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BENISON Media is the publisher of Think Grain Think Feed –Only monthly magazine in India for feed technology. The magazine provides important information about the developments in Indian livestock nutrition. The magazine focuses on feed crop production to feed additives and premixes, processing and storage technology for poultry, dairy and aqua sector.
Transcript of Think Grain Think Feed - April 2016
Volume 2 | Issue 6
April-2016
Price: 75/-
Published by
BENISON Media
SCO 27, 2nd Floor, Mugal Canal Market
Karnal - 132001 (Haryana)
Tel: +91 184 4036770
Publisher & EditorPrachi Arora
Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Designing & MarketingAshwani Verma
Circulation & Subscription HeadSunny Kamboj
Business HeadVinod Kumar Saini
Dr. Dinesh T. BhosaleFormer Chairman, CLFMA of India
Mr. Amit SachdevIndian Representative, US Grain Council
Dr. P.E. Vijay AnandUS Soybean Export Council
Dr. Suhas Amrutkar Subject Matter Specialist, Animal Nutrition, MAFSU, Parbhani
Dr. SN MohantyFormer Principal Scientist, CIFA
Dr. Meeta Punjabi MehtaAgricultural Economist
Dr. Swamy HaladiFeed Additive Expert
Dr. R Gnana SekarLead Consultant, GS Dairy Farm Consulting
Dr. Suraj Amrutkar Assistant Professor, Dept. of ILFC, SKUAST-J, Jammu
www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in
www.benisonmedia.com
Managing Editor
Dr. T.K. Walli
Former Head,
Dairy Cattle Nutrition, NDRI
EDITORIAL
wo years of continuous draft situation
in several parts of India has produced Tsevere crisis in agricultural production
system. India supports 15 percent of the
world's human population, but has only 4
percent of the world's water resources.
According to Economic Survey 2016, 60 percent
of our cultivable land is rainfed. Daily, we are getting the news about
suicide committed by our farmers, primarily due to the failure of rains,
leading to failure of their crops, and drowning them in deep debt. In
fact According to Central Water Commission, the most deficient basin
is of the Krishna, catering to Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra
Predesh.
It is a known fact that those farmers engaged in sustainable livestock
production have lesser chances of committing suicides. Firstly, animal
husbandry as such is not directly dependant up on rains. But the more
imposing favourable situation in keeping livestock is, the initiative
which is coming from the increasing demand for foods of animal
origin, due to migration of population from rural to urban areas and
increasing incomes and thus, increasing buying power.
Water does play its role directly in the cultivation of fodder crops for
ruminants and other livestock. Apart from water shortage, we don't
have enough land available for fodder cultivation. Only 4 percent of
the cultivable land in India is devoted to fodder production. And on
the top of it, the non availability of good quality fodder seeds, adds
fuel to the fodder crisis. Again for the feed manufacture also one has
to depend up on grains, grain by products and oil seed cakes, so
indirectly feed manufacture is also related to agricultural production.
Failure of grain as well as oilseed crops, has an adverse effect on the
availability and prices of feed ingredients. Today, India is no longer
entirely self sufficient in food grains, oilseeds and pulses. Corn, soya
meal, pulses, sugar and wheat are imported. There is no way by which
agricultural productivity can be increased without adequate water
supply. On one hand there is a need to enhance the agricultural
production, using newer technologies, including the cultivation of GM
crops. On the other hand sufficient food grains, pulses and oilseeds as
such (just like China) shall have be imported to meet the requirements
of huge human as well as livestock population. That is definitely the
right approach to keep the growth of our feed industry healthy and
on a fast tract, in order to meet the growing nutrient requirement of
our livestock and poultry and to meet the protein needs of our ever
growing human population. However, the latest good news is from
the Met office, which has predicted more than 100 % monsoon this
year. That is definitely providing the silver lining, and hopefully, the
prediction comes true.
