Thinking About Psychology The Science of Mind and Behavior 3e

Charles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. Ernst PowerPoint Presentation Slides

by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, © 2012

Biopsychology Domain

Biological Bases of Behavior

The Brain

Module 05

Module Overview •  Studying the Brain •  Lower Level Brain Structures •  The Cerebral Cortex •  Differences Between the Brain’s Two

Hemispheres

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Studying the Brain

Module 05: The Brain

Studying the Brain: Case Studies

Module 05: The Brain

Case Study

•  A research technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

•  Phineas Gage’s Accident

Studying the Brain: Scanning Techniques

Module 05: The Brain

Computerized Axial Tomography (CT or CAT)

•  A series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body.

•  Reveals the brain’s structure

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

•  A technique that sues magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among types of soft tissue;

•  this allows us to see structures within the brain.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

•  An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface;

•  these waves, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp, are helpful in evaluating brain function.

Positron Emission Tomography Scan (PET scan)

•  A visual display of brain activity. •  Injection of a radioactive glucose •  Reveals the brain’s functioning

Lower Level Brain Structures

Module 05: The Brain

Lower-Level Brain Structures:

The Brainstem

Module 05: The Brain

Brainstem

•  The oldest part and central core of the brain;

•  it begins where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull and

•  is responsible for automatic survival functions.

Brainstem

Medulla

•  Located at the base of the brainstem, •  it controls basic life-supporting

functions like heartbeat and breathing.

•  Damage to this area can lead to death.

Medulla

Reticular Formation

•  A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling wakefulness and arousal.

•  Extending up and down the spinal cord into the brain

•  Controls an organism’s level of alertness •  Damage to this area can cause a coma.

Lower-Level Brain Structures:

The Thalamus

Module 05: The Brain

Thalamus

•  The brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem;

•  it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex.

•  Thalamus is Greek for “inner chamber.”

Thalamus

Lower-Level Brain Structures:

The Cerebellum

Module 05: The Brain

Cerebellum

•  The “little brain”, attached to the rear of the brainstem;

•  it helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance.

•  If damaged, the person could perform basic movements but would lose fine coordination skills.

Cerebellum

Cerebellum

Lower-Level Brain Structures:

The Limbic System

Module 05: The Brain

Limbic System

•  A ring of structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral cortex;

•  it helps regulate functions such as memory, fear, aggression, hunger, and thirst, and

•  it includes the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and the amygdala.

Hypothalamus

•  A neural structure lying below the thalamus;

•  it helps regulates the body’s maintenance activities, such as eating, drinking, body temperature, and it linked to emotion.

•  Plays a role in emotions, pleasure, and sexual function

Hypothalamus

Hippocampus

•  A neural center located in the limbic system that wraps around the back of the thalamus;

•  it helps processing new memories for permanent storage.

•  Looks something like a seahorse – Hippo is Greek for “horse.”

Hippocampus

Amygdala

•  An almond shaped neural cluster in the limbic system that controls emotional responses such as fear and anger.

Amygdala

The Cerebral Cortex

Module 05: The Brain

Cerebral Cortex

•  The intricate fabric of interconnected neurons that form the body’s ultimate control and information processing center.

•  Covers the brain’s lower level structures •  Contains an estimated 30 billion nerve

cells •  Divided into four lobes

Corpus Callosum

•  The large band of neural fibers that connects the two brain hemispheres and

•  allows them to communicate with each other.

•  Is sometimes cut to prevent seizures

Corpus Callosum

Longitudinal Fissure

•  The long crevice that divides the cerebral cortex into left and right hemispheres.

•  This and other fissures in the brain create major divisions in the brain called lobes

Frontal Lobes

•  The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead that is involved in planning and judgment;

•  it includes the motor cortex.

Parietal Lobes •  The portion of the cerebral cortex lying on

the top of the head and toward the rear; •  it includes the somatosensory cortex and

general association areas used in processing information.

•  Regions available for general processing, including mathematical reasoning

•  Designated as the association lobes •  Behind the frontal lobes

Occipital Lobe

•  The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head;

•  it includes the primary visual processing areas of the brain.

Temporal Lobes

•  The portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears;

•  it includes the auditory (hearing) areas of the brain.

•  Where sound information is processed

Motor Cortex

•  A strip of brain tissue at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement.

•  Different parts of the cortex control different parts of the body.

•  The motor cortex in the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and visa versa.

Motor Cortex

Motor Cortex

Somatosensory Cortex

•  The strip of brain tissue at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations.

•  Soma is Greek for “body.”

Somatosensory Cortex

Somatosensory Cortex

Plasticity

•  The brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or experience.

Differences Between the Brain’s Two Hemispheres

Module 05: The Brain

Hemispheric Differences

•  “Left-brained” and “right-brained” debunked

•  Brain is divided into two hemispheres but works as a single entity.

•  Both sides continually communicate via the corpus callosum, except in those with split brains.

Differences Between the Two Hemispheres:

Language and Spatial Abilities

Module 05: The Brain

The Brain’s Left Hemisphere

•  For most people, language functions are in the left hemisphere.

•  For a small percentage of people, language functions are in the right hemisphere.

Broca’s Area

•  A brain area of the left frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involve in speech.

•  If damaged the person can form the ideas but cannot express them as speech

Wernicke’s Area

•  A brain area of the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension and expression.

•  Our ability to understand what is said to us

•  Usually in the left temporal lobe

The Brain’s Right Hemisphere

•  Houses the brain’s spatial abilities •  Our spatial ability allows us to perceive

or organize things in a given space, judge distance, etc.

•  Helps in making connections between words

Split Brain Research

Split Brain Research

Split Brain Research

Split Brain Research

Split Brain Research

Split Brain Research

The End

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•  Please feel free to contact me at korek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022

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