composite system laminated wood flooring using uplift spikes and shear developers to be incorporated in a concrete roadway surface Drawing notes indicate that a similar bridge was constructed East of Smyrna (Bridge 9A Bridge 445 is also similar) Portions of the original drawings are presented on the following page The bridge was designed to carry a 15 ton truck with impact The construction of Bridge 707 was a component of Federal Aid Project 113 which involved the construction of a new road between Rehoboth and Bethany Beach a distance of 1265 miles Project 113B provided for the construction of the Silver Lake Bridge The project was plagued by slow delivery of materials and encountered a brief setback when a heavy windstorm blew the contractors pile driver into the lake Nevertheless the bridge was completed and opened to traffic on April 8 1939

39

_ __

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and composite timber-concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance In addition its relatively high degree of architectural elaboration may reflect the increasing economic importance of Delawares seashore resorts in the late 1930s The project of which the bridge construction was a part was intended to facilitate travel to and frorn Hle growing resorts of Rehoboth and Bethany Beach The Federal Aid Program project statement also predicted that the route would be greatly increased in importance by the location of a permanent inlet to Indian River which is now being considered by the US Engineers and this Bridge becomes necessary to adequately take care of the increased traffic Upon completion of the project the inspection report noted there are real possibilities of growth in population along the project particularly as to summer residents The growth in population will depend largely on the increase in popularity that beach life holds for the general public ~- -----_ - 1 ~_ (gt ~oomiddotmiddot COo

-to- ~gt-_ __ ~~ ---------l-o-- z03_

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==1 Lu~~~M_ i ~ I ~ k=tm I~l ~ ~ I iiifij OiOllifOiOOOll~~~I ioQpoundyen]~~ ~=r~oC~~ l~oO~Q I~~ lfuful I iraquoOOo iijiij~~ QaOo~~oooll~ cOiOOl ~I iGQIlOCl~ ~ jil~ I~lt--L -shy__ -=t=~ HU ~ _k~ 1F- I I CO_

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Elevation and balustrade details from original 1937 drawings for Bridge 707

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fL ~__ N4 4_ -lt-- e-l_- I ~--_pound--_

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40

Page 8: TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

State Bridge 137 Wooddale Covered Bridge

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 137

Wooddale Covered Bridge Road 263A over Red Clay Creek Mt Cuba New Castle County Delaware 1850-18801969

State Highway Bridge 137 is a covered timber bridge spanning 53-6 long It carries one lane of vehicular traffic on a 13-0 wide deck The bridge originally consisted of a Town lattice truss comprised with oak timber connected together with hardwood tapered dowels (trunnels) The

abutments were constructed of semishycoursed rubble with a smooth finish on the exposed face Flared wing walls are topped with granite capstone Drawings from a 1939 repair are reproduced on the following page A major 1969 alteration added rolled steel I-beams under the deck which support tile bridge structurally The bridge is 10-0 above water level

Delaware Department of Transportation record drawings made in 1939 document the configuration and

construction details of this structure These drawings excerpts of which are presented on the following page depict a Town Lattice truss on rubble masonry abutments with flared stone wing walls having a 53shy6 clear span 67-0 overall length and 15shy9 width The truss is constructed of 2x8 diagonals plates and sills are built up from 3x10 timbers Floor beams of 6x12 timbers with 4x6 cross bracing support 4x8 stringers carrying 8x3 plank decking Drawings note Liveload 3 tons (not 13) Delaware Department of Transportation records also include drawings dated July 23 1981 detailing alterations which add wood members to the floor framing system the 1981 drawings also show that a steel 1shybeam subframe had been constructed by that date to relieve the load on the wooden truss

Bridge 137 was built perhaps as early as the mid-nineteenth century and is one of only two remaining covered bridges in the State The Wooddale Bridge is thought to have been built by the same craftsmen that constructed its twin the Ashland Covered Bridge some two miles away Both structures were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973

28

bullbullbull

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TIMBER

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CDbullbull~r

_tlr_bullbullbullbullHIitz __ tr_bullbull = Au n __ 1_ - - ~

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t) r ~II I bull bullbullbullbull 1-

~ (J~~ ) Nc_ bull 1 r T I1rbullbullbullbull __

117 T Ir ~ (I) ~bull bullbull bullbull Dn III

bullbull bull bull 1 r bullbullN AI 4 I Jtbullbull raquoraquo 6 r_ I rr~ C7~Q

~tIi bull s4r sN~ poundJu~J-f --(J~

6 CIIrl hZ T ~ ~middotmiddot~middot

~- ~ ~ ~ I9rN~O oS IVQSo bull 11-1 _ -1$ ~~

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Diagram of covered bndge truss types I 1 ~

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Elevation plan and section from 1939 record drawings of BrUlge ]f7 29

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 123A

Road 123 over Kings Causeway Branch Milford Neck Wildlife Area Kent County Delaware 1933

State Highway Bridge 123A is a 13shy10 single span timber beam bridge with a timber superstructure and substructure Beams 4X12 in section support the deck composed of 4X10 planks that have been paved over There is a simple

30

State Bridge 123A

wood railing composed of 4X6 posts and 2X6 rails The superstructure is supported by timber bents each comprising seven piles 12 in diameter which support a 10X12 header The straight wing walls are constructed of 4X10 planks The bridge is 21-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 123A was built in 1933 under State

Highway Department contract 297 as part of a project to construct a slag road between Thompsonville and Sour Apple Tree a distance of 59 miles This project involved the construction of the present bridge and the provision of 24 pipe culverts to improve drainage on the road which was reported covered with standing water wherever the road went through a wooded section The road construction contract was executed with the Wilson Contracting Company of Wilmington Delaware for a bid price of $16740 of which an estimated $740 applied to the construction of the bridge Bridge 123A replaced a previous timber structure at the same site Original drawings dated February 1933 are on file at the Delaware Department of Transportation Notes on the drawings specify the use of creosoted timber piles and lumber acceptable materials included southern yellow pine douglas fir southern cypress and oak The wood was treated with Grade 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Like other small timber bridges of this period Bridge 123A was designed for a 15 ton truck load without impact Handwritten notes on the drawings indicate that materials were supplied by the Century Wood Preserving Company of Newport Delaware Excerpts from the drawings are presented on the following page

__

TIMBER

The majority of bridges surveyed on -Iloor4S___~LtE oSl14olP 6IlU ~E 4xT~0M __ nMrs ~IVlt__I secondary roads in southern Delaware are SMIootV _ Scrr r ~14rT ~ ~__0

J YuL ~sc-r~artA -pPftJor~w(simple timber bridges mostly single spans Ie ~- r S1Ir- pweuroSM7V HI~Av~ (~~__ arF9Q4A1t~) shy

~~

consisting of timber stringers on pile bents 7N~ sNnFN9rtM7 Ali ArCD H~

4gt- mr ~ ~_ r~-sIwith wood decks and railings Their 111 IO tJSlttlTr~7_~1 J~ JIIbr 7JooYIlt-zbull JrIVtrr~ 4Am ~J-7~A7JpoundL k pound4(1 hr ~ Ila-structural configuration is simple and o~ -9 J~poundINgtkuwRKt ~sk ashy4400

II ~ Jum~l t-rJs ~ tkrrPTtI9~represents the continued use of one of the 118pound11 T~rrg Njnr e-~b~poundr-D~611

0

wSTSr -

CAL~So~ Q( iW~~ ~ ~ oQr ~oCta 5Pttln~~770N~9~-+a IiIwr~~

r-yl~ ~9U ar-df9ltA(II NnW htampc

most primitive types of early bridges State L 1_middotJ7X4middot d I~I---middot--- SO Ii f shy

~ I2LT ~TR~r 4T w~-a Va tIrlttlSoTGf ~CL ~ nyC ~IBridge No 123A is a typical southern

-- rHS dltn~~ 4_( Mot( 61 ~~Delaware timber bridge which appears to I~- T~1Z seA ~~CP~IQIVrPlpoundpound7JllUv ~ _~ - shyn-0Ji)~ 411~ Usr~trrltlIJCTS~~A(retain much of its original fabric it was built J r PrlJN - shy

rlTLD44 -- dts7N~~~~h~s-n 4AN ~IIIS 4War ~ JJaes ~ c

J r shyas part of a project to improve the rural

S-nrvtlltI~n--~4fs7ll h_g~

Jl9NL~N~UvcL~ J~AiQ~ ~rtransportation network in Kent County The -wSJlIr ~1fI1I r~~MJy~ 7Aot ~~4otM -AoW 4Lrnature of the timber bridge presumes RsrH ONFraquo~2T~n

ENP E~IIArID UuIJSOTpound ~middotr-el c~ g 7c fifrequent replacement of members as wear Cru PI7ltess V8~r411 ore lFfIVQ M1-~R4n 4and deterioration take their toll timber 7N~ h~A 6T8A )I-Ch JI)n

ttJW~cr-decking and railings are especially H~

~LrcweDpoundlewt9rJyenAlttl-tpoundTmiddot Nn inT~ ~SRT~e tIR IOTKAit 1He-e-rvulnerable As long as the bridge retains J1~ ftU -NldIS ~euro89~ 6 4tR7fi

~ R~the majority of its original superstructure - ~ ~ TNpound 5TJiNC~ JS ~ Tlt hi5

~8~ 1Nc PftgtBA6LE U-Tgtf 0 CLpoundOJ07rJJ -pound$ JS 22 rar 114 Dtr MNUrand substructure it was considered to Fi1r~ ~ ~ ~

retain sufficient integrity to be significant as I II ~ _ ~ shy r--- - Ia representative example of the type I-t-1 r _ _ dLJ -i shy

111- il ~

J~ I t ic

I 1-=1 - plusmn~ u ~

ft t zmiddotJiq6T- - r=- __ _ ~ ~- - IT--J - ~l ~ i Ji- -- 2 -- -td=ltr ~

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Elevation plan and section from original 1933 drawings for Bridge 123A

f-shy

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HAJJ rYPr~f SCtrIDIV 31

State Bridge 708

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 708

Route 24 over Love Creek Marshtown Sussex County Delaware 1939

Delaware State Bridge 708 is a 21 span timber bridge 400-0 long The spans are equally spaced 18-9 apart The bridge was built along a vertical curve It is composed of 8 x 14 timber beams spaced 1-6 apart A 6 deep concrete deck has been placed atop the bridges timber frame

32

and deck The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on piles 12-15 in diameter and has straight timber wing walls The bents are braced diagonally There is a timber pedestrian walkway 4-0 wide cantilevered on the west elevation The walkway has a timber outside rail 3-0 in height The bridge is 33-0 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and a 4-0 sidewalk on one side The vehicular railing measures 3-6 high

and consists of timber posts a 2 x 6 top rail and a metal intermediate rail

The Delaware Department of Transportations records state that Bridge 708 was built in 1939 and underwent alterations or repairs in 1983 Original drawings dated 1938-1939 note this bridge replaced a 1933 creosote structure at this site Portions of the 1939 drawings appear on the following page As originally constructed it consisted of simple timber spans comprising stringers on bents The timber deck was covered by a thin bituminous concrete wearing surface The contract was awarded on June 16 1939 to Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware for $2481490 Studies for various lengths were made for this replacement bridge alternatives included a 172 bridge a 210 bridge costing $31000 and a 400 bridge AG Livingston Highway Department Bridge Engineer wrote to WW Mack Chief Engineer that the 400 length was chosen due to the soft ground at the site and the desirability of a concrete wearing surface

The Love Creek Bridge was noted in the 1939 Highway Department Annual Report as one of the years highlights in Sussex County A photograph from the 1939 Annual Report is shown on the first page of this section Part of a major

--

TIMBER

improvement to a highway carrying very heavy traffic of pleasure-bound motorists

3~ 10bound for Rehoboth and Oak Orchard during the summer months the building of J4- - _ __ I-CJ-I

-------~-- ------ shy~ j u iJr- ~~ --- ~

dv7I-1ov3 CoINC4TAiLove Creek Bridge and its approaches has ~

40 sJC1ltC bull ~ eliminated one of the danger spots on this J ~ t )~Jr

road The alignment on this section has been eased and the bridge widened J

IZ~~-tlt J ~

State Bridge No 708 is an exceptionally long multiple span example of a simple timber bridge The individual spans are representative of the type and the bridges history illustrates the economy of the type even as a multiple-span structure Comprising 21 spans it measures 400 feet long most timber girder bridges in southern Delaware consist of

I 5 5only one span usually less than 20 feet i~-- ~-shylong Bridge 708 is significant as an unusual variation of a common type and (2) regfor its association with the development of the road network in Sussex County during

T

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t~ct (J ~sr

reg 8J1AC[ BEfrlfT9- 89~ IOIII~1314

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this period when efforts were directed PILE BENT SECTION toward facilitating travel to the growing seaside resorts

__ 4~9~_i_~qO~-9Y _ I ~shy

-~ j ~ HU40tl SCHeeL

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Elevation and section of original 1939 drawings for Bridge 708 ELEVATION

33

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 9A

Route 6 over Mill Creek Smyrna Kent County Delaware 1936

State Highway Bridge 9A (Mill Creek Bridge) is a 100-0 composite concrete and timber bridge A five span timber and concrete slab superstructure is combined with a substructure of timber bents and timber abutments Each span measures 20-0 The parapet consists of concrete posts and rails The bridge is 23-6 wide and carries two lanes of traffic The

34

State Bridge 9A Mill Creek Bridge

substructure has been reinforced with steel I-beams and the flared wing walls are made of steel sheeting The timber bents have been augmented with steel bents and the underside of the slab appears satisfactory but is difficult to see well

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 9A was built in 1936 Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware were the contractors for a bid price of $6820 The bridge was highlighted in the State