T.K. Walli
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
Published by
BENISON Media
SCO 27, 2nd Floor, Mugal Canal Market
Karnal - 132001 (Haryana)
Tel: +91 184 4036770
Publisher & EditorPrachi Arora
Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Designing & MarketingAshwani Verma
Circulation & Subscription HeadSunny Kamboj
Business HeadVinod Kumar Saini
Dr. Dinesh T. BhosaleFormer Chairman, CLFMA of India
Mr. Amit SachdevIndian Representative, US Grain Council
Dr. P.E. Vijay AnandUS Soybean Export Council
Dr. Suhas Amrutkar Subject Matter Specialist, Animal Nutrition, MAFSU, Parbhani
Dr. SN MohantyFormer Principal Scientist, CIFA
Dr. Meeta Punjabi MehtaAgricultural Economist
Dr. Swamy HaladiFeed Additive Expert
Dr. R Gnana SekarLead Consultant, GS Dairy Farm Consulting
Dr. Suraj Amrutkar Assistant Professor, Dept. of ILFC, SKUAST-J, Jammu
www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in
www.benisonmedia.com
Managing Editor
Dr. T.K. Walli
Former Head,
Dairy Cattle Nutrition, NDRI
EDITORIAL
wo years of continuous draft situation
in several parts of India has produced Tsevere crisis in agricultural production
system. India supports 15 percent of the
world's human population, but has only 4
percent of the world's water resources.
According to Economic Survey 2016, 60 percent
of our cultivable land is rainfed. Daily, we are getting the news about
suicide committed by our farmers, primarily due to the failure of rains,
leading to failure of their crops, and drowning them in deep debt. In
fact According to Central Water Commission, the most deficient basin
is of the Krishna, catering to Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra
Predesh.
It is a known fact that those farmers engaged in sustainable livestock
production have lesser chances of committing suicides. Firstly, animal
husbandry as such is not directly dependant up on rains. But the more
imposing favourable situation in keeping livestock is, the initiative
which is coming from the increasing demand for foods of animal
origin, due to migration of population from rural to urban areas and
increasing incomes and thus, increasing buying power.
Water does play its role directly in the cultivation of fodder crops for
ruminants and other livestock. Apart from water shortage, we don't
have enough land available for fodder cultivation. Only 4 percent of
the cultivable land in India is devoted to fodder production. And on
the top of it, the non availability of good quality fodder seeds, adds
fuel to the fodder crisis. Again for the feed manufacture also one has
to depend up on grains, grain by products and oil seed cakes, so
indirectly feed manufacture is also related to agricultural production.
Failure of grain as well as oilseed crops, has an adverse effect on the
availability and prices of feed ingredients. Today, India is no longer
entirely self sufficient in food grains, oilseeds and pulses. Corn, soya
meal, pulses, sugar and wheat are imported. There is no way by which
agricultural productivity can be increased without adequate water
supply. On one hand there is a need to enhance the agricultural
production, using newer technologies, including the cultivation of GM
crops. On the other hand sufficient food grains, pulses and oilseeds as
such (just like China) shall have be imported to meet the requirements
of huge human as well as livestock population. That is definitely the
right approach to keep the growth of our feed industry healthy and
on a fast tract, in order to meet the growing nutrient requirement of
our livestock and poultry and to meet the protein needs of our ever
growing human population. However, the latest good news is from
the Met office, which has predicted more than 100 % monsoon this
year. That is definitely providing the silver lining, and hopefully, the
prediction comes true.
T.K. Walli
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
Printed by: Jaiswal Printing Press | Published by: On behalf of: Benison Media | Printed at: Chaura Bazar, Karnal-132001, Haryana
| Published at: SCO-27, IInd Floor, Mugal Canal Market, Karnal-132001, Haryana | Editor: Prachi Arora
Prachi Arora |
Monthly Magazine for Feed & Feed Technology
Vollume 1 | Issue 10 | August 2015
Think Grain Think Feed is a monthly magazine published by BENISON MEDIA at its office in Karnal. Editorial
policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily those held by the editors. The
data/information provided in the magazine is sourced through various sources and the publisher considers its
sources reliable and verifies as much data as possible. However, the publisher accepts no liability for the
material herein and consequently readers using this information do so at their own risk.
Although persons and companies mentioned herein are believed to be reputable, neither BENISON MEDIA, nor
any of its employees or contributors accept any responsibility whatsoever for such persons’ and companies’
activities. All legal matters are subjected to Karnal Jurisdiction.
C o n t e n t s Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
Front Cover: Andritz
SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION:
Simple Post Courier Overseas
One Year : INR 1200 INR 1800 USD 300
Three Year : INR 3300 INR 4800 USD 900
Five Year : INR 5200 INR 6500 USD 1500
R&D
ww
w.b
enis
onm
ed
ia.c
om
05
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
Camelina might be next option for poultry feed Camelina 'cake' could be a new, attractive poultry feedCamelina is one step closer to being a
feed source for livestock species.
“Camelina is not a perfect feedstuff, but
it does have some advantages that
could be an opportunity for layers,
broilers and eventually turkeys,”
provincial research scientist Eduardo
Beltranena said at the recent Western
Poultry Conference.
