Thought Questions:1. What things would cause people to

leave a certain place?2. What factors would cause people to

move to a certain place?

POPULATION and Urban

Development

Key UnderstandingsPeople are not distributed equally on the earth’s

surfaceThe world’s population continues to grow, but at

different rates in different regions

What would it look like if the world’s population was reduced to

100 people?

http://www.100people.org/statistics_100stats.php

REGIONS

Part of the Earth’s surface that is alike or connected in some way, such as by politics, economics, culture, or environment.

1) Formal Region, 2) Functional Region, and 3) Perceptual Region

DEMOGRAPHY Demography: The study of population

Demographer: A person who studies demography

Demographics: the statistical data of a population showing age, gender, income, education, etc.

GLOBALIZATION Describes an ongoing process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a globe-spanning network of communication and trade.

Global Population Distribution

• Population Distribution of the Earth is uneven due to factors such as climate, landscape, transportation routes, and available resources. • There are FOUR centers of heavy population in the world

• These areas contain more than 70% of the Earth’s population

1)Eastern Asia has the greatest concentration of people on Earth – it is centered in China and has 21% of Earth’s population.

2) Southern Asia is the second largest concentration of

people – it is centered in India and has 16% of the Earth’s pop.

3) Western Europe is the third largest concentration.

In Western Europe people are concentrated near natural resources needed for industry.

4)East Central North America is the fourth largest center concentrated in the NE US and SE Canada.

In the US, the chain of cities start from the city of Boston to south of Washington DC.

- This is called a megalopolis.

Africa has 12% of the Earth’s population.

Largest cluster of people found in the Nile River Valley.

Cairo is the largest city in Africa.

South America is lightly populated compared with other continents.

Patterns of people live along the edges of the continent – SE Buenos Aires in Argentina, Montevideo in Uruguay, and Rio de Janeiro and Recife in Brazil.

Australia has the fewest number of people.

They are concentrated along the eastern and southern coasts.

(17.5 million people total on the entire continent. – as much as the NYC metro area)

North Pole

World Population by Continent

Population Density

The number of people in a unit of spaceExample: 8,000 people per square mile

Population Density

Population Issues –

The 20th century world population "explosion," from 1.6 billion in 1900 to 6.1 in 2000, was a direct result of the rapid decline

in mortality rates in less developed countries. As death rates declined, life expectancy rose, leading to higher population.

Population explosion issues:

how to increase food supplies

how to make better use of farmland

how to improve eating habits and to take advantage of resources

how to find new sources of food.

Food Supply The rate of population growth was more than

the amount of food produced. More than 13 million to 18 million people die

each year because they do not have a good diet. (35,000 a day; 24 a minute – most are children)

More land is needed for agriculture Productive farming methods

More productive farming techniques Using new food sources

New sources of food Today 90% of the world’s food comes from 15 crops and 7 livestock

animals. There are more than 10 million kinds of plants and animals on Earth.

PUSH & PULL FACTORS The push factor involves a force which acts to drive people away from a place.

The pull factor is what draws people to a new location.

Migration – Push & Pull Factors

Most people move because of economic or political reasonsPushed from a bad situation

Less developed countryPulled to a better situation

More developed country, access to resources, better economy

People also move from rural to urban areasHuge demand on city infrastructure and economy Job market, living quarters

LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT &

STANDARD OF LIVING

Birth & Fertility Rate

Birth Rate: number of live births per 1000 people

Fertility Rate: average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime

Death Rates

• Death (Mortality) Rate – number of deaths per 1000 people

• Infant Mortality Rate – number of deaths among infants under 1 year old, per 1000 live births

Rate of Natural Increase

Rate of Natural Increase: the percentage a population grows in one year

Birth Rate minus Death Rate =

Rate of Natural Increase

“The J Curve”

Over PopulationOver Population: the number of people

exceeds the resources available in an areaCarrying Capacity: the number of organisms a

piece of land can support without negative effects.

POPULATION PYRAMIDS

Population PyramidsGraph that shows the percentage of

population in certain age groupsSeparates Male and FemaleAllows you to make predictions

Deciphering Population Pyramids

http://www.prb.org/Multimedia/Video/2009/distilleddemographics1.aspx

In this first video, "Deciphering Population Pyramids," PRB senior demographer Carl Haub shows how population pyramids give us a snapshot of a country's demographic profile. But what do they tell us about a country's past and future? "These videos not only show that demography can be exciting, but also highlight how population trends and issues affects the well-being of us all," says Haub. "Fertility, mortality, and migration—along with other demographic issues—play a major role in determining what kind of opportunities and challenges people face in their communities and countries."