Highway Departments annual report for 1936 as an example of unusual construction involving a new and very economical design its serviceability will be watched with interest by the Departments engineers Two photographs of Bridge 9A from the 1936 Annual Report are presented on the following page It was noted that the Vines Creek Bridge in Sussex County (Bridge 445) which was also placed under contract in 1936 was a similar design and both replaced narrow obsolescent structures

Original drawings dated June 1935 detail the bridges configuration Drawing notes indicate that Bridge 9A replaced a pony truss bridge at this site The typical section for this bridge shows a composite structure incorporating timber and concrete Drawing notes indicate special provisions for material placement to form a composite beam using 2X8 laminated timber with shear developers and uplift spikes and covered with approximately 5 inches of concrete The bridge was designed for a 15 ton truck with 30 impact live load The drawing notes specified that southern yellow pine douglas fir oak and southern cypress were acceptable materials treated with 14 pounds of grade no 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Added notes on the drawings document the construction process Excerpts from the drawings are

TIMBER

presented on the following page In 1970 under contract 70-05-001 it was repaired with steel reinforcement to the substructure

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance and exemplifies the receptiveness to innovation which characterized the bridge engineers of the State Highway Department during this period This new type of structure offered the advantage of utilizing economical materials and Department engineers were quick to test its merits It is significant as one of only three composite timberconcrete bridges surveyed in Delaware

Bridge 9A as it appeared in the 1936 Annual Report

showing deck before and after placing concrete

35

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Elevation and section of original 1935 drawings for Bridge 9A

36

TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 445

Omar Bridge Road 54 over Vines Creek Frankford Sussex County Delaware 1937

State Highway Bridge Number 445 Omar Bridge is a three span combination timber and concrete bridge Each span measures 20-0 for an overall length of 60shy0 It carries two lanes of traffic with a deck width of 26-0 The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising a 12 x 12 beam supported by six creosoted 12shydiameter pilings set on six-foot centers with cross bracing The timber wing walls are straight with perpendicular extensions on

Stale Bridge 445 Omar Bridge

the southwest and northeast The deck is a composite slab structure comprising timber and concrete The bridge has a concrete parapet featuring large stepped blocks at the portals and above the piers spanned by arched balustrades The parapet incorporates a curb and fascia a series of perforations at the level of the roadway provide for drainage

Delaware Department of Transportation records indicate that Bridge Number 445 was built in 1937 under State Highway Department contract 543 (Federal Aid Project 173B) replacing a previous structure at this site Bids were received March 16 1938 and the contract was

awarded to the Old Line Construction Company of Chestertown Maryland for $16851 As with other large timber pile structures of the period in the region problems developed in constructing the substructure adequate bearing could not be obtained with 24 piles as designed so piles averaging 45 in length were substituted and details of abutment bent design were revised The increase in pile length was partially responsible for a cost overrun of $173367 The structure was completed on September 24 1938 Original drawings document the construction methods including placement of concrete reinforcement and construction of the composite floor system which is very similar to that of Bridge 9A Details from original drawings showing this floor system are presented on the following page along with other excerpts

This composite structure comprising a three span composite timber-concrete bridge is unusual in Sussex County and has considerable technological significance It is similar to the Mill Creek Bridge of 1936 in Smyrna Kent County (Bridge 9A) specifications for the Omar Bridge conform to those for the Mill Creek Bridge in many respects Bridge 445 is considered significant as one of only three composite timber-concrete structures surveyed in Delaware

37

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TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 707

Road 50 over Silver Lake Rehoboth Beach Sussex County Delaware 1938

Delaware State Highway Bridge 707 Lake Bridge is a thirteen span combination timber and concrete bridge 260-2 long The spans are equally spaced at 20-0 The deck is a composite slab structure and the parapet is concrete The parapet is decorated with rectangular shaped arched pointed openings between

State BrUlge 707 Lake Bridge

columns These columns are spaced 6-4 apart A concrete fascia with a broad segmental arch curve also ornaments the bridge The fascia is 1-8 wide at the crown of the arch and 4-0 above the water level The concrete deck parapet and fascia are supported by timber members The substructure is timber with timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on pilings and U-shaped timber wing walls The bridges timber bents are laterally braced with horizontal struts Two joints and double piers support the structure at the fourth and

ninth pier The bridge is 30-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and two sidewalks There are four decorative lamps on the bridges west elevation

The records of the Delaware Department of Transportation state that Bridge 707 was built in 1938 under contract 532 Original drawings indicate that this bridge replaced a 1928 timber bridge The drawings show construction details of the composite system laminated wood flooring using uplift spikes and shear developers to be incorporated in a concrete roadway surface Drawing notes indicate that a similar bridge was constructed East of Smyrna (Bridge 9A Bridge 445 is also similar) Portions of the original drawings are presented on the following page The bridge was designed to carry a 15 ton truck with impact The construction of Bridge 707 was a component of Federal Aid Project 113 which involved the construction of a new road between Rehoboth and Bethany Beach a distance of 1265 miles Project 113B provided for the construction of the Silver Lake Bridge The project was plagued by slow delivery of materials and encountered a brief setback when a heavy windstorm blew the contractors pile driver into the lake Nevertheless the bridge was completed and opened to traffic on April 8 1939

39

_ __

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and composite timber-concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance In addition its relatively high degree of architectural elaboration may reflect the increasing economic importance of Delawares seashore resorts in the late 1930s The project of which the bridge construction was a part was intended to facilitate travel to and frorn Hle growing resorts of Rehoboth and Bethany Beach The Federal Aid Program project statement also predicted that the route would be greatly increased in importance by the location of a permanent inlet to Indian River which is now being considered by the US Engineers and this Bridge becomes necessary to adequately take care of the increased traffic Upon completion of the project the inspection report noted there are real possibilities of growth in population along the project particularly as to summer residents The growth in population will depend largely on the increase in popularity that beach life holds for the general public ~- -----_ - 1 ~_ (gt ~oomiddotmiddot COo

-to- ~gt-_ __ ~~ ---------l-o-- z03_

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40

Page 9: TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

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bullbull bull bull 1 r bullbullN AI 4 I Jtbullbull raquoraquo 6 r_ I rr~ C7~Q

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Elevation plan and section from 1939 record drawings of BrUlge ]f7 29

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 123A

Road 123 over Kings Causeway Branch Milford Neck Wildlife Area Kent County Delaware 1933

State Highway Bridge 123A is a 13shy10 single span timber beam bridge with a timber superstructure and substructure Beams 4X12 in section support the deck composed of 4X10 planks that have been paved over There is a simple

30

State Bridge 123A

wood railing composed of 4X6 posts and 2X6 rails The superstructure is supported by timber bents each comprising seven piles 12 in diameter which support a 10X12 header The straight wing walls are constructed of 4X10 planks The bridge is 21-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 123A was built in 1933 under State

Highway Department contract 297 as part of a project to construct a slag road between Thompsonville and Sour Apple Tree a distance of 59 miles This project involved the construction of the present bridge and the provision of 24 pipe culverts to improve drainage on the road which was reported covered with standing water wherever the road went through a wooded section The road construction contract was executed with the Wilson Contracting Company of Wilmington Delaware for a bid price of $16740 of which an estimated $740 applied to the construction of the bridge Bridge 123A replaced a previous timber structure at the same site Original drawings dated February 1933 are on file at the Delaware Department of Transportation Notes on the drawings specify the use of creosoted timber piles and lumber acceptable materials included southern yellow pine douglas fir southern cypress and oak The wood was treated with Grade 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Like other small timber bridges of this period Bridge 123A was designed for a 15 ton truck load without impact Handwritten notes on the drawings indicate that materials were supplied by the Century Wood Preserving Company of Newport Delaware Excerpts from the drawings are presented on the following page

__

TIMBER

The majority of bridges surveyed on -Iloor4S___~LtE oSl14olP 6IlU ~E 4xT~0M __ nMrs ~IVlt__I secondary roads in southern Delaware are SMIootV _ Scrr r ~14rT ~ ~__0

J YuL ~sc-r~artA -pPftJor~w(simple timber bridges mostly single spans Ie ~- r S1Ir- pweuroSM7V HI~Av~ (~~__ arF9Q4A1t~) shy

~~

consisting of timber stringers on pile bents 7N~ sNnFN9rtM7 Ali ArCD H~

4gt- mr ~ ~_ r~-sIwith wood decks and railings Their 111 IO tJSlttlTr~7_~1 J~ JIIbr 7JooYIlt-zbull JrIVtrr~ 4Am ~J-7~A7JpoundL k pound4(1 hr ~ Ila-structural configuration is simple and o~ -9 J~poundINgtkuwRKt ~sk ashy4400

II ~ Jum~l t-rJs ~ tkrrPTtI9~represents the continued use of one of the 118pound11 T~rrg Njnr e-~b~poundr-D~611

0

wSTSr -

CAL~So~ Q( iW~~ ~ ~ oQr ~oCta 5Pttln~~770N~9~-+a IiIwr~~

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most primitive types of early bridges State L 1_middotJ7X4middot d I~I---middot--- SO Ii f shy

~ I2LT ~TR~r 4T w~-a Va tIrlttlSoTGf ~CL ~ nyC ~IBridge No 123A is a typical southern

-- rHS dltn~~ 4_( Mot( 61 ~~Delaware timber bridge which appears to I~- T~1Z seA ~~CP~IQIVrPlpoundpound7JllUv ~ _~ - shyn-0Ji)~ 411~ Usr~trrltlIJCTS~~A(retain much of its original fabric it was built J r PrlJN - shy

rlTLD44 -- dts7N~~~~h~s-n 4AN ~IIIS 4War ~ JJaes ~ c

J r shyas part of a project to improve the rural

S-nrvtlltI~n--~4fs7ll h_g~

Jl9NL~N~UvcL~ J~AiQ~ ~rtransportation network in Kent County The -wSJlIr ~1fI1I r~~MJy~ 7Aot ~~4otM -AoW 4Lrnature of the timber bridge presumes RsrH ONFraquo~2T~n

ENP E~IIArID UuIJSOTpound ~middotr-el c~ g 7c fifrequent replacement of members as wear Cru PI7ltess V8~r411 ore lFfIVQ M1-~R4n 4and deterioration take their toll timber 7N~ h~A 6T8A )I-Ch JI)n

ttJW~cr-decking and railings are especially H~

~LrcweDpoundlewt9rJyenAlttl-tpoundTmiddot Nn inT~ ~SRT~e tIR IOTKAit 1He-e-rvulnerable As long as the bridge retains J1~ ftU -NldIS ~euro89~ 6 4tR7fi

~ R~the majority of its original superstructure - ~ ~ TNpound 5TJiNC~ JS ~ Tlt hi5

~8~ 1Nc PftgtBA6LE U-Tgtf 0 CLpoundOJ07rJJ -pound$ JS 22 rar 114 Dtr MNUrand substructure it was considered to Fi1r~ ~ ~ ~

retain sufficient integrity to be significant as I II ~ _ ~ shy r--- - Ia representative example of the type I-t-1 r _ _ dLJ -i shy

111- il ~

J~ I t ic

I 1-=1 - plusmn~ u ~

ft t zmiddotJiq6T- - r=- __ _ ~ ~- - IT--J - ~l ~ i Ji- -- 2 -- -td=ltr ~

I 1f--l+I tr~ UfJ j-1r l ~ Lr~ -tlmiddot

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Elevation plan and section from original 1933 drawings for Bridge 123A

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HAJJ rYPr~f SCtrIDIV 31

State Bridge 708

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 708

Route 24 over Love Creek Marshtown Sussex County Delaware 1939

Delaware State Bridge 708 is a 21 span timber bridge 400-0 long The spans are equally spaced 18-9 apart The bridge was built along a vertical curve It is composed of 8 x 14 timber beams spaced 1-6 apart A 6 deep concrete deck has been placed atop the bridges timber frame

32

and deck The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on piles 12-15 in diameter and has straight timber wing walls The bents are braced diagonally There is a timber pedestrian walkway 4-0 wide cantilevered on the west elevation The walkway has a timber outside rail 3-0 in height The bridge is 33-0 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and a 4-0 sidewalk on one side The vehicular railing measures 3-6 high

and consists of timber posts a 2 x 6 top rail and a metal intermediate rail

The Delaware Department of Transportations records state that Bridge 708 was built in 1939 and underwent alterations or repairs in 1983 Original drawings dated 1938-1939 note this bridge replaced a 1933 creosote structure at this site Portions of the 1939 drawings appear on the following page As originally constructed it consisted of simple timber spans comprising stringers on bents The timber deck was covered by a thin bituminous concrete wearing surface The contract was awarded on June 16 1939 to Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware for $2481490 Studies for various lengths were made for this replacement bridge alternatives included a 172 bridge a 210 bridge costing $31000 and a 400 bridge AG Livingston Highway Department Bridge Engineer wrote to WW Mack Chief Engineer that the 400 length was chosen due to the soft ground at the site and the desirability of a concrete wearing surface

The Love Creek Bridge was noted in the 1939 Highway Department Annual Report as one of the years highlights in Sussex County A photograph from the 1939 Annual Report is shown on the first page of this section Part of a major

--

TIMBER

improvement to a highway carrying very heavy traffic of pleasure-bound motorists

3~ 10bound for Rehoboth and Oak Orchard during the summer months the building of J4- - _ __ I-CJ-I

-------~-- ------ shy~ j u iJr- ~~ --- ~

dv7I-1ov3 CoINC4TAiLove Creek Bridge and its approaches has ~

40 sJC1ltC bull ~ eliminated one of the danger spots on this J ~ t )~Jr

road The alignment on this section has been eased and the bridge widened J

IZ~~-tlt J ~

State Bridge No 708 is an exceptionally long multiple span example of a simple timber bridge The individual spans are representative of the type and the bridges history illustrates the economy of the type even as a multiple-span structure Comprising 21 spans it measures 400 feet long most timber girder bridges in southern Delaware consist of

I 5 5only one span usually less than 20 feet i~-- ~-shylong Bridge 708 is significant as an unusual variation of a common type and (2) regfor its association with the development of the road network in Sussex County during