The oilseed is a member of the brassica
family and has some characteristics
similar to mustard and canola. Best
suited to the brown or light-brown soils
of southeastern Manitoba, southern
Saskatchewan, and the southwestern
corner of Alberta, it requires less
rainfall, matures earlier than canola, and
has superior disease and insect
resistance. It doesn't yield as high as
canola, but requires less nitrogen, and
has high levels of omega-3 fatty acid,
linoleic acid and essential fatty acids.
“We see the opportunity not to displace
canola, but to add one million to two
million acres more of oilseed
production (in Western Canada),” said
Beltranena.
Camelina seed is one-third oil and
finding a use for the remaining meal —
known as cake — has been the focus of
research by Beltranena and his Alberta Agriculture and
Forestry colleague Matt Oryschak over the past four
years.
Camelina's high level of omega-3s makes it an
intriguing feed, he said.
“You could reduce some of the vitamin
supplementation in feed if you include some of these
cakes in the feed,” said Beltranena.
Part of the duo's research is to show that camelina is
safe for animals to consume and will not have any ill
effects on humans who consume those animal products
— a necessary step for winning approval from the
Canadian Food Inspection Agency. The U.S. Food and
Drug Administration allows up to 10 per cent camelina
meal in feed for cattle, broilers and layers, and two per
cent for pigs. Oryschak and Beltranena have submitted
paperwork to the CFIA seeking approval for 12 per cent
maximums for some poultry.
“We are expecting approval for egg layers this spring,”
said Beltranena. “We wanted to come here and tell you
that it was approved. Unfortunately, that is not the case,
but we are pretty close to that,” said Beltranena.
He anticipates approval for camelina inclusion in the
diet of layers will be around 20 per cent.
“Our trials measured high levels of camelina, but this is
for CFIA approval,” said Beltranena. “These are not
optimal levels. Maximum inclusions are not optimum
inclusions. We prefer to see camelina, DDGs, and canola
complementing each other.”
Source: Alberta Farmer
Imag
e s
ou
rce: l
oca
lizeyo
urf
oo
d
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
INDUSTRY THOUGHTS
MARKET PROJECTIONS
ARTICLE
05
INDUSTRY EVENTS
PELLETING TIPS
INTERVIEW
Camelina - next option for poultry feed
Animal Protein - Meeting its Requirement
for the Growing Human Population
Impact on prices after Maize arrivals in Bihar10
08
Problems in fodder seed
production in India12
Interview with Dr. Dinesh Bhosale, AB Vista16
18 Role of Moisture Control in Feed Processing
20
26
28
Poultry Performance at sub-toxic
concentrations of Mycotoxins
DDGS - an evolving feed ingredient
Upcoming Events
7-12
May 2016
9-11
June 2016
Disclaimer :
[email protected]. BENISON Media or Think Grain Think Feed is not liable for any claim prior to written information.
The published material and images are sourced from various websites and newspapers, and used for information purpose only, if you have any issue, please inform us at
Printed by: Jaiswal Printing Press | Published by: On behalf of: Benison Media | Printed at: Chaura Bazar, Karnal-132001, Haryana
| Published at: SCO-27, IInd Floor, Mugal Canal Market, Karnal-132001, Haryana | Editor: Prachi Arora
Prachi Arora |
Monthly Magazine for Feed & Feed Technology
Vollume 1 | Issue 10 | August 2015
Think Grain Think Feed is a monthly magazine published by BENISON MEDIA at its office in Karnal. Editorial
policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily those held by the editors. The
data/information provided in the magazine is sourced through various sources and the publisher considers its
sources reliable and verifies as much data as possible. However, the publisher accepts no liability for the
material herein and consequently readers using this information do so at their own risk.
Although persons and companies mentioned herein are believed to be reputable, neither BENISON MEDIA, nor
any of its employees or contributors accept any responsibility whatsoever for such persons’ and companies’
activities. All legal matters are subjected to Karnal Jurisdiction.
C o n t e n t s Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
Front Cover: Andritz
SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION:
Simple Post Courier Overseas
One Year : INR 1200 INR 1800 USD 300
Three Year : INR 3300 INR 4800 USD 900
Five Year : INR 5200 INR 6500 USD 1500
R&D
ww
w.b
enis
onm
ed
ia.c
om
05
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
Camelina might be next option for poultry feed Camelina 'cake' could be a new, attractive poultry feedCamelina is one step closer to being a
feed source for livestock species.