Stage OneHigh Birth RateHigh Death RateResult: slow growth ratesPre-industrial, hunter/gatherer societies

in remote areas.

Stage TwoHigh Birth RateLow or Falling Death

RateResult: Rapid Growth

RateVery LOW Standard of

LivingFound In Least

Developed CountriesSouth AmericaSouthern AfricaAsia

Stage ThreeModerate to High Birth RateLow Death RateResult: Explosive Growth RatesCauses a large population increase, but

standard of living remains low Developing Countries and the Newly

Industrialized CountriesFound In Countries:

MexicoSoutheast AsiaMiddle East

Stage FourLow birth ratesLow death ratesResult: slow or no

growth ratesPopulation slowly

increases, with a high standard of living

Developed CountriesUSACanadaAustralia Europe

Stage FiveNegative Birth Rate

NEGATIVE or NO GROWTH

Low Death RateResult: No growth, even

population lossPopulation begins to

shrink, usually has a high standard of living

Found In “Post-Developed” CountriesGermanySwedenNorwayItaly

Rapid, Slow, Zero and Negative Population Growth

http://www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu/bio-home/harvey/lect/images/agestructure.gif

High fertility and mortality = broad base

Low fertility and mortality = narrow base

Demographic Transition Model

Complex line graph that categorizes a country based on:

- Birth Rate- Death Rate- Population Growth

Determines:1) Growth, 2) Standard of Living, and 3) Level of

industrialization

Key Questions and TerminologyKey Questions: Where is the world’s population increasing and decreasing?  What do these measures tell us about a country’s population?  What kind of general trends can we develop using these trends?

•Population trends can be determined by the natural increase, fertility, and mortality.

•The natural increase rate (NIR) measures the population growth. It is computed by dividing the crude birth rate (CBR) by the crude death rate (CDR). The CBR is the total number of births for every 1,000 people in a year. The CDR is the total number of deaths for every 1,000 people in a year.

•Fertility rate (TFR) measures the number of births in a society; it is the average number of children that each woman has throughout their life.

•Mortality can be measured by the infant mortality rate (IMR) which is the number of deaths each year of infants under a year of age compared to the total number of births.

•Life expectancy which measures the average life span of a newborn can expect at current mortality levels.

The Demographic TransitionThe Demographic Transition

The Demographic TransitionThe Demographic TransitionStage One:

CBR (Country Birth Rate) - very high

CDR (Country Death Rate) - very high

NRI (Natural Rate Increase) - low Population Growth: Low

Stage Two:

CBR- very high

CDR- plummets

NIR- high Population Growth: High

Movement from Stage One to Stage Two:

MDC- Industrial Revolution

LDC- Medical Revolution

Movement from Stage Two to Stage Three:

Changes in Social customs and improved technology

Demographic TransitionDemographic Transition

Stage Three:

CBR: Drops quickly

CDR: Falling put slower than before

NIR: slows Population Growth: Moderate

Movement from Stage Three to Stage Four:

greater gender equity, more women working and improved birth control

Stage Four:

CBR: low

CDR: low

NIR: low Population Growth: Low

Demographic TransitionDemographic TransitionExamples of Countries and Regions of each stage of demographic transition:

Stage One: A few remote groups

Stage Two: Sub-Saharan Africa

Nigeria, Sierra Leon, Cape Verde

Stage Three: East Asia, Latin America, Middle East

China, Brazil, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Chile

Stage Four: Some in Western Europe

to United Kingdom, Denmark

Stage Five: Germany, United States, Japan

Demographic Transition Model

Summary

The TFR or total fertility rate, and IMR or Infant mortal rate help compose each countries overall Natural Increase rate, or the percentage by which a population grows in a year.

In LDC’s a lack of contraceptives contributes to the high fertility rate, poor health care, as well as unsanitary conditions lead to high mortality rates. This keeps LDC’s in stage 2 or 3 of the demographic transition. 

In MDC’s the IMR (infant mortality rate) has significantly decrease due to the industrial revolution which promoted sanitation and improved health care.   Due to the decreasing IMR, MDC’s began encouraging smaller families and an increase use of contraceptives decreased MDC’s overall total fertility rate.

This lowering in the fertility rate helps MDC’s enter stage 4 of the demographic transition model where the population begins leveling off, and find an equilibrium. 

However, MDC’s mortality rate is actually higher then that of LDC’s due to the fact that those living during prior stages of the demographic transition are beginning to die off.

Urban Development - 3 Basic Land Use Patterns

Residential – Single family housing and apartments

Commercial – Used for private businesses and retail.

Industrial - Areas reserved for manufacturing

Important Terms

Urban sprawl – Growth without planning and separating residential, commercial, and sometimes industrial areas

CBD – Central Business District