T

J (jltZ tJr

5Z l23_ I

I

t~ct (J ~sr

reg 8J1AC[ BEfrlfT9- 89~ IOIII~1314

-a~-1

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bull J bulla (9 DLT

J bull q It 4~

C -r Cf

LH~

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this period when efforts were directed PILE BENT SECTION toward facilitating travel to the growing seaside resorts

__ 4~9~_i_~qO~-9Y _ I ~shy

-~ j ~ HU40tl SCHeeL

~ MIDNAV -

~ shy ltgt - ~ ~ ~Ii ~ c ~ ~ -

shy ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ or 0 ~ lt ~ ~ ~ 0 ll III ~ ~

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Elevation and section of original 1939 drawings for Bridge 708 ELEVATION

33

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 9A

Route 6 over Mill Creek Smyrna Kent County Delaware 1936

State Highway Bridge 9A (Mill Creek Bridge) is a 100-0 composite concrete and timber bridge A five span timber and concrete slab superstructure is combined with a substructure of timber bents and timber abutments Each span measures 20-0 The parapet consists of concrete posts and rails The bridge is 23-6 wide and carries two lanes of traffic The

34

State Bridge 9A Mill Creek Bridge

substructure has been reinforced with steel I-beams and the flared wing walls are made of steel sheeting The timber bents have been augmented with steel bents and the underside of the slab appears satisfactory but is difficult to see well

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 9A was built in 1936 Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware were the contractors for a bid price of $6820 The bridge was highlighted in the State

Highway Departments annual report for 1936 as an example of unusual construction involving a new and very economical design its serviceability will be watched with interest by the Departments engineers Two photographs of Bridge 9A from the 1936 Annual Report are presented on the following page It was noted that the Vines Creek Bridge in Sussex County (Bridge 445) which was also placed under contract in 1936 was a similar design and both replaced narrow obsolescent structures

Original drawings dated June 1935 detail the bridges configuration Drawing notes indicate that Bridge 9A replaced a pony truss bridge at this site The typical section for this bridge shows a composite structure incorporating timber and concrete Drawing notes indicate special provisions for material placement to form a composite beam using 2X8 laminated timber with shear developers and uplift spikes and covered with approximately 5 inches of concrete The bridge was designed for a 15 ton truck with 30 impact live load The drawing notes specified that southern yellow pine douglas fir oak and southern cypress were acceptable materials treated with 14 pounds of grade no 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Added notes on the drawings document the construction process Excerpts from the drawings are

TIMBER

presented on the following page In 1970 under contract 70-05-001 it was repaired with steel reinforcement to the substructure

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance and exemplifies the receptiveness to innovation which characterized the bridge engineers of the State Highway Department during this period This new type of structure offered the advantage of utilizing economical materials and Department engineers were quick to test its merits It is significant as one of only three composite timberconcrete bridges surveyed in Delaware

Bridge 9A as it appeared in the 1936 Annual Report

showing deck before and after placing concrete

35

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36

TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 445

Omar Bridge Road 54 over Vines Creek Frankford Sussex County Delaware 1937

State Highway Bridge Number 445 Omar Bridge is a three span combination timber and concrete bridge Each span measures 20-0 for an overall length of 60shy0 It carries two lanes of traffic with a deck width of 26-0 The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising a 12 x 12 beam supported by six creosoted 12shydiameter pilings set on six-foot centers with cross bracing The timber wing walls are straight with perpendicular extensions on

Stale Bridge 445 Omar Bridge

the southwest and northeast The deck is a composite slab structure comprising timber and concrete The bridge has a concrete parapet featuring large stepped blocks at the portals and above the piers spanned by arched balustrades The parapet incorporates a curb and fascia a series of perforations at the level of the roadway provide for drainage

Delaware Department of Transportation records indicate that Bridge Number 445 was built in 1937 under State Highway Department contract 543 (Federal Aid Project 173B) replacing a previous structure at this site Bids were received March 16 1938 and the contract was

awarded to the Old Line Construction Company of Chestertown Maryland for $16851 As with other large timber pile structures of the period in the region problems developed in constructing the substructure adequate bearing could not be obtained with 24 piles as designed so piles averaging 45 in length were substituted and details of abutment bent design were revised The increase in pile length was partially responsible for a cost overrun of $173367 The structure was completed on September 24 1938 Original drawings document the construction methods including placement of concrete reinforcement and construction of the composite floor system which is very similar to that of Bridge 9A Details from original drawings showing this floor system are presented on the following page along with other excerpts

This composite structure comprising a three span composite timber-concrete bridge is unusual in Sussex County and has considerable technological significance It is similar to the Mill Creek Bridge of 1936 in Smyrna Kent County (Bridge 9A) specifications for the Omar Bridge conform to those for the Mill Creek Bridge in many respects Bridge 445 is considered significant as one of only three composite timber-concrete structures surveyed in Delaware

37

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TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 707

Road 50 over Silver Lake Rehoboth Beach Sussex County Delaware 1938

Delaware State Highway Bridge 707 Lake Bridge is a thirteen span combination timber and concrete bridge 260-2 long The spans are equally spaced at 20-0 The deck is a composite slab structure and the parapet is concrete The parapet is decorated with rectangular shaped arched pointed openings between

State BrUlge 707 Lake Bridge

columns These columns are spaced 6-4 apart A concrete fascia with a broad segmental arch curve also ornaments the bridge The fascia is 1-8 wide at the crown of the arch and 4-0 above the water level The concrete deck parapet and fascia are supported by timber members The substructure is timber with timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on pilings and U-shaped timber wing walls The bridges timber bents are laterally braced with horizontal struts Two joints and double piers support the structure at the fourth and

ninth pier The bridge is 30-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and two sidewalks There are four decorative lamps on the bridges west elevation

The records of the Delaware Department of Transportation state that Bridge 707 was built in 1938 under contract 532 Original drawings indicate that this bridge replaced a 1928 timber bridge The drawings show construction details of the composite system laminated wood flooring using uplift spikes and shear developers to be incorporated in a concrete roadway surface Drawing notes indicate that a similar bridge was constructed East of Smyrna (Bridge 9A Bridge 445 is also similar) Portions of the original drawings are presented on the following page The bridge was designed to carry a 15 ton truck with impact The construction of Bridge 707 was a component of Federal Aid Project 113 which involved the construction of a new road between Rehoboth and Bethany Beach a distance of 1265 miles Project 113B provided for the construction of the Silver Lake Bridge The project was plagued by slow delivery of materials and encountered a brief setback when a heavy windstorm blew the contractors pile driver into the lake Nevertheless the bridge was completed and opened to traffic on April 8 1939

39

_ __

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and composite timber-concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance In addition its relatively high degree of architectural elaboration may reflect the increasing economic importance of Delawares seashore resorts in the late 1930s The project of which the bridge construction was a part was intended to facilitate travel to and frorn Hle growing resorts of Rehoboth and Bethany Beach The Federal Aid Program project statement also predicted that the route would be greatly increased in importance by the location of a permanent inlet to Indian River which is now being considered by the US Engineers and this Bridge becomes necessary to adequately take care of the increased traffic Upon completion of the project the inspection report noted there are real possibilities of growth in population along the project particularly as to summer residents The growth in population will depend largely on the increase in popularity that beach life holds for the general public ~- -----_ - 1 ~_ (gt ~oomiddotmiddot COo

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40

Page 10: TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 123A

Road 123 over Kings Causeway Branch Milford Neck Wildlife Area Kent County Delaware 1933

State Highway Bridge 123A is a 13shy10 single span timber beam bridge with a timber superstructure and substructure Beams 4X12 in section support the deck composed of 4X10 planks that have been paved over There is a simple

30

State Bridge 123A

wood railing composed of 4X6 posts and 2X6 rails The superstructure is supported by timber bents each comprising seven piles 12 in diameter which support a 10X12 header The straight wing walls are constructed of 4X10 planks The bridge is 21-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 123A was built in 1933 under State

Highway Department contract 297 as part of a project to construct a slag road between Thompsonville and Sour Apple Tree a distance of 59 miles This project involved the construction of the present bridge and the provision of 24 pipe culverts to improve drainage on the road which was reported covered with standing water wherever the road went through a wooded section The road construction contract was executed with the Wilson Contracting Company of Wilmington Delaware for a bid price of $16740 of which an estimated $740 applied to the construction of the bridge Bridge 123A replaced a previous timber structure at the same site Original drawings dated February 1933 are on file at the Delaware Department of Transportation Notes on the drawings specify the use of creosoted timber piles and lumber acceptable materials included southern yellow pine douglas fir southern cypress and oak The wood was treated with Grade 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Like other small timber bridges of this period Bridge 123A was designed for a 15 ton truck load without impact Handwritten notes on the drawings indicate that materials were supplied by the Century Wood Preserving Company of Newport Delaware Excerpts from the drawings are presented on the following page

__

TIMBER

The majority of bridges surveyed on -Iloor4S___~LtE oSl14olP 6IlU ~E 4xT~0M __ nMrs ~IVlt__I secondary roads in southern Delaware are SMIootV _ Scrr r ~14rT ~ ~__0

J YuL ~sc-r~artA -pPftJor~w(simple timber bridges mostly single spans Ie ~- r S1Ir- pweuroSM7V HI~Av~ (~~__ arF9Q4A1t~) shy

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consisting of timber stringers on pile bents 7N~ sNnFN9rtM7 Ali ArCD H~

4gt- mr ~ ~_ r~-sIwith wood decks and railings Their 111 IO tJSlttlTr~7_~1 J~ JIIbr 7JooYIlt-zbull JrIVtrr~ 4Am ~J-7~A7JpoundL k pound4(1 hr ~ Ila-structural configuration is simple and o~ -9 J~poundINgtkuwRKt ~sk ashy4400

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most primitive types of early bridges State L 1_middotJ7X4middot d I~I---middot--- SO Ii f shy

~ I2LT ~TR~r 4T w~-a Va tIrlttlSoTGf ~CL ~ nyC ~IBridge No 123A is a typical southern

-- rHS dltn~~ 4_( Mot( 61 ~~Delaware timber bridge which appears to I~- T~1Z seA ~~CP~IQIVrPlpoundpound7JllUv ~ _~ - shyn-0Ji)~ 411~ Usr~trrltlIJCTS~~A(retain much of its original fabric it was built J r PrlJN - shy

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J r shyas part of a project to improve the rural

S-nrvtlltI~n--~4fs7ll h_g~

Jl9NL~N~UvcL~ J~AiQ~ ~rtransportation network in Kent County The -wSJlIr ~1fI1I r~~MJy~ 7Aot ~~4otM -AoW 4Lrnature of the timber bridge presumes RsrH ONFraquo~2T~n

ENP E~IIArID UuIJSOTpound ~middotr-el c~ g 7c fifrequent replacement of members as wear Cru PI7ltess V8~r411 ore lFfIVQ M1-~R4n 4and deterioration take their toll timber 7N~ h~A 6T8A )I-Ch JI)n

ttJW~cr-decking and railings are especially H~

~LrcweDpoundlewt9rJyenAlttl-tpoundTmiddot Nn inT~ ~SRT~e tIR IOTKAit 1He-e-rvulnerable As long as the bridge retains J1~ ftU -NldIS ~euro89~ 6 4tR7fi

~ R~the majority of its original superstructure - ~ ~ TNpound 5TJiNC~ JS ~ Tlt hi5

~8~ 1Nc PftgtBA6LE U-Tgtf 0 CLpoundOJ07rJJ -pound$ JS 22 rar 114 Dtr MNUrand substructure it was considered to Fi1r~ ~ ~ ~

retain sufficient integrity to be significant as I II ~ _ ~ shy r--- - Ia representative example of the type I-t-1 r _ _ dLJ -i shy

111- il ~

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State Bridge 708

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 708

Route 24 over Love Creek Marshtown Sussex County Delaware 1939

Delaware State Bridge 708 is a 21 span timber bridge 400-0 long The spans are equally spaced 18-9 apart The bridge was built along a vertical curve It is composed of 8 x 14 timber beams spaced 1-6 apart A 6 deep concrete deck has been placed atop the bridges timber frame

32

and deck The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on piles 12-15 in diameter and has straight timber wing walls The bents are braced diagonally There is a timber pedestrian walkway 4-0 wide cantilevered on the west elevation The walkway has a timber outside rail 3-0 in height The bridge is 33-0 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and a 4-0 sidewalk on one side The vehicular railing measures 3-6 high

and consists of timber posts a 2 x 6 top rail and a metal intermediate rail

The Delaware Department of Transportations records state that Bridge 708 was built in 1939 and underwent alterations or repairs in 1983 Original drawings dated 1938-1939 note this bridge replaced a 1933 creosote structure at this site Portions of the 1939 drawings appear on the following page As originally constructed it consisted of simple timber spans comprising stringers on bents The timber deck was covered by a thin bituminous concrete wearing surface The contract was awarded on June 16 1939 to Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware for $2481490 Studies for various lengths were made for this replacement bridge alternatives included a 172 bridge a 210 bridge costing $31000 and a 400 bridge AG Livingston Highway Department Bridge Engineer wrote to WW Mack Chief Engineer that the 400 length was chosen due to the soft ground at the site and the desirability of a concrete wearing surface

The Love Creek Bridge was noted in the 1939 Highway Department Annual Report as one of the years highlights in Sussex County A photograph from the 1939 Annual Report is shown on the first page of this section Part of a major

--

TIMBER

improvement to a highway carrying very heavy traffic of pleasure-bound motorists

3~ 10bound for Rehoboth and Oak Orchard during the summer months the building of J4- - _ __ I-CJ-I