“Camelina is not a perfect feedstuff, but
it does have some advantages that
could be an opportunity for layers,
broilers and eventually turkeys,”
provincial research scientist Eduardo
Beltranena said at the recent Western
Poultry Conference.
The oilseed is a member of the brassica
family and has some characteristics
similar to mustard and canola. Best
suited to the brown or light-brown soils
of southeastern Manitoba, southern
Saskatchewan, and the southwestern
corner of Alberta, it requires less
rainfall, matures earlier than canola, and
has superior disease and insect
resistance. It doesn't yield as high as
canola, but requires less nitrogen, and
has high levels of omega-3 fatty acid,
linoleic acid and essential fatty acids.
“We see the opportunity not to displace
canola, but to add one million to two
million acres more of oilseed
production (in Western Canada),” said
Beltranena.
Camelina seed is one-third oil and
finding a use for the remaining meal —
known as cake — has been the focus of
research by Beltranena and his Alberta Agriculture and
Forestry colleague Matt Oryschak over the past four
years.
Camelina's high level of omega-3s makes it an
intriguing feed, he said.
“You could reduce some of the vitamin
supplementation in feed if you include some of these
cakes in the feed,” said Beltranena.
Part of the duo's research is to show that camelina is
safe for animals to consume and will not have any ill
effects on humans who consume those animal products
— a necessary step for winning approval from the
Canadian Food Inspection Agency. The U.S. Food and
Drug Administration allows up to 10 per cent camelina
meal in feed for cattle, broilers and layers, and two per
cent for pigs. Oryschak and Beltranena have submitted
paperwork to the CFIA seeking approval for 12 per cent
maximums for some poultry.
“We are expecting approval for egg layers this spring,”
said Beltranena. “We wanted to come here and tell you
that it was approved. Unfortunately, that is not the case,
but we are pretty close to that,” said Beltranena.
He anticipates approval for camelina inclusion in the
diet of layers will be around 20 per cent.
“Our trials measured high levels of camelina, but this is
for CFIA approval,” said Beltranena. “These are not
optimal levels. Maximum inclusions are not optimum
inclusions. We prefer to see camelina, DDGs, and canola
complementing each other.”
Source: Alberta Farmer
Imag
e s
ou
rce: l
oca
lizeyo
urf
oo
d
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
INDUSTRY THOUGHTS
MARKET PROJECTIONS
ARTICLE
05
INDUSTRY EVENTS
PELLETING TIPS
INTERVIEW
Camelina - next option for poultry feed
Animal Protein - Meeting its Requirement
for the Growing Human Population
Impact on prices after Maize arrivals in Bihar10
08
Problems in fodder seed
production in India12
Interview with Dr. Dinesh Bhosale, AB Vista16
18 Role of Moisture Control in Feed Processing
20
26
28
Poultry Performance at sub-toxic
concentrations of Mycotoxins
DDGS - an evolving feed ingredient
Upcoming Events
7-12
May 2016
9-11
June 2016
Disclaimer :
[email protected]. BENISON Media or Think Grain Think Feed is not liable for any claim prior to written information.
The published material and images are sourced from various websites and newspapers, and used for information purpose only, if you have any issue, please inform us at
Global feed grain trade under pressure Grain traders worried about the recent risk for reduced
demand from China after the government said it would
scrap its corn stockpiling program at a time when global
markets are awash with excess supplies.
Traders said importers in China would likely reduce
purchases of farm products used to feed livestock,
including sorghum and the ethanol byproduct distiller's
dried grains (DDGs). The policy shift is expected to bring
domestic corn prices in line with cheaper foreign supplies.
Last year, China imported about 40 million metric tons of
substitutes for corn, including sorghum, DDGs and barley,
from the United States and other countries, said Fred
Gale, a senior economist for the U.S. Department of
Agriculture. At times, corn prices in China were double
those of the imports.
China has accumulated an estimated 250 million metric
tons of corn in its reserves, more than it can consume in a
year. Sales of the stockpiles will be a blow to global
markets grappling with record supplies that are weighing
down prices, economists said.
The release of the reserves will be "one more factor
adding to the bearish outlook for feed grain markets in
general," he added.
China's imports of U.S. DDGs have already softened amid
a trade dispute, after reaching a record high in 2015.
China relies on imports for almost all its DDG needs, with
most of the shipments coming from the United States.
U.S. sorghum shipments to China also have slowed from a
record last marketing year. The end of corn stockpiling will
likely continue to hurt demand, said a U.S. trader. "The
good things we saw a couple years ago are over," he
added.
It will likely take China years to eat through its massive
stockpiles, economists said.