-------~-- ------ shy~ j u iJr- ~~ --- ~

dv7I-1ov3 CoINC4TAiLove Creek Bridge and its approaches has ~

40 sJC1ltC bull ~ eliminated one of the danger spots on this J ~ t )~Jr

road The alignment on this section has been eased and the bridge widened J

IZ~~-tlt J ~

State Bridge No 708 is an exceptionally long multiple span example of a simple timber bridge The individual spans are representative of the type and the bridges history illustrates the economy of the type even as a multiple-span structure Comprising 21 spans it measures 400 feet long most timber girder bridges in southern Delaware consist of

I 5 5only one span usually less than 20 feet i~-- ~-shylong Bridge 708 is significant as an unusual variation of a common type and (2) regfor its association with the development of the road network in Sussex County during

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this period when efforts were directed PILE BENT SECTION toward facilitating travel to the growing seaside resorts

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33

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 9A

Route 6 over Mill Creek Smyrna Kent County Delaware 1936

State Highway Bridge 9A (Mill Creek Bridge) is a 100-0 composite concrete and timber bridge A five span timber and concrete slab superstructure is combined with a substructure of timber bents and timber abutments Each span measures 20-0 The parapet consists of concrete posts and rails The bridge is 23-6 wide and carries two lanes of traffic The

34

State Bridge 9A Mill Creek Bridge

substructure has been reinforced with steel I-beams and the flared wing walls are made of steel sheeting The timber bents have been augmented with steel bents and the underside of the slab appears satisfactory but is difficult to see well

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 9A was built in 1936 Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware were the contractors for a bid price of $6820 The bridge was highlighted in the State

Highway Departments annual report for 1936 as an example of unusual construction involving a new and very economical design its serviceability will be watched with interest by the Departments engineers Two photographs of Bridge 9A from the 1936 Annual Report are presented on the following page It was noted that the Vines Creek Bridge in Sussex County (Bridge 445) which was also placed under contract in 1936 was a similar design and both replaced narrow obsolescent structures

Original drawings dated June 1935 detail the bridges configuration Drawing notes indicate that Bridge 9A replaced a pony truss bridge at this site The typical section for this bridge shows a composite structure incorporating timber and concrete Drawing notes indicate special provisions for material placement to form a composite beam using 2X8 laminated timber with shear developers and uplift spikes and covered with approximately 5 inches of concrete The bridge was designed for a 15 ton truck with 30 impact live load The drawing notes specified that southern yellow pine douglas fir oak and southern cypress were acceptable materials treated with 14 pounds of grade no 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Added notes on the drawings document the construction process Excerpts from the drawings are

TIMBER

presented on the following page In 1970 under contract 70-05-001 it was repaired with steel reinforcement to the substructure

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance and exemplifies the receptiveness to innovation which characterized the bridge engineers of the State Highway Department during this period This new type of structure offered the advantage of utilizing economical materials and Department engineers were quick to test its merits It is significant as one of only three composite timberconcrete bridges surveyed in Delaware

Bridge 9A as it appeared in the 1936 Annual Report

showing deck before and after placing concrete

35

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36

TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 445

Omar Bridge Road 54 over Vines Creek Frankford Sussex County Delaware 1937

State Highway Bridge Number 445 Omar Bridge is a three span combination timber and concrete bridge Each span measures 20-0 for an overall length of 60shy0 It carries two lanes of traffic with a deck width of 26-0 The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising a 12 x 12 beam supported by six creosoted 12shydiameter pilings set on six-foot centers with cross bracing The timber wing walls are straight with perpendicular extensions on

Stale Bridge 445 Omar Bridge

the southwest and northeast The deck is a composite slab structure comprising timber and concrete The bridge has a concrete parapet featuring large stepped blocks at the portals and above the piers spanned by arched balustrades The parapet incorporates a curb and fascia a series of perforations at the level of the roadway provide for drainage

Delaware Department of Transportation records indicate that Bridge Number 445 was built in 1937 under State Highway Department contract 543 (Federal Aid Project 173B) replacing a previous structure at this site Bids were received March 16 1938 and the contract was

awarded to the Old Line Construction Company of Chestertown Maryland for $16851 As with other large timber pile structures of the period in the region problems developed in constructing the substructure adequate bearing could not be obtained with 24 piles as designed so piles averaging 45 in length were substituted and details of abutment bent design were revised The increase in pile length was partially responsible for a cost overrun of $173367 The structure was completed on September 24 1938 Original drawings document the construction methods including placement of concrete reinforcement and construction of the composite floor system which is very similar to that of Bridge 9A Details from original drawings showing this floor system are presented on the following page along with other excerpts

This composite structure comprising a three span composite timber-concrete bridge is unusual in Sussex County and has considerable technological significance It is similar to the Mill Creek Bridge of 1936 in Smyrna Kent County (Bridge 9A) specifications for the Omar Bridge conform to those for the Mill Creek Bridge in many respects Bridge 445 is considered significant as one of only three composite timber-concrete structures surveyed in Delaware

37

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TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 707

Road 50 over Silver Lake Rehoboth Beach Sussex County Delaware 1938

Delaware State Highway Bridge 707 Lake Bridge is a thirteen span combination timber and concrete bridge 260-2 long The spans are equally spaced at 20-0 The deck is a composite slab structure and the parapet is concrete The parapet is decorated with rectangular shaped arched pointed openings between

State BrUlge 707 Lake Bridge

columns These columns are spaced 6-4 apart A concrete fascia with a broad segmental arch curve also ornaments the bridge The fascia is 1-8 wide at the crown of the arch and 4-0 above the water level The concrete deck parapet and fascia are supported by timber members The substructure is timber with timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on pilings and U-shaped timber wing walls The bridges timber bents are laterally braced with horizontal struts Two joints and double piers support the structure at the fourth and

ninth pier The bridge is 30-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and two sidewalks There are four decorative lamps on the bridges west elevation

The records of the Delaware Department of Transportation state that Bridge 707 was built in 1938 under contract 532 Original drawings indicate that this bridge replaced a 1928 timber bridge The drawings show construction details of the composite system laminated wood flooring using uplift spikes and shear developers to be incorporated in a concrete roadway surface Drawing notes indicate that a similar bridge was constructed East of Smyrna (Bridge 9A Bridge 445 is also similar) Portions of the original drawings are presented on the following page The bridge was designed to carry a 15 ton truck with impact The construction of Bridge 707 was a component of Federal Aid Project 113 which involved the construction of a new road between Rehoboth and Bethany Beach a distance of 1265 miles Project 113B provided for the construction of the Silver Lake Bridge The project was plagued by slow delivery of materials and encountered a brief setback when a heavy windstorm blew the contractors pile driver into the lake Nevertheless the bridge was completed and opened to traffic on April 8 1939

39

_ __

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and composite timber-concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance In addition its relatively high degree of architectural elaboration may reflect the increasing economic importance of Delawares seashore resorts in the late 1930s The project of which the bridge construction was a part was intended to facilitate travel to and frorn Hle growing resorts of Rehoboth and Bethany Beach The Federal Aid Program project statement also predicted that the route would be greatly increased in importance by the location of a permanent inlet to Indian River which is now being considered by the US Engineers and this Bridge becomes necessary to adequately take care of the increased traffic Upon completion of the project the inspection report noted there are real possibilities of growth in population along the project particularly as to summer residents The growth in population will depend largely on the increase in popularity that beach life holds for the general public ~- -----_ - 1 ~_ (gt ~oomiddotmiddot COo

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Elevation and balustrade details from original 1937 drawings for Bridge 707

I ~ r

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fL ~__ N4 4_ -lt-- e-l_- I ~--_pound--_

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40

Page 11: TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

__

TIMBER

The majority of bridges surveyed on -Iloor4S___~LtE oSl14olP 6IlU ~E 4xT~0M __ nMrs ~IVlt__I secondary roads in southern Delaware are SMIootV _ Scrr r ~14rT ~ ~__0

J YuL ~sc-r~artA -pPftJor~w(simple timber bridges mostly single spans Ie ~- r S1Ir- pweuroSM7V HI~Av~ (~~__ arF9Q4A1t~) shy

~~

consisting of timber stringers on pile bents 7N~ sNnFN9rtM7 Ali ArCD H~

4gt- mr ~ ~_ r~-sIwith wood decks and railings Their 111 IO tJSlttlTr~7_~1 J~ JIIbr 7JooYIlt-zbull JrIVtrr~ 4Am ~J-7~A7JpoundL k pound4(1 hr ~ Ila-structural configuration is simple and o~ -9 J~poundINgtkuwRKt ~sk ashy4400

II ~ Jum~l t-rJs ~ tkrrPTtI9~represents the continued use of one of the 118pound11 T~rrg Njnr e-~b~poundr-D~611

0

wSTSr -

CAL~So~ Q( iW~~ ~ ~ oQr ~oCta 5Pttln~~770N~9~-+a IiIwr~~

r-yl~ ~9U ar-df9ltA(II NnW htampc

most primitive types of early bridges State L 1_middotJ7X4middot d I~I---middot--- SO Ii f shy

~ I2LT ~TR~r 4T w~-a Va tIrlttlSoTGf ~CL ~ nyC ~IBridge No 123A is a typical southern

-- rHS dltn~~ 4_( Mot( 61 ~~Delaware timber bridge which appears to I~- T~1Z seA ~~CP~IQIVrPlpoundpound7JllUv ~ _~ - shyn-0Ji)~ 411~ Usr~trrltlIJCTS~~A(retain much of its original fabric it was built J r PrlJN - shy

rlTLD44 -- dts7N~~~~h~s-n 4AN ~IIIS 4War ~ JJaes ~ c

J r shyas part of a project to improve the rural

S-nrvtlltI~n--~4fs7ll h_g~

Jl9NL~N~UvcL~ J~AiQ~ ~rtransportation network in Kent County The -wSJlIr ~1fI1I r~~MJy~ 7Aot ~~4otM -AoW 4Lrnature of the timber bridge presumes RsrH ONFraquo~2T~n

ENP E~IIArID UuIJSOTpound ~middotr-el c~ g 7c fifrequent replacement of members as wear Cru PI7ltess V8~r411 ore lFfIVQ M1-~R4n 4and deterioration take their toll timber 7N~ h~A 6T8A )I-Ch JI)n

ttJW~cr-decking and railings are especially H~

~LrcweDpoundlewt9rJyenAlttl-tpoundTmiddot Nn inT~ ~SRT~e tIR IOTKAit 1He-e-rvulnerable As long as the bridge retains J1~ ftU -NldIS ~euro89~ 6 4tR7fi

~ R~the majority of its original superstructure - ~ ~ TNpound 5TJiNC~ JS ~ Tlt hi5

~8~ 1Nc PftgtBA6LE U-Tgtf 0 CLpoundOJ07rJJ -pound$ JS 22 rar 114 Dtr MNUrand substructure it was considered to Fi1r~ ~ ~ ~

retain sufficient integrity to be significant as I II ~ _ ~ shy r--- - Ia representative example of the type I-t-1 r _ _ dLJ -i shy

111- il ~

J~ I t ic

I 1-=1 - plusmn~ u ~

ft t zmiddotJiq6T- - r=- __ _ ~ ~- - IT--J - ~l ~ i Ji- -- 2 -- -td=ltr ~

I 1f--l+I tr~ UfJ j-1r l ~ Lr~ -tlmiddot

~ ~I I ~J -Frill n~I I _

Elevation plan and section from original 1933 drawings for Bridge 123A

f-shy

uyen~_ shynlttr 6n

~ 100

HAJJ rYPr~f SCtrIDIV 31

State Bridge 708

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 708

Route 24 over Love Creek Marshtown Sussex County Delaware 1939

Delaware State Bridge 708 is a 21 span timber bridge 400-0 long The spans are equally spaced 18-9 apart The bridge was built along a vertical curve It is composed of 8 x 14 timber beams spaced 1-6 apart A 6 deep concrete deck has been placed atop the bridges timber frame

32

and deck The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on piles 12-15 in diameter and has straight timber wing walls The bents are braced diagonally There is a timber pedestrian walkway 4-0 wide cantilevered on the west elevation The walkway has a timber outside rail 3-0 in height The bridge is 33-0 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and a 4-0 sidewalk on one side The vehicular railing measures 3-6 high

and consists of timber posts a 2 x 6 top rail and a metal intermediate rail

The Delaware Department of Transportations records state that Bridge 708 was built in 1939 and underwent alterations or repairs in 1983 Original drawings dated 1938-1939 note this bridge replaced a 1933 creosote structure at this site Portions of the 1939 drawings appear on the following page As originally constructed it consisted of simple timber spans comprising stringers on bents The timber deck was covered by a thin bituminous concrete wearing surface The contract was awarded on June 16 1939 to Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware for $2481490 Studies for various lengths were made for this replacement bridge alternatives included a 172 bridge a 210 bridge costing $31000 and a 400 bridge AG Livingston Highway Department Bridge Engineer wrote to WW Mack Chief Engineer that the 400 length was chosen due to the soft ground at the site and the desirability of a concrete wearing surface

The Love Creek Bridge was noted in the 1939 Highway Department Annual Report as one of the years highlights in Sussex County A photograph from the 1939 Annual Report is shown on the first page of this section Part of a major

--

TIMBER

improvement to a highway carrying very heavy traffic of pleasure-bound motorists

3~ 10bound for Rehoboth and Oak Orchard during the summer months the building of J4- - _ __ I-CJ-I

-------~-- ------ shy~ j u iJr- ~~ --- ~

dv7I-1ov3 CoINC4TAiLove Creek Bridge and its approaches has ~

40 sJC1ltC bull ~ eliminated one of the danger spots on this J ~ t )~Jr

road The alignment on this section has been eased and the bridge widened J

IZ~~-tlt J ~

State Bridge No 708 is an exceptionally long multiple span example of a simple timber bridge The individual spans are representative of the type and the bridges history illustrates the economy of the type even as a multiple-span structure Comprising 21 spans it measures 400 feet long most timber girder bridges in southern Delaware consist of

I 5 5only one span usually less than 20 feet i~-- ~-shylong Bridge 708 is significant as an unusual variation of a common type and (2) regfor its association with the development of the road network in Sussex County during

T

J (jltZ tJr

5Z l23_ I

I

t~ct (J ~sr

reg 8J1AC[ BEfrlfT9- 89~ IOIII~1314

-a~-1

l~-60T

1d

~~oLT

bull J bulla (9 DLT

J bull q It 4~

C -r Cf

LH~

~L~

5Zmiddot __S~~_l~ I fgtj~E

o

this period when efforts were directed PILE BENT SECTION toward facilitating travel to the growing seaside resorts

__ 4~9~_i_~qO~-9Y _ I ~shy

-~ j ~ HU40tl SCHeeL

~ MIDNAV -

~ shy ltgt - ~ ~ ~Ii ~ c ~ ~ -

shy ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ or 0 ~ lt ~ ~ ~ 0 ll III ~ ~

q)

m1= -shy

- ~~~ --- -~--- -- ~_- --__-- -- - -_~shymiddotu middotmiddot~~I----- - ~ 1 2 bull 10 bull bull ~ 17 I I

Elevation and section of original 1939 drawings for Bridge 708 ELEVATION

33

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 9A

Route 6 over Mill Creek Smyrna Kent County Delaware 1936

State Highway Bridge 9A (Mill Creek Bridge) is a 100-0 composite concrete and timber bridge A five span timber and concrete slab superstructure is combined with a substructure of timber bents and timber abutments Each span measures 20-0 The parapet consists of concrete posts and rails The bridge is 23-6 wide and carries two lanes of traffic The

34

State Bridge 9A Mill Creek Bridge

substructure has been reinforced with steel I-beams and the flared wing walls are made of steel sheeting The timber bents have been augmented with steel bents and the underside of the slab appears satisfactory but is difficult to see well

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 9A was built in 1936 Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware were the contractors for a bid price of $6820 The bridge was highlighted in the State

Highway Departments annual report for 1936 as an example of unusual construction involving a new and very economical design its serviceability will be watched with interest by the Departments engineers Two photographs of Bridge 9A from the 1936 Annual Report are presented on the following page It was noted that the Vines Creek Bridge in Sussex County (Bridge 445) which was also placed under contract in 1936 was a similar design and both replaced narrow obsolescent structures

Original drawings dated June 1935 detail the bridges configuration Drawing notes indicate that Bridge 9A replaced a pony truss bridge at this site The typical section for this bridge shows a composite structure incorporating timber and concrete Drawing notes indicate special provisions for material placement to form a composite beam using 2X8 laminated timber with shear developers and uplift spikes and covered with approximately 5 inches of concrete The bridge was designed for a 15 ton truck with 30 impact live load The drawing notes specified that southern yellow pine douglas fir oak and southern cypress were acceptable materials treated with 14 pounds of grade no 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Added notes on the drawings document the construction process Excerpts from the drawings are

TIMBER

presented on the following page In 1970 under contract 70-05-001 it was repaired with steel reinforcement to the substructure

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance and exemplifies the receptiveness to innovation which characterized the bridge engineers of the State Highway Department during this period This new type of structure offered the advantage of utilizing economical materials and Department engineers were quick to test its merits It is significant as one of only three composite timberconcrete bridges surveyed in Delaware

Bridge 9A as it appeared in the 1936 Annual Report

showing deck before and after placing concrete

35

- ro YIlNIl ro WOOpNP ElleN shyJ~l)

a=c HW

middot~Hmiddot rDashy _o~

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iMi z

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~ $~ _~ ~-== -~ ~ ---j ~ -- -L---~~--- - -~-- __ ~hI -=- --lt=__- ---- ~__-----shyA~ - -==- IE-~~ __~~ d ~~~_ __ _------- - --==-===_ gt ~ ~~ ~ ----- lt~=~-===~~ ~p_ry~r~r

poundLpoundVRTION ~ bullIH

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Elevation and section of original 1935 drawings for Bridge 9A

36

TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 445

Omar Bridge Road 54 over Vines Creek Frankford Sussex County Delaware 1937

State Highway Bridge Number 445 Omar Bridge is a three span combination timber and concrete bridge Each span measures 20-0 for an overall length of 60shy0 It carries two lanes of traffic with a deck width of 26-0 The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising a 12 x 12 beam supported by six creosoted 12shydiameter pilings set on six-foot centers with cross bracing The timber wing walls are straight with perpendicular extensions on

Stale Bridge 445 Omar Bridge

the southwest and northeast The deck is a composite slab structure comprising timber and concrete The bridge has a concrete parapet featuring large stepped blocks at the portals and above the piers spanned by arched balustrades The parapet incorporates a curb and fascia a series of perforations at the level of the roadway provide for drainage

Delaware Department of Transportation records indicate that Bridge Number 445 was built in 1937 under State Highway Department contract 543 (Federal Aid Project 173B) replacing a previous structure at this site Bids were received March 16 1938 and the contract was

awarded to the Old Line Construction Company of Chestertown Maryland for $16851 As with other large timber pile structures of the period in the region problems developed in constructing the substructure adequate bearing could not be obtained with 24 piles as designed so piles averaging 45 in length were substituted and details of abutment bent design were revised The increase in pile length was partially responsible for a cost overrun of $173367 The structure was completed on September 24 1938 Original drawings document the construction methods including placement of concrete reinforcement and construction of the composite floor system which is very similar to that of Bridge 9A Details from original drawings showing this floor system are presented on the following page along with other excerpts

This composite structure comprising a three span composite timber-concrete bridge is unusual in Sussex County and has considerable technological significance It is similar to the Mill Creek Bridge of 1936 in Smyrna Kent County (Bridge 9A) specifications for the Omar Bridge conform to those for the Mill Creek Bridge in many respects Bridge 445 is considered significant as one of only three composite timber-concrete structures surveyed in Delaware

37

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utusual timber-concrete composite deck ~stcm

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Elevation and details pmll original 1937 drawings for Bridge 445 38

TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 707

Road 50 over Silver Lake Rehoboth Beach Sussex County Delaware 1938

Delaware State Highway Bridge 707 Lake Bridge is a thirteen span combination timber and concrete bridge 260-2 long The spans are equally spaced at 20-0 The deck is a composite slab structure and the parapet is concrete The parapet is decorated with rectangular shaped arched pointed openings between

State BrUlge 707 Lake Bridge

columns These columns are spaced 6-4 apart A concrete fascia with a broad segmental arch curve also ornaments the bridge The fascia is 1-8 wide at the crown of the arch and 4-0 above the water level The concrete deck parapet and fascia are supported by timber members The substructure is timber with timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on pilings and U-shaped timber wing walls The bridges timber bents are laterally braced with horizontal struts Two joints and double piers support the structure at the fourth and

ninth pier The bridge is 30-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and two sidewalks There are four decorative lamps on the bridges west elevation

The records of the Delaware Department of Transportation state that Bridge 707 was built in 1938 under contract 532 Original drawings indicate that this bridge replaced a 1928 timber bridge The drawings show construction details of the composite system laminated wood flooring using uplift spikes and shear developers to be incorporated in a concrete roadway surface Drawing notes indicate that a similar bridge was constructed East of Smyrna (Bridge 9A Bridge 445 is also similar) Portions of the original drawings are presented on the following page The bridge was designed to carry a 15 ton truck with impact The construction of Bridge 707 was a component of Federal Aid Project 113 which involved the construction of a new road between Rehoboth and Bethany Beach a distance of 1265 miles Project 113B provided for the construction of the Silver Lake Bridge The project was plagued by slow delivery of materials and encountered a brief setback when a heavy windstorm blew the contractors pile driver into the lake Nevertheless the bridge was completed and opened to traffic on April 8 1939

39

_ __

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and composite timber-concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance In addition its relatively high degree of architectural elaboration may reflect the increasing economic importance of Delawares seashore resorts in the late 1930s The project of which the bridge construction was a part was intended to facilitate travel to and frorn Hle growing resorts of Rehoboth and Bethany Beach The Federal Aid Program project statement also predicted that the route would be greatly increased in importance by the location of a permanent inlet to Indian River which is now being considered by the US Engineers and this Bridge becomes necessary to adequately take care of the increased traffic Upon completion of the project the inspection report noted there are real possibilities of growth in population along the project particularly as to summer residents The growth in population will depend largely on the increase in popularity that beach life holds for the general public ~- -----_ - 1 ~_ (gt ~oomiddotmiddot COo

-to- ~gt-_ __ ~~ ---------l-o-- z03_

n~~

-~

==1 Lu~~~M_ i ~ I ~ k=tm I~l ~ ~ I iiifij OiOllifOiOOOll~~~I ioQpoundyen]~~ ~=r~oC~~ l~oO~Q I~~ lfuful I iraquoOOo iijiij~~ QaOo~~oooll~ cOiOOl ~I iGQIlOCl~ ~ jil~ I~lt--L -shy__ -=t=~ HU ~ _k~ 1F- I I CO_

I J - - -~ -~ - ~ -4 J - -~ i bull -~ - -M - I

H9LF PILe BpoundNT s~CTOtV

~tJshy

J~=-_~- --3J~-~~ ~~omiddoti _ jJ I 1J -middot ----- ---_ _ ---~~~j

J~ ~ai _ Smiddot Jai S 0 I 5 10 1 -r-- ---

A I I I I I I _ 1 IJLL _ ~_I--f-_A)~ I I I 1 I --_11---~R----- -_~-------_I

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Elevation and balustrade details from original 1937 drawings for Bridge 707

I ~ r

~~oo- JCgtoecpoundomiddot _ j( ~~_~_~~c- ~-a=--shy

fL ~__ N4 4_ -lt-- e-l_- I ~--_pound--_

J~ lt i ~ poundLEvqTION

40

Page 12: TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

State Bridge 708

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 708

Route 24 over Love Creek Marshtown Sussex County Delaware 1939

Delaware State Bridge 708 is a 21 span timber bridge 400-0 long The spans are equally spaced 18-9 apart The bridge was built along a vertical curve It is composed of 8 x 14 timber beams spaced 1-6 apart A 6 deep concrete deck has been placed atop the bridges timber frame

32

and deck The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on piles 12-15 in diameter and has straight timber wing walls The bents are braced diagonally There is a timber pedestrian walkway 4-0 wide cantilevered on the west elevation The walkway has a timber outside rail 3-0 in height The bridge is 33-0 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and a 4-0 sidewalk on one side The vehicular railing measures 3-6 high

and consists of timber posts a 2 x 6 top rail and a metal intermediate rail

The Delaware Department of Transportations records state that Bridge 708 was built in 1939 and underwent alterations or repairs in 1983 Original drawings dated 1938-1939 note this bridge replaced a 1933 creosote structure at this site Portions of the 1939 drawings appear on the following page As originally constructed it consisted of simple timber spans comprising stringers on bents The timber deck was covered by a thin bituminous concrete wearing surface The contract was awarded on June 16 1939 to Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware for $2481490 Studies for various lengths were made for this replacement bridge alternatives included a 172 bridge a 210 bridge costing $31000 and a 400 bridge AG Livingston Highway Department Bridge Engineer wrote to WW Mack Chief Engineer that the 400 length was chosen due to the soft ground at the site and the desirability of a concrete wearing surface

The Love Creek Bridge was noted in the 1939 Highway Department Annual Report as one of the years highlights in Sussex County A photograph from the 1939 Annual Report is shown on the first page of this section Part of a major

--

TIMBER

improvement to a highway carrying very heavy traffic of pleasure-bound motorists

3~ 10bound for Rehoboth and Oak Orchard during the summer months the building of J4- - _ __ I-CJ-I

-------~-- ------ shy~ j u iJr- ~~ --- ~

dv7I-1ov3 CoINC4TAiLove Creek Bridge and its approaches has ~

40 sJC1ltC bull ~ eliminated one of the danger spots on this J ~ t )~Jr

road The alignment on this section has been eased and the bridge widened J

IZ~~-tlt J ~

State Bridge No 708 is an exceptionally long multiple span example of a simple timber bridge The individual spans are representative of the type and the bridges history illustrates the economy of the type even as a multiple-span structure Comprising 21 spans it measures 400 feet long most timber girder bridges in southern Delaware consist of

I 5 5only one span usually less than 20 feet i~-- ~-shylong Bridge 708 is significant as an unusual variation of a common type and (2) regfor its association with the development of the road network in Sussex County during

T

J (jltZ tJr

5Z l23_ I

I

t~ct (J ~sr

reg 8J1AC[ BEfrlfT9- 89~ IOIII~1314

-a~-1

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1d

~~oLT

bull J bulla (9 DLT

J bull q It 4~

C -r Cf

LH~

~L~

5Zmiddot __S~~_l~ I fgtj~E

o

this period when efforts were directed PILE BENT SECTION toward facilitating travel to the growing seaside resorts

__ 4~9~_i_~qO~-9Y _ I ~shy

-~ j ~ HU40tl SCHeeL

~ MIDNAV -

~ shy ltgt - ~ ~ ~Ii ~ c ~ ~ -

shy ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ or 0 ~ lt ~ ~ ~ 0 ll III ~ ~

q)

m1= -shy

- ~~~ --- -~--- -- ~_- --__-- -- - -_~shymiddotu middotmiddot~~I----- - ~ 1 2 bull 10 bull bull ~ 17 I I

Elevation and section of original 1939 drawings for Bridge 708 ELEVATION

33

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 9A

Route 6 over Mill Creek Smyrna Kent County Delaware 1936

State Highway Bridge 9A (Mill Creek Bridge) is a 100-0 composite concrete and timber bridge A five span timber and concrete slab superstructure is combined with a substructure of timber bents and timber abutments Each span measures 20-0 The parapet consists of concrete posts and rails The bridge is 23-6 wide and carries two lanes of traffic The