However, the country may need to keep importing feed
grains if the quality of the reserves is poor or domestic
prices remain too high, said Tom Sleight, president of the
U.S. Grains Council, an industry group that promotes
exports.
Demand also may return once the reserves are gone, said
Florentino Lopez, executive director at the United
Sorghum Checkoff Program, which promotes the U.S.
commodity.
"They're going to continue to require an extremely large
volume of grain, whether that is domestic or
international," he said about China. "Long term, that
opportunity does exist for our commodities to flow in."
Source: Agweek
INDUSTRY NEWSw
ww
.thin
kgra
inth
inkf
ee
d.c
o.in
06
Global feed grain trade under pressure Grain traders worried about the recent risk for reduced
demand from China after the government said it would
scrap its corn stockpiling program at a time when global
markets are awash with excess supplies.
Traders said importers in China would likely reduce
purchases of farm products used to feed livestock,
including sorghum and the ethanol byproduct distiller's
dried grains (DDGs). The policy shift is expected to bring
domestic corn prices in line with cheaper foreign supplies.
Last year, China imported about 40 million metric tons of
substitutes for corn, including sorghum, DDGs and barley,
from the United States and other countries, said Fred
Gale, a senior economist for the U.S. Department of
Agriculture. At times, corn prices in China were double
those of the imports.
China has accumulated an estimated 250 million metric
tons of corn in its reserves, more than it can consume in a
year. Sales of the stockpiles will be a blow to global
markets grappling with record supplies that are weighing
down prices, economists said.
The release of the reserves will be "one more factor
adding to the bearish outlook for feed grain markets in
general," he added.
China's imports of U.S. DDGs have already softened amid
a trade dispute, after reaching a record high in 2015.
China relies on imports for almost all its DDG needs, with
most of the shipments coming from the United States.
U.S. sorghum shipments to China also have slowed from a
record last marketing year. The end of corn stockpiling will
likely continue to hurt demand, said a U.S. trader. "The
good things we saw a couple years ago are over," he
added.
It will likely take China years to eat through its massive
stockpiles, economists said.
However, the country may need to keep importing feed
grains if the quality of the reserves is poor or domestic
prices remain too high, said Tom Sleight, president of the
U.S. Grains Council, an industry group that promotes
exports.
Demand also may return once the reserves are gone, said
Florentino Lopez, executive director at the United
Sorghum Checkoff Program, which promotes the U.S.
commodity.
"They're going to continue to require an extremely large
volume of grain, whether that is domestic or
international," he said about China. "Long term, that
opportunity does exist for our commodities to flow in."
Source: Agweek
INDUSTRY NEWS
ww
w.thin
kgra
inth
inkf
ee
d.c
o.in
06
ww
w.b
enis
onm
ed
ia.c
om
09
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
ccording to FAOSTAT, global food
production must increase 100% by
2050 to meet the growing global Apopulation. India's population currently ranks
second in the world. With its current
population base of 1.3 billion people (2014-
2015), the country's population is growing at
the rate of 1.22% (2015 estimate). India's
economy is also among the top 10 percent of
fast growing global economies. Population, in
addition to the rising income and changing
consumer preference in terms of food habits
has significantly resulted in the growing
demand for meat and meat product
consumption.
Eggs and chicken has got wider acceptability
across different regions, cultures and religions
and thus, are the preferred animal protein
sources in India when compared to other meat
products. Almost 37% of agricultural output
growth between 2005 and 2011 came from
animal products. (Credit Suisse).
India's per capita consumption of eggs each
year has risen from 28 in 2000 to 62 in 2015
(FAOSTAT). Many Indian vegetarian families in
urban areas have begun to accept eggs as a
perfect protein source. Chicken consumption
is also growing rapidly at around 12% in India,
and thus, making the country one of the
fastest growing markets (Economic Times).
India's current per capita consumption of
poultry meat is estimated at 3.1 kg per year
(USDA FAS). Poultry sector's future also looks
bright; considering that as the present
younger generation grows up, the
acceptability and demand for eggs and
chicken meat in the next decades will also
rapidly increase. However, the question arises;
materials, quality of feed raw materials and drinking
water, man power, immune challenges still poses
challenge and are major concerns within the poultry
industry.
In the developing countries, especially in the densely
populated rural areas of Asia, poultry is in direct
competition with humans for feed resources. In
addition, the growing use of cereals and oilseed to
produce ethanol and biodiesel will increase the
pressure on the land area used for agriculture –
already high as a result of increased population size
and urbanization. This will inevitably lead to higher
crop prices and subsequently to higher feed costs.
Maize, one of the most important food crops in the
world is also a key ingredient in animal feed and is
used extensively in industrial products. Increasing
demand and production shortfalls in maize supplies
have worsened market conditions and contributed to
surging prices. Soybean meal, another significant
poultry feed ingredient, is also affected with
fluctuating price surge due to reduced supply arising
from changing climatic conditions as well as the
increase demand for exports.
Part of the response to increasing demand and supply
shortage has involved bringing new land into
cultivation. However area expansion is not a
sustainable option and often comes with an
environmental cost in terms of increased land
degradation.
At present, the industry is already witnessing a
tremendous spike in raw material prices. The animal
feed industry has been forced to look for and explore
the alternate feed ingredients to keep the finished
feed prices and animal protein prices as affordable as
possible in order to satisfy the consumer needs.
Unlocking the efficiency of feed ingredients is seen as
an answer to overcome this challenge. To provide the
level of feed demanded to meet the animal protein
need, animals may consume different diet in the
future compared to today. These different
diets/alternative feed ingredients could include co-
products, by-products and use of locally available but
less digestible feed ingredients. New generation
enzymes in addition to precise formulations will help
to release more nutrients from convention as well as
non-conventional feed ingredients.
Sustainability will become the key and India's poultry
industry is expecting a lot of innovative concepts and
programs to moderate the cost of production while
maintaining the superior quality of chicken and egg. ww
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08
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016INDUSTRY THOUGHTS
Animal Protein - Meeting its Requirement for the Growing Human Population
Dr. S.P. Vinil, Regional Marketing ManagerNovus International, South Asia and South East Asia Pacific
Dr. S.P. Vinil
is India's poultry industry growing
efficiently enough to feed this growing
consumer need, and what can be done
to further strengthen this industry?
Genetic progress, better and scientific
feeding and disease control has
contributed to the growth of poultry
industry in developing countries like
India over the past decade. According
to Economic Times Bureau 2014, India
is the third largest poultry producer in
the world with a production of 3.8
million tonne of poultry meat a year.
Additionally, India is also one of the
world's top producers of hen eggs,
ranking 2nd in the world with 65,000
million eggs produced per year.
Though the industry is steadily
growing at the rate of 8-15% in
various segments, the lower
agricultural productivity and
inconsistent supply of feed raw
Unlocking the efficiency of
feed ingredients is the solution
In the developing
countries, poultry is in
direct competition with
humans for feed
resources
Imag
e s
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eve
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hn
utr
itio
n
ww
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onm
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om
09
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
ccording to FAOSTAT, global food
production must increase 100% by
2050 to meet the growing global Apopulation. India's population currently ranks
second in the world. With its current
population base of 1.3 billion people (2014-
2015), the country's population is growing at
the rate of 1.22% (2015 estimate). India's
economy is also among the top 10 percent of
fast growing global economies. Population, in
addition to the rising income and changing
consumer preference in terms of food habits
has significantly resulted in the growing
demand for meat and meat product
consumption.
Eggs and chicken has got wider acceptability
across different regions, cultures and religions
and thus, are the preferred animal protein
sources in India when compared to other meat
products. Almost 37% of agricultural output
growth between 2005 and 2011 came from
animal products. (Credit Suisse).
India's per capita consumption of eggs each
year has risen from 28 in 2000 to 62 in 2015
(FAOSTAT). Many Indian vegetarian families in
urban areas have begun to accept eggs as a
perfect protein source. Chicken consumption
is also growing rapidly at around 12% in India,
and thus, making the country one of the
fastest growing markets (Economic Times).
India's current per capita consumption of
poultry meat is estimated at 3.1 kg per year
(USDA FAS). Poultry sector's future also looks
bright; considering that as the present
younger generation grows up, the
acceptability and demand for eggs and
chicken meat in the next decades will also
rapidly increase. However, the question arises;
materials, quality of feed raw materials and drinking
water, man power, immune challenges still poses
challenge and are major concerns within the poultry
industry.
In the developing countries, especially in the densely
populated rural areas of Asia, poultry is in direct
competition with humans for feed resources. In
addition, the growing use of cereals and oilseed to
produce ethanol and biodiesel will increase the
pressure on the land area used for agriculture –
already high as a result of increased population size
and urbanization. This will inevitably lead to higher
crop prices and subsequently to higher feed costs.