34

State Bridge 9A Mill Creek Bridge

substructure has been reinforced with steel I-beams and the flared wing walls are made of steel sheeting The timber bents have been augmented with steel bents and the underside of the slab appears satisfactory but is difficult to see well

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 9A was built in 1936 Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware were the contractors for a bid price of $6820 The bridge was highlighted in the State

Highway Departments annual report for 1936 as an example of unusual construction involving a new and very economical design its serviceability will be watched with interest by the Departments engineers Two photographs of Bridge 9A from the 1936 Annual Report are presented on the following page It was noted that the Vines Creek Bridge in Sussex County (Bridge 445) which was also placed under contract in 1936 was a similar design and both replaced narrow obsolescent structures

Original drawings dated June 1935 detail the bridges configuration Drawing notes indicate that Bridge 9A replaced a pony truss bridge at this site The typical section for this bridge shows a composite structure incorporating timber and concrete Drawing notes indicate special provisions for material placement to form a composite beam using 2X8 laminated timber with shear developers and uplift spikes and covered with approximately 5 inches of concrete The bridge was designed for a 15 ton truck with 30 impact live load The drawing notes specified that southern yellow pine douglas fir oak and southern cypress were acceptable materials treated with 14 pounds of grade no 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Added notes on the drawings document the construction process Excerpts from the drawings are

TIMBER

presented on the following page In 1970 under contract 70-05-001 it was repaired with steel reinforcement to the substructure

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance and exemplifies the receptiveness to innovation which characterized the bridge engineers of the State Highway Department during this period This new type of structure offered the advantage of utilizing economical materials and Department engineers were quick to test its merits It is significant as one of only three composite timberconcrete bridges surveyed in Delaware

Bridge 9A as it appeared in the 1936 Annual Report

showing deck before and after placing concrete

35

- ro YIlNIl ro WOOpNP ElleN shyJ~l)

a=c HW

middot~Hmiddot rDashy _o~

4shy lt_ltII~ j~~middot-rmiddotjf~~~~~~~~~~~~tf~~~~~~~~o~~~i~i~~~~~~~~~~~~~l~~~J~~~~~~~~~~~[E~~~~~uJdL - -shy

iMi z

middot ~~ ~I - 1 _

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c--_ _ bullbull__ ---- _ ~ _

~ $~ _~ ~-== -~ ~ ---j ~ -- -L---~~--- - -~-- __ ~hI -=- --lt=__- ---- ~__-----shyA~ - -==- IE-~~ __~~ d ~~~_ __ _------- - --==-===_ gt ~ ~~ ~ ----- lt~=~-===~~ ~p_ry~r~r

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rI1 r FSshy

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Elevation and section of original 1935 drawings for Bridge 9A

36

TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 445

Omar Bridge Road 54 over Vines Creek Frankford Sussex County Delaware 1937

State Highway Bridge Number 445 Omar Bridge is a three span combination timber and concrete bridge Each span measures 20-0 for an overall length of 60shy0 It carries two lanes of traffic with a deck width of 26-0 The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising a 12 x 12 beam supported by six creosoted 12shydiameter pilings set on six-foot centers with cross bracing The timber wing walls are straight with perpendicular extensions on

Stale Bridge 445 Omar Bridge

the southwest and northeast The deck is a composite slab structure comprising timber and concrete The bridge has a concrete parapet featuring large stepped blocks at the portals and above the piers spanned by arched balustrades The parapet incorporates a curb and fascia a series of perforations at the level of the roadway provide for drainage

Delaware Department of Transportation records indicate that Bridge Number 445 was built in 1937 under State Highway Department contract 543 (Federal Aid Project 173B) replacing a previous structure at this site Bids were received March 16 1938 and the contract was

awarded to the Old Line Construction Company of Chestertown Maryland for $16851 As with other large timber pile structures of the period in the region problems developed in constructing the substructure adequate bearing could not be obtained with 24 piles as designed so piles averaging 45 in length were substituted and details of abutment bent design were revised The increase in pile length was partially responsible for a cost overrun of $173367 The structure was completed on September 24 1938 Original drawings document the construction methods including placement of concrete reinforcement and construction of the composite floor system which is very similar to that of Bridge 9A Details from original drawings showing this floor system are presented on the following page along with other excerpts

This composite structure comprising a three span composite timber-concrete bridge is unusual in Sussex County and has considerable technological significance It is similar to the Mill Creek Bridge of 1936 in Smyrna Kent County (Bridge 9A) specifications for the Omar Bridge conform to those for the Mill Creek Bridge in many respects Bridge 445 is considered significant as one of only three composite timber-concrete structures surveyed in Delaware

37

r OM _ - T IIRNKOJIIlgt

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TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 707

Road 50 over Silver Lake Rehoboth Beach Sussex County Delaware 1938

Delaware State Highway Bridge 707 Lake Bridge is a thirteen span combination timber and concrete bridge 260-2 long The spans are equally spaced at 20-0 The deck is a composite slab structure and the parapet is concrete The parapet is decorated with rectangular shaped arched pointed openings between

State BrUlge 707 Lake Bridge

columns These columns are spaced 6-4 apart A concrete fascia with a broad segmental arch curve also ornaments the bridge The fascia is 1-8 wide at the crown of the arch and 4-0 above the water level The concrete deck parapet and fascia are supported by timber members The substructure is timber with timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on pilings and U-shaped timber wing walls The bridges timber bents are laterally braced with horizontal struts Two joints and double piers support the structure at the fourth and

ninth pier The bridge is 30-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and two sidewalks There are four decorative lamps on the bridges west elevation

The records of the Delaware Department of Transportation state that Bridge 707 was built in 1938 under contract 532 Original drawings indicate that this bridge replaced a 1928 timber bridge The drawings show construction details of the composite system laminated wood flooring using uplift spikes and shear developers to be incorporated in a concrete roadway surface Drawing notes indicate that a similar bridge was constructed East of Smyrna (Bridge 9A Bridge 445 is also similar) Portions of the original drawings are presented on the following page The bridge was designed to carry a 15 ton truck with impact The construction of Bridge 707 was a component of Federal Aid Project 113 which involved the construction of a new road between Rehoboth and Bethany Beach a distance of 1265 miles Project 113B provided for the construction of the Silver Lake Bridge The project was plagued by slow delivery of materials and encountered a brief setback when a heavy windstorm blew the contractors pile driver into the lake Nevertheless the bridge was completed and opened to traffic on April 8 1939

39

_ __

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and composite timber-concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance In addition its relatively high degree of architectural elaboration may reflect the increasing economic importance of Delawares seashore resorts in the late 1930s The project of which the bridge construction was a part was intended to facilitate travel to and frorn Hle growing resorts of Rehoboth and Bethany Beach The Federal Aid Program project statement also predicted that the route would be greatly increased in importance by the location of a permanent inlet to Indian River which is now being considered by the US Engineers and this Bridge becomes necessary to adequately take care of the increased traffic Upon completion of the project the inspection report noted there are real possibilities of growth in population along the project particularly as to summer residents The growth in population will depend largely on the increase in popularity that beach life holds for the general public ~- -----_ - 1 ~_ (gt ~oomiddotmiddot COo

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40

Page 13: TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

--

TIMBER

improvement to a highway carrying very heavy traffic of pleasure-bound motorists

3~ 10bound for Rehoboth and Oak Orchard during the summer months the building of J4- - _ __ I-CJ-I

-------~-- ------ shy~ j u iJr- ~~ --- ~

dv7I-1ov3 CoINC4TAiLove Creek Bridge and its approaches has ~

40 sJC1ltC bull ~ eliminated one of the danger spots on this J ~ t )~Jr

road The alignment on this section has been eased and the bridge widened J

IZ~~-tlt J ~

State Bridge No 708 is an exceptionally long multiple span example of a simple timber bridge The individual spans are representative of the type and the bridges history illustrates the economy of the type even as a multiple-span structure Comprising 21 spans it measures 400 feet long most timber girder bridges in southern Delaware consist of

I 5 5only one span usually less than 20 feet i~-- ~-shylong Bridge 708 is significant as an unusual variation of a common type and (2) regfor its association with the development of the road network in Sussex County during

T

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this period when efforts were directed PILE BENT SECTION toward facilitating travel to the growing seaside resorts

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Elevation and section of original 1939 drawings for Bridge 708 ELEVATION

33

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 9A

Route 6 over Mill Creek Smyrna Kent County Delaware 1936

State Highway Bridge 9A (Mill Creek Bridge) is a 100-0 composite concrete and timber bridge A five span timber and concrete slab superstructure is combined with a substructure of timber bents and timber abutments Each span measures 20-0 The parapet consists of concrete posts and rails The bridge is 23-6 wide and carries two lanes of traffic The

34

State Bridge 9A Mill Creek Bridge

substructure has been reinforced with steel I-beams and the flared wing walls are made of steel sheeting The timber bents have been augmented with steel bents and the underside of the slab appears satisfactory but is difficult to see well

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 9A was built in 1936 Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware were the contractors for a bid price of $6820 The bridge was highlighted in the State

Highway Departments annual report for 1936 as an example of unusual construction involving a new and very economical design its serviceability will be watched with interest by the Departments engineers Two photographs of Bridge 9A from the 1936 Annual Report are presented on the following page It was noted that the Vines Creek Bridge in Sussex County (Bridge 445) which was also placed under contract in 1936 was a similar design and both replaced narrow obsolescent structures

Original drawings dated June 1935 detail the bridges configuration Drawing notes indicate that Bridge 9A replaced a pony truss bridge at this site The typical section for this bridge shows a composite structure incorporating timber and concrete Drawing notes indicate special provisions for material placement to form a composite beam using 2X8 laminated timber with shear developers and uplift spikes and covered with approximately 5 inches of concrete The bridge was designed for a 15 ton truck with 30 impact live load The drawing notes specified that southern yellow pine douglas fir oak and southern cypress were acceptable materials treated with 14 pounds of grade no 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Added notes on the drawings document the construction process Excerpts from the drawings are

TIMBER

presented on the following page In 1970 under contract 70-05-001 it was repaired with steel reinforcement to the substructure

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance and exemplifies the receptiveness to innovation which characterized the bridge engineers of the State Highway Department during this period This new type of structure offered the advantage of utilizing economical materials and Department engineers were quick to test its merits It is significant as one of only three composite timberconcrete bridges surveyed in Delaware

Bridge 9A as it appeared in the 1936 Annual Report

showing deck before and after placing concrete

35

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Elevation and section of original 1935 drawings for Bridge 9A

36

TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 445

Omar Bridge Road 54 over Vines Creek Frankford Sussex County Delaware 1937

State Highway Bridge Number 445 Omar Bridge is a three span combination timber and concrete bridge Each span measures 20-0 for an overall length of 60shy0 It carries two lanes of traffic with a deck width of 26-0 The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising a 12 x 12 beam supported by six creosoted 12shydiameter pilings set on six-foot centers with cross bracing The timber wing walls are straight with perpendicular extensions on

Stale Bridge 445 Omar Bridge

the southwest and northeast The deck is a composite slab structure comprising timber and concrete The bridge has a concrete parapet featuring large stepped blocks at the portals and above the piers spanned by arched balustrades The parapet incorporates a curb and fascia a series of perforations at the level of the roadway provide for drainage

Delaware Department of Transportation records indicate that Bridge Number 445 was built in 1937 under State Highway Department contract 543 (Federal Aid Project 173B) replacing a previous structure at this site Bids were received March 16 1938 and the contract was

awarded to the Old Line Construction Company of Chestertown Maryland for $16851 As with other large timber pile structures of the period in the region problems developed in constructing the substructure adequate bearing could not be obtained with 24 piles as designed so piles averaging 45 in length were substituted and details of abutment bent design were revised The increase in pile length was partially responsible for a cost overrun of $173367 The structure was completed on September 24 1938 Original drawings document the construction methods including placement of concrete reinforcement and construction of the composite floor system which is very similar to that of Bridge 9A Details from original drawings showing this floor system are presented on the following page along with other excerpts

This composite structure comprising a three span composite timber-concrete bridge is unusual in Sussex County and has considerable technological significance It is similar to the Mill Creek Bridge of 1936 in Smyrna Kent County (Bridge 9A) specifications for the Omar Bridge conform to those for the Mill Creek Bridge in many respects Bridge 445 is considered significant as one of only three composite timber-concrete structures surveyed in Delaware

37

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TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 707

Road 50 over Silver Lake Rehoboth Beach Sussex County Delaware 1938

Delaware State Highway Bridge 707 Lake Bridge is a thirteen span combination timber and concrete bridge 260-2 long The spans are equally spaced at 20-0 The deck is a composite slab structure and the parapet is concrete The parapet is decorated with rectangular shaped arched pointed openings between

State BrUlge 707 Lake Bridge

columns These columns are spaced 6-4 apart A concrete fascia with a broad segmental arch curve also ornaments the bridge The fascia is 1-8 wide at the crown of the arch and 4-0 above the water level The concrete deck parapet and fascia are supported by timber members The substructure is timber with timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on pilings and U-shaped timber wing walls The bridges timber bents are laterally braced with horizontal struts Two joints and double piers support the structure at the fourth and

ninth pier The bridge is 30-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and two sidewalks There are four decorative lamps on the bridges west elevation

The records of the Delaware Department of Transportation state that Bridge 707 was built in 1938 under contract 532 Original drawings indicate that this bridge replaced a 1928 timber bridge The drawings show construction details of the composite system laminated wood flooring using uplift spikes and shear developers to be incorporated in a concrete roadway surface Drawing notes indicate that a similar bridge was constructed East of Smyrna (Bridge 9A Bridge 445 is also similar) Portions of the original drawings are presented on the following page The bridge was designed to carry a 15 ton truck with impact The construction of Bridge 707 was a component of Federal Aid Project 113 which involved the construction of a new road between Rehoboth and Bethany Beach a distance of 1265 miles Project 113B provided for the construction of the Silver Lake Bridge The project was plagued by slow delivery of materials and encountered a brief setback when a heavy windstorm blew the contractors pile driver into the lake Nevertheless the bridge was completed and opened to traffic on April 8 1939

39

_ __

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and composite timber-concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance In addition its relatively high degree of architectural elaboration may reflect the increasing economic importance of Delawares seashore resorts in the late 1930s The project of which the bridge construction was a part was intended to facilitate travel to and frorn Hle growing resorts of Rehoboth and Bethany Beach The Federal Aid Program project statement also predicted that the route would be greatly increased in importance by the location of a permanent inlet to Indian River which is now being considered by the US Engineers and this Bridge becomes necessary to adequately take care of the increased traffic Upon completion of the project the inspection report noted there are real possibilities of growth in population along the project particularly as to summer residents The growth in population will depend largely on the increase in popularity that beach life holds for the general public ~- -----_ - 1 ~_ (gt ~oomiddotmiddot COo

-to- ~gt-_ __ ~~ ---------l-o-- z03_

n~~

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Elevation and balustrade details from original 1937 drawings for Bridge 707

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40

Page 14: TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 9A

Route 6 over Mill Creek Smyrna Kent County Delaware 1936

State Highway Bridge 9A (Mill Creek Bridge) is a 100-0 composite concrete and timber bridge A five span timber and concrete slab superstructure is combined with a substructure of timber bents and timber abutments Each span measures 20-0 The parapet consists of concrete posts and rails The bridge is 23-6 wide and carries two lanes of traffic The

34

State Bridge 9A Mill Creek Bridge

substructure has been reinforced with steel I-beams and the flared wing walls are made of steel sheeting The timber bents have been augmented with steel bents and the underside of the slab appears satisfactory but is difficult to see well

Delaware Department of Transportation records state that Bridge 9A was built in 1936 Spear-Jones and Company Inc of Dover Delaware were the contractors for a bid price of $6820 The bridge was highlighted in the State

Highway Departments annual report for 1936 as an example of unusual construction involving a new and very economical design its serviceability will be watched with interest by the Departments engineers Two photographs of Bridge 9A from the 1936 Annual Report are presented on the following page It was noted that the Vines Creek Bridge in Sussex County (Bridge 445) which was also placed under contract in 1936 was a similar design and both replaced narrow obsolescent structures

Original drawings dated June 1935 detail the bridges configuration Drawing notes indicate that Bridge 9A replaced a pony truss bridge at this site The typical section for this bridge shows a composite structure incorporating timber and concrete Drawing notes indicate special provisions for material placement to form a composite beam using 2X8 laminated timber with shear developers and uplift spikes and covered with approximately 5 inches of concrete The bridge was designed for a 15 ton truck with 30 impact live load The drawing notes specified that southern yellow pine douglas fir oak and southern cypress were acceptable materials treated with 14 pounds of grade no 1 creosote oil under the full cell process Added notes on the drawings document the construction process Excerpts from the drawings are

TIMBER

presented on the following page In 1970 under contract 70-05-001 it was repaired with steel reinforcement to the substructure

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance and exemplifies the receptiveness to innovation which characterized the bridge engineers of the State Highway Department during this period This new type of structure offered the advantage of utilizing economical materials and Department engineers were quick to test its merits It is significant as one of only three composite timberconcrete bridges surveyed in Delaware

Bridge 9A as it appeared in the 1936 Annual Report

showing deck before and after placing concrete

35

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a=c HW

middot~Hmiddot rDashy _o~

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Elevation and section of original 1935 drawings for Bridge 9A

36

TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 445

Omar Bridge Road 54 over Vines Creek Frankford Sussex County Delaware 1937

State Highway Bridge Number 445 Omar Bridge is a three span combination timber and concrete bridge Each span measures 20-0 for an overall length of 60shy0 It carries two lanes of traffic with a deck width of 26-0 The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising a 12 x 12 beam supported by six creosoted 12shydiameter pilings set on six-foot centers with cross bracing The timber wing walls are straight with perpendicular extensions on

Stale Bridge 445 Omar Bridge

the southwest and northeast The deck is a composite slab structure comprising timber and concrete The bridge has a concrete parapet featuring large stepped blocks at the portals and above the piers spanned by arched balustrades The parapet incorporates a curb and fascia a series of perforations at the level of the roadway provide for drainage

Delaware Department of Transportation records indicate that Bridge Number 445 was built in 1937 under State Highway Department contract 543 (Federal Aid Project 173B) replacing a previous structure at this site Bids were received March 16 1938 and the contract was

awarded to the Old Line Construction Company of Chestertown Maryland for $16851 As with other large timber pile structures of the period in the region problems developed in constructing the substructure adequate bearing could not be obtained with 24 piles as designed so piles averaging 45 in length were substituted and details of abutment bent design were revised The increase in pile length was partially responsible for a cost overrun of $173367 The structure was completed on September 24 1938 Original drawings document the construction methods including placement of concrete reinforcement and construction of the composite floor system which is very similar to that of Bridge 9A Details from original drawings showing this floor system are presented on the following page along with other excerpts

This composite structure comprising a three span composite timber-concrete bridge is unusual in Sussex County and has considerable technological significance It is similar to the Mill Creek Bridge of 1936 in Smyrna Kent County (Bridge 9A) specifications for the Omar Bridge conform to those for the Mill Creek Bridge in many respects Bridge 445 is considered significant as one of only three composite timber-concrete structures surveyed in Delaware

37

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utusual timber-concrete composite deck ~stcm

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Elevation and details pmll original 1937 drawings for Bridge 445 38

TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 707

Road 50 over Silver Lake Rehoboth Beach Sussex County Delaware 1938

Delaware State Highway Bridge 707 Lake Bridge is a thirteen span combination timber and concrete bridge 260-2 long The spans are equally spaced at 20-0 The deck is a composite slab structure and the parapet is concrete The parapet is decorated with rectangular shaped arched pointed openings between

State BrUlge 707 Lake Bridge

columns These columns are spaced 6-4 apart A concrete fascia with a broad segmental arch curve also ornaments the bridge The fascia is 1-8 wide at the crown of the arch and 4-0 above the water level The concrete deck parapet and fascia are supported by timber members The substructure is timber with timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on pilings and U-shaped timber wing walls The bridges timber bents are laterally braced with horizontal struts Two joints and double piers support the structure at the fourth and

ninth pier The bridge is 30-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and two sidewalks There are four decorative lamps on the bridges west elevation

The records of the Delaware Department of Transportation state that Bridge 707 was built in 1938 under contract 532 Original drawings indicate that this bridge replaced a 1928 timber bridge The drawings show construction details of the composite system laminated wood flooring using uplift spikes and shear developers to be incorporated in a concrete roadway surface Drawing notes indicate that a similar bridge was constructed East of Smyrna (Bridge 9A Bridge 445 is also similar) Portions of the original drawings are presented on the following page The bridge was designed to carry a 15 ton truck with impact The construction of Bridge 707 was a component of Federal Aid Project 113 which involved the construction of a new road between Rehoboth and Bethany Beach a distance of 1265 miles Project 113B provided for the construction of the Silver Lake Bridge The project was plagued by slow delivery of materials and encountered a brief setback when a heavy windstorm blew the contractors pile driver into the lake Nevertheless the bridge was completed and opened to traffic on April 8 1939

39

_ __

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and composite timber-concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance In addition its relatively high degree of architectural elaboration may reflect the increasing economic importance of Delawares seashore resorts in the late 1930s The project of which the bridge construction was a part was intended to facilitate travel to and frorn Hle growing resorts of Rehoboth and Bethany Beach The Federal Aid Program project statement also predicted that the route would be greatly increased in importance by the location of a permanent inlet to Indian River which is now being considered by the US Engineers and this Bridge becomes necessary to adequately take care of the increased traffic Upon completion of the project the inspection report noted there are real possibilities of growth in population along the project particularly as to summer residents The growth in population will depend largely on the increase in popularity that beach life holds for the general public ~- -----_ - 1 ~_ (gt ~oomiddotmiddot COo

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40

Page 15: TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

TIMBER

presented on the following page In 1970 under contract 70-05-001 it was repaired with steel reinforcement to the substructure

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance and exemplifies the receptiveness to innovation which characterized the bridge engineers of the State Highway Department during this period This new type of structure offered the advantage of utilizing economical materials and Department engineers were quick to test its merits It is significant as one of only three composite timberconcrete bridges surveyed in Delaware

Bridge 9A as it appeared in the 1936 Annual Report

showing deck before and after placing concrete

35

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Elevation and section of original 1935 drawings for Bridge 9A

36

TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 445

Omar Bridge Road 54 over Vines Creek Frankford Sussex County Delaware 1937

State Highway Bridge Number 445 Omar Bridge is a three span combination timber and concrete bridge Each span measures 20-0 for an overall length of 60shy0 It carries two lanes of traffic with a deck width of 26-0 The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising a 12 x 12 beam supported by six creosoted 12shydiameter pilings set on six-foot centers with cross bracing The timber wing walls are straight with perpendicular extensions on

Stale Bridge 445 Omar Bridge

the southwest and northeast The deck is a composite slab structure comprising timber and concrete The bridge has a concrete parapet featuring large stepped blocks at the portals and above the piers spanned by arched balustrades The parapet incorporates a curb and fascia a series of perforations at the level of the roadway provide for drainage

Delaware Department of Transportation records indicate that Bridge Number 445 was built in 1937 under State Highway Department contract 543 (Federal Aid Project 173B) replacing a previous structure at this site Bids were received March 16 1938 and the contract was

awarded to the Old Line Construction Company of Chestertown Maryland for $16851 As with other large timber pile structures of the period in the region problems developed in constructing the substructure adequate bearing could not be obtained with 24 piles as designed so piles averaging 45 in length were substituted and details of abutment bent design were revised The increase in pile length was partially responsible for a cost overrun of $173367 The structure was completed on September 24 1938 Original drawings document the construction methods including placement of concrete reinforcement and construction of the composite floor system which is very similar to that of Bridge 9A Details from original drawings showing this floor system are presented on the following page along with other excerpts

This composite structure comprising a three span composite timber-concrete bridge is unusual in Sussex County and has considerable technological significance It is similar to the Mill Creek Bridge of 1936 in Smyrna Kent County (Bridge 9A) specifications for the Omar Bridge conform to those for the Mill Creek Bridge in many respects Bridge 445 is considered significant as one of only three composite timber-concrete structures surveyed in Delaware

37

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Elevation and details pmll original 1937 drawings for Bridge 445 38

TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 707

Road 50 over Silver Lake Rehoboth Beach Sussex County Delaware 1938

Delaware State Highway Bridge 707 Lake Bridge is a thirteen span combination timber and concrete bridge 260-2 long The spans are equally spaced at 20-0 The deck is a composite slab structure and the parapet is concrete The parapet is decorated with rectangular shaped arched pointed openings between

State BrUlge 707 Lake Bridge

columns These columns are spaced 6-4 apart A concrete fascia with a broad segmental arch curve also ornaments the bridge The fascia is 1-8 wide at the crown of the arch and 4-0 above the water level The concrete deck parapet and fascia are supported by timber members The substructure is timber with timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on pilings and U-shaped timber wing walls The bridges timber bents are laterally braced with horizontal struts Two joints and double piers support the structure at the fourth and

ninth pier The bridge is 30-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and two sidewalks There are four decorative lamps on the bridges west elevation

The records of the Delaware Department of Transportation state that Bridge 707 was built in 1938 under contract 532 Original drawings indicate that this bridge replaced a 1928 timber bridge The drawings show construction details of the composite system laminated wood flooring using uplift spikes and shear developers to be incorporated in a concrete roadway surface Drawing notes indicate that a similar bridge was constructed East of Smyrna (Bridge 9A Bridge 445 is also similar) Portions of the original drawings are presented on the following page The bridge was designed to carry a 15 ton truck with impact The construction of Bridge 707 was a component of Federal Aid Project 113 which involved the construction of a new road between Rehoboth and Bethany Beach a distance of 1265 miles Project 113B provided for the construction of the Silver Lake Bridge The project was plagued by slow delivery of materials and encountered a brief setback when a heavy windstorm blew the contractors pile driver into the lake Nevertheless the bridge was completed and opened to traffic on April 8 1939

39

_ __

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and composite timber-concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance In addition its relatively high degree of architectural elaboration may reflect the increasing economic importance of Delawares seashore resorts in the late 1930s The project of which the bridge construction was a part was intended to facilitate travel to and frorn Hle growing resorts of Rehoboth and Bethany Beach The Federal Aid Program project statement also predicted that the route would be greatly increased in importance by the location of a permanent inlet to Indian River which is now being considered by the US Engineers and this Bridge becomes necessary to adequately take care of the increased traffic Upon completion of the project the inspection report noted there are real possibilities of growth in population along the project particularly as to summer residents The growth in population will depend largely on the increase in popularity that beach life holds for the general public ~- -----_ - 1 ~_ (gt ~oomiddotmiddot COo

-to- ~gt-_ __ ~~ ---------l-o-- z03_

n~~

-~

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Elevation and balustrade details from original 1937 drawings for Bridge 707

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40

Page 16: TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

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Elevation and section of original 1935 drawings for Bridge 9A

36

TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 445

Omar Bridge Road 54 over Vines Creek Frankford Sussex County Delaware 1937

State Highway Bridge Number 445 Omar Bridge is a three span combination timber and concrete bridge Each span measures 20-0 for an overall length of 60shy0 It carries two lanes of traffic with a deck width of 26-0 The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising a 12 x 12 beam supported by six creosoted 12shydiameter pilings set on six-foot centers with cross bracing The timber wing walls are straight with perpendicular extensions on

Stale Bridge 445 Omar Bridge

the southwest and northeast The deck is a composite slab structure comprising timber and concrete The bridge has a concrete parapet featuring large stepped blocks at the portals and above the piers spanned by arched balustrades The parapet incorporates a curb and fascia a series of perforations at the level of the roadway provide for drainage