Maize, one of the most important food crops in the
world is also a key ingredient in animal feed and is
used extensively in industrial products. Increasing
demand and production shortfalls in maize supplies
have worsened market conditions and contributed to
surging prices. Soybean meal, another significant
poultry feed ingredient, is also affected with
fluctuating price surge due to reduced supply arising
from changing climatic conditions as well as the
increase demand for exports.
Part of the response to increasing demand and supply
shortage has involved bringing new land into
cultivation. However area expansion is not a
sustainable option and often comes with an
environmental cost in terms of increased land
degradation.
At present, the industry is already witnessing a
tremendous spike in raw material prices. The animal
feed industry has been forced to look for and explore
the alternate feed ingredients to keep the finished
feed prices and animal protein prices as affordable as
possible in order to satisfy the consumer needs.
Unlocking the efficiency of feed ingredients is seen as
an answer to overcome this challenge. To provide the
level of feed demanded to meet the animal protein
need, animals may consume different diet in the
future compared to today. These different
diets/alternative feed ingredients could include co-
products, by-products and use of locally available but
less digestible feed ingredients. New generation
enzymes in addition to precise formulations will help
to release more nutrients from convention as well as
non-conventional feed ingredients.
Sustainability will become the key and India's poultry
industry is expecting a lot of innovative concepts and
programs to moderate the cost of production while
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016INDUSTRY THOUGHTS
Animal Protein - Meeting its Requirement for the Growing Human Population
Dr. S.P. Vinil, Regional Marketing ManagerNovus International, South Asia and South East Asia Pacific
Dr. S.P. Vinil
is India's poultry industry growing
efficiently enough to feed this growing
consumer need, and what can be done
to further strengthen this industry?
Genetic progress, better and scientific
feeding and disease control has
contributed to the growth of poultry
industry in developing countries like
India over the past decade. According
to Economic Times Bureau 2014, India
is the third largest poultry producer in
the world with a production of 3.8
million tonne of poultry meat a year.
Additionally, India is also one of the
world's top producers of hen eggs,
ranking 2nd in the world with 65,000
million eggs produced per year.
Though the industry is steadily
growing at the rate of 8-15% in
various segments, the lower
agricultural productivity and
inconsistent supply of feed raw
Unlocking the efficiency of
feed ingredients is the solution
In the developing
countries, poultry is in
direct competition with
humans for feed
resources
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Impact on prices after Maize arrivals in BiharMaize prices in India declined in the last week of
March as arrivals have started in Bihar. Though
the quantity was small and with high moisture,
arrivals are likely to stabilise in two weeks time as
dry stocks will arrive. Spot prices was down
3.02% at Rs. 15840/MT on Mar 22, 2016 and
since then the market was closed for a long
weekend. On Mar 28, 2016 the prices dropped
further to Rs. 13900/MT which is kind of the price
it should be at the start of the season. The five
cargoes have arrived in India, while two (Kandla
and Jaigarh) have discharged the maize, other
three (Tuticorin, Vizag and Kandla) await final
discharge and maize will be available to the end
users in South and East India soon.
In the US the corn prices have move up, but not
of much significance. May contract up 0.82% to
$145.66/Mt; July up 0.75% to $147.39/MT and
Sept up 0.69% to $149.28/MT. Once the USDA
report on planting intentions is available, its
affect on the price movement can be understood
better. The FOB prices also moved up a bit and
were indicated at $165/MT (US Gulf) and
$170/Mt (PNW). Argentine corn was quoted at
$164/MT. Brazil $161/MT and Black Sea corn at
$163/MT. (All price are FOB basis at respective
ports). US corn price delivered to SEA region @
$202/MT for US#2.