Delaware Department of Transportation records indicate that Bridge Number 445 was built in 1937 under State Highway Department contract 543 (Federal Aid Project 173B) replacing a previous structure at this site Bids were received March 16 1938 and the contract was

awarded to the Old Line Construction Company of Chestertown Maryland for $16851 As with other large timber pile structures of the period in the region problems developed in constructing the substructure adequate bearing could not be obtained with 24 piles as designed so piles averaging 45 in length were substituted and details of abutment bent design were revised The increase in pile length was partially responsible for a cost overrun of $173367 The structure was completed on September 24 1938 Original drawings document the construction methods including placement of concrete reinforcement and construction of the composite floor system which is very similar to that of Bridge 9A Details from original drawings showing this floor system are presented on the following page along with other excerpts

This composite structure comprising a three span composite timber-concrete bridge is unusual in Sussex County and has considerable technological significance It is similar to the Mill Creek Bridge of 1936 in Smyrna Kent County (Bridge 9A) specifications for the Omar Bridge conform to those for the Mill Creek Bridge in many respects Bridge 445 is considered significant as one of only three composite timber-concrete structures surveyed in Delaware

37

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Details illustrating construction of

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Elevation and details pmll original 1937 drawings for Bridge 445 38

TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 707

Road 50 over Silver Lake Rehoboth Beach Sussex County Delaware 1938

Delaware State Highway Bridge 707 Lake Bridge is a thirteen span combination timber and concrete bridge 260-2 long The spans are equally spaced at 20-0 The deck is a composite slab structure and the parapet is concrete The parapet is decorated with rectangular shaped arched pointed openings between

State BrUlge 707 Lake Bridge

columns These columns are spaced 6-4 apart A concrete fascia with a broad segmental arch curve also ornaments the bridge The fascia is 1-8 wide at the crown of the arch and 4-0 above the water level The concrete deck parapet and fascia are supported by timber members The substructure is timber with timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on pilings and U-shaped timber wing walls The bridges timber bents are laterally braced with horizontal struts Two joints and double piers support the structure at the fourth and

ninth pier The bridge is 30-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and two sidewalks There are four decorative lamps on the bridges west elevation

The records of the Delaware Department of Transportation state that Bridge 707 was built in 1938 under contract 532 Original drawings indicate that this bridge replaced a 1928 timber bridge The drawings show construction details of the composite system laminated wood flooring using uplift spikes and shear developers to be incorporated in a concrete roadway surface Drawing notes indicate that a similar bridge was constructed East of Smyrna (Bridge 9A Bridge 445 is also similar) Portions of the original drawings are presented on the following page The bridge was designed to carry a 15 ton truck with impact The construction of Bridge 707 was a component of Federal Aid Project 113 which involved the construction of a new road between Rehoboth and Bethany Beach a distance of 1265 miles Project 113B provided for the construction of the Silver Lake Bridge The project was plagued by slow delivery of materials and encountered a brief setback when a heavy windstorm blew the contractors pile driver into the lake Nevertheless the bridge was completed and opened to traffic on April 8 1939

39

_ __

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and composite timber-concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance In addition its relatively high degree of architectural elaboration may reflect the increasing economic importance of Delawares seashore resorts in the late 1930s The project of which the bridge construction was a part was intended to facilitate travel to and frorn Hle growing resorts of Rehoboth and Bethany Beach The Federal Aid Program project statement also predicted that the route would be greatly increased in importance by the location of a permanent inlet to Indian River which is now being considered by the US Engineers and this Bridge becomes necessary to adequately take care of the increased traffic Upon completion of the project the inspection report noted there are real possibilities of growth in population along the project particularly as to summer residents The growth in population will depend largely on the increase in popularity that beach life holds for the general public ~- -----_ - 1 ~_ (gt ~oomiddotmiddot COo

-to- ~gt-_ __ ~~ ---------l-o-- z03_

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Elevation and balustrade details from original 1937 drawings for Bridge 707

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40

Page 17: TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 445

Omar Bridge Road 54 over Vines Creek Frankford Sussex County Delaware 1937

State Highway Bridge Number 445 Omar Bridge is a three span combination timber and concrete bridge Each span measures 20-0 for an overall length of 60shy0 It carries two lanes of traffic with a deck width of 26-0 The superstructure rests on timber bents comprising a 12 x 12 beam supported by six creosoted 12shydiameter pilings set on six-foot centers with cross bracing The timber wing walls are straight with perpendicular extensions on

Stale Bridge 445 Omar Bridge

the southwest and northeast The deck is a composite slab structure comprising timber and concrete The bridge has a concrete parapet featuring large stepped blocks at the portals and above the piers spanned by arched balustrades The parapet incorporates a curb and fascia a series of perforations at the level of the roadway provide for drainage

Delaware Department of Transportation records indicate that Bridge Number 445 was built in 1937 under State Highway Department contract 543 (Federal Aid Project 173B) replacing a previous structure at this site Bids were received March 16 1938 and the contract was

awarded to the Old Line Construction Company of Chestertown Maryland for $16851 As with other large timber pile structures of the period in the region problems developed in constructing the substructure adequate bearing could not be obtained with 24 piles as designed so piles averaging 45 in length were substituted and details of abutment bent design were revised The increase in pile length was partially responsible for a cost overrun of $173367 The structure was completed on September 24 1938 Original drawings document the construction methods including placement of concrete reinforcement and construction of the composite floor system which is very similar to that of Bridge 9A Details from original drawings showing this floor system are presented on the following page along with other excerpts

This composite structure comprising a three span composite timber-concrete bridge is unusual in Sussex County and has considerable technological significance It is similar to the Mill Creek Bridge of 1936 in Smyrna Kent County (Bridge 9A) specifications for the Omar Bridge conform to those for the Mill Creek Bridge in many respects Bridge 445 is considered significant as one of only three composite timber-concrete structures surveyed in Delaware

37

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Details illustrating construction of

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Elevation and details pmll original 1937 drawings for Bridge 445 38

TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 707

Road 50 over Silver Lake Rehoboth Beach Sussex County Delaware 1938

Delaware State Highway Bridge 707 Lake Bridge is a thirteen span combination timber and concrete bridge 260-2 long The spans are equally spaced at 20-0 The deck is a composite slab structure and the parapet is concrete The parapet is decorated with rectangular shaped arched pointed openings between

State BrUlge 707 Lake Bridge

columns These columns are spaced 6-4 apart A concrete fascia with a broad segmental arch curve also ornaments the bridge The fascia is 1-8 wide at the crown of the arch and 4-0 above the water level The concrete deck parapet and fascia are supported by timber members The substructure is timber with timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on pilings and U-shaped timber wing walls The bridges timber bents are laterally braced with horizontal struts Two joints and double piers support the structure at the fourth and

ninth pier The bridge is 30-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and two sidewalks There are four decorative lamps on the bridges west elevation

The records of the Delaware Department of Transportation state that Bridge 707 was built in 1938 under contract 532 Original drawings indicate that this bridge replaced a 1928 timber bridge The drawings show construction details of the composite system laminated wood flooring using uplift spikes and shear developers to be incorporated in a concrete roadway surface Drawing notes indicate that a similar bridge was constructed East of Smyrna (Bridge 9A Bridge 445 is also similar) Portions of the original drawings are presented on the following page The bridge was designed to carry a 15 ton truck with impact The construction of Bridge 707 was a component of Federal Aid Project 113 which involved the construction of a new road between Rehoboth and Bethany Beach a distance of 1265 miles Project 113B provided for the construction of the Silver Lake Bridge The project was plagued by slow delivery of materials and encountered a brief setback when a heavy windstorm blew the contractors pile driver into the lake Nevertheless the bridge was completed and opened to traffic on April 8 1939

39

_ __

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and composite timber-concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance In addition its relatively high degree of architectural elaboration may reflect the increasing economic importance of Delawares seashore resorts in the late 1930s The project of which the bridge construction was a part was intended to facilitate travel to and frorn Hle growing resorts of Rehoboth and Bethany Beach The Federal Aid Program project statement also predicted that the route would be greatly increased in importance by the location of a permanent inlet to Indian River which is now being considered by the US Engineers and this Bridge becomes necessary to adequately take care of the increased traffic Upon completion of the project the inspection report noted there are real possibilities of growth in population along the project particularly as to summer residents The growth in population will depend largely on the increase in popularity that beach life holds for the general public ~- -----_ - 1 ~_ (gt ~oomiddotmiddot COo

-to- ~gt-_ __ ~~ ---------l-o-- z03_

n~~

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Page 18: TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

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TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 707

Road 50 over Silver Lake Rehoboth Beach Sussex County Delaware 1938

Delaware State Highway Bridge 707 Lake Bridge is a thirteen span combination timber and concrete bridge 260-2 long The spans are equally spaced at 20-0 The deck is a composite slab structure and the parapet is concrete The parapet is decorated with rectangular shaped arched pointed openings between

State BrUlge 707 Lake Bridge

columns These columns are spaced 6-4 apart A concrete fascia with a broad segmental arch curve also ornaments the bridge The fascia is 1-8 wide at the crown of the arch and 4-0 above the water level The concrete deck parapet and fascia are supported by timber members The substructure is timber with timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on pilings and U-shaped timber wing walls The bridges timber bents are laterally braced with horizontal struts Two joints and double piers support the structure at the fourth and

ninth pier The bridge is 30-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and two sidewalks There are four decorative lamps on the bridges west elevation

The records of the Delaware Department of Transportation state that Bridge 707 was built in 1938 under contract 532 Original drawings indicate that this bridge replaced a 1928 timber bridge The drawings show construction details of the composite system laminated wood flooring using uplift spikes and shear developers to be incorporated in a concrete roadway surface Drawing notes indicate that a similar bridge was constructed East of Smyrna (Bridge 9A Bridge 445 is also similar) Portions of the original drawings are presented on the following page The bridge was designed to carry a 15 ton truck with impact The construction of Bridge 707 was a component of Federal Aid Project 113 which involved the construction of a new road between Rehoboth and Bethany Beach a distance of 1265 miles Project 113B provided for the construction of the Silver Lake Bridge The project was plagued by slow delivery of materials and encountered a brief setback when a heavy windstorm blew the contractors pile driver into the lake Nevertheless the bridge was completed and opened to traffic on April 8 1939

39

_ __

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and composite timber-concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance In addition its relatively high degree of architectural elaboration may reflect the increasing economic importance of Delawares seashore resorts in the late 1930s The project of which the bridge construction was a part was intended to facilitate travel to and frorn Hle growing resorts of Rehoboth and Bethany Beach The Federal Aid Program project statement also predicted that the route would be greatly increased in importance by the location of a permanent inlet to Indian River which is now being considered by the US Engineers and this Bridge becomes necessary to adequately take care of the increased traffic Upon completion of the project the inspection report noted there are real possibilities of growth in population along the project particularly as to summer residents The growth in population will depend largely on the increase in popularity that beach life holds for the general public ~- -----_ - 1 ~_ (gt ~oomiddotmiddot COo

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Page 19: TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

TIMBER

STATE BRIDGE NUMBER 707

Road 50 over Silver Lake Rehoboth Beach Sussex County Delaware 1938

Delaware State Highway Bridge 707 Lake Bridge is a thirteen span combination timber and concrete bridge 260-2 long The spans are equally spaced at 20-0 The deck is a composite slab structure and the parapet is concrete The parapet is decorated with rectangular shaped arched pointed openings between

State BrUlge 707 Lake Bridge

columns These columns are spaced 6-4 apart A concrete fascia with a broad segmental arch curve also ornaments the bridge The fascia is 1-8 wide at the crown of the arch and 4-0 above the water level The concrete deck parapet and fascia are supported by timber members The substructure is timber with timber bents comprising 12 x 12 beams on pilings and U-shaped timber wing walls The bridges timber bents are laterally braced with horizontal struts Two joints and double piers support the structure at the fourth and

ninth pier The bridge is 30-8 wide and carries two lanes of traffic and two sidewalks There are four decorative lamps on the bridges west elevation

The records of the Delaware Department of Transportation state that Bridge 707 was built in 1938 under contract 532 Original drawings indicate that this bridge replaced a 1928 timber bridge The drawings show construction details of the composite system laminated wood flooring using uplift spikes and shear developers to be incorporated in a concrete roadway surface Drawing notes indicate that a similar bridge was constructed East of Smyrna (Bridge 9A Bridge 445 is also similar) Portions of the original drawings are presented on the following page The bridge was designed to carry a 15 ton truck with impact The construction of Bridge 707 was a component of Federal Aid Project 113 which involved the construction of a new road between Rehoboth and Bethany Beach a distance of 1265 miles Project 113B provided for the construction of the Silver Lake Bridge The project was plagued by slow delivery of materials and encountered a brief setback when a heavy windstorm blew the contractors pile driver into the lake Nevertheless the bridge was completed and opened to traffic on April 8 1939

39

_ __

This composite structure comprising a multiple-span timber substructure and composite timber-concrete slab superstructure has considerable technological significance In addition its relatively high degree of architectural elaboration may reflect the increasing economic importance of Delawares seashore resorts in the late 1930s The project of which the bridge construction was a part was intended to facilitate travel to and frorn Hle growing resorts of Rehoboth and Bethany Beach The Federal Aid Program project statement also predicted that the route would be greatly increased in importance by the location of a permanent inlet to Indian River which is now being considered by the US Engineers and this Bridge becomes necessary to adequately take care of the increased traffic Upon completion of the project the inspection report noted there are real possibilities of growth in population along the project particularly as to summer residents The growth in population will depend largely on the increase in popularity that beach life holds for the general public ~- -----_ - 1 ~_ (gt ~oomiddotmiddot COo

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Page 20: TIMBER BRIDGES - Delaware Department of Transportation

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