DDGS prices remained more or less stable in the
last week of March and FOB prices were
indicated at $172/MT (US Gulf) and $194/MT
(PNW). Delivered prices to SEA region were
indicated $211/Mt to Vietnam (April) and down
to $208/MT in Jun. Delivered price to China was
$205/MT. US SBM price (FOB) was indicated
$322/Mt and delivered to Asia at $370/MT
Argentine SBM indicated $309/MT. India SBM
price is quoted at $530/MT at factory. US CGM
price is down at $535/MT. It would make sense
for Indian poultry feed and cattle feed
manufacturers to look at DDGS as a protein of
choice. It's protein value i s 26% and it also
contains fat at 6%, addicting that extra quality
parameter to the ingredient). For the Calendar
Year 2015, India's close neighbour, Bangladesh
imported 17,547 Mt of DDGS. Myanmar
imported 5,675 MT of DDGS. From Sept 2015-
Jan 2016, imports to Bangladesh have been
13,711 MT, 77% higher than last year's imports in
the same period. Indian poultry industry will
need to decide on its plant protein requirements
and decide on what it needs to do. It would be
difficult to match the demand with these current
supplies. Like maize has been imported, plant
proteins will need to be imported at least to fulfil
the current deficiency. The freight rates remain
stable. The benchmark US Gulf-Japan freight rate
was indicated at $23/ MT and PNW-Japan at
$14/MT; US Gulf-China quoted at $21.50/MT and
PNW-China at $13/MT. Argentina/Brazil to China
indicated in the range of $26-14.75/MT
Source: Techpro India
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Impact on prices after Maize arrivals in BiharMaize prices in India declined in the last week of
March as arrivals have started in Bihar. Though
the quantity was small and with high moisture,
arrivals are likely to stabilise in two weeks time as
dry stocks will arrive. Spot prices was down
3.02% at Rs. 15840/MT on Mar 22, 2016 and
since then the market was closed for a long
weekend. On Mar 28, 2016 the prices dropped
further to Rs. 13900/MT which is kind of the price
it should be at the start of the season. The five
cargoes have arrived in India, while two (Kandla
and Jaigarh) have discharged the maize, other
three (Tuticorin, Vizag and Kandla) await final
discharge and maize will be available to the end
users in South and East India soon.
In the US the corn prices have move up, but not
of much significance. May contract up 0.82% to
$145.66/Mt; July up 0.75% to $147.39/MT and
Sept up 0.69% to $149.28/MT. Once the USDA
report on planting intentions is available, its
affect on the price movement can be understood
better. The FOB prices also moved up a bit and
were indicated at $165/MT (US Gulf) and
$170/Mt (PNW). Argentine corn was quoted at
$164/MT. Brazil $161/MT and Black Sea corn at
$163/MT. (All price are FOB basis at respective
ports). US corn price delivered to SEA region @
$202/MT for US#2.
DDGS prices remained more or less stable in the
last week of March and FOB prices were
indicated at $172/MT (US Gulf) and $194/MT
(PNW). Delivered prices to SEA region were
indicated $211/Mt to Vietnam (April) and down
to $208/MT in Jun. Delivered price to China was
$205/MT. US SBM price (FOB) was indicated
$322/Mt and delivered to Asia at $370/MT
Argentine SBM indicated $309/MT. India SBM
price is quoted at $530/MT at factory. US CGM
price is down at $535/MT. It would make sense
for Indian poultry feed and cattle feed
manufacturers to look at DDGS as a protein of
choice. It's protein value i s 26% and it also
contains fat at 6%, addicting that extra quality
parameter to the ingredient). For the Calendar
Year 2015, India's close neighbour, Bangladesh
imported 17,547 Mt of DDGS. Myanmar
imported 5,675 MT of DDGS. From Sept 2015-
Jan 2016, imports to Bangladesh have been
13,711 MT, 77% higher than last year's imports in
the same period. Indian poultry industry will
need to decide on its plant protein requirements
and decide on what it needs to do. It would be
difficult to match the demand with these current
supplies. Like maize has been imported, plant
proteins will need to be imported at least to fulfil
the current deficiency. The freight rates remain
stable. The benchmark US Gulf-Japan freight rate
was indicated at $23/ MT and PNW-Japan at
$14/MT; US Gulf-China quoted at $21.50/MT and
PNW-China at $13/MT. Argentina/Brazil to China
indicated in the range of $26-14.75/MT
Source: Techpro India
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
Fodder seed scenario in India
Availability of quality seed in forage crops to
enhance production and productivity is long-
felt need. Forage crops in general and range
grasses and legumes in particular are shy seed
producers. The quality seed production is an
important area that needs to be strengthened
for vertical growth in cultivated fodder and
horizontal growth in grassland and silvopasture
sector. A multi-pronged strategic policy and
research interventions are required to take care
of all aspects of fodder seed production
technology, quality, seed standards,
certification, distribution and marketing.
Projected requirement of fodder seed at current
level of cultivated area of 8.47 million hectares
has been worked out at replacement ratio of
20%.
Draw backs of fodder seed production
! In India, large area is sown using poor
quality uncertified seed that gives poor
forage yield. Usually, farmers do not
produce these seed.
! The main constraints for seed production
are non-availability of irrigation area during
April, May and/or preference of one extra
cut of fodder during lean period of fodder
availability in April.
PROBLEMS IN FODDER SEED PRODUCTION IN INDIA
H.S. Choudhary*, Taramani Yadav**
! The seeds sold in local market are
of poor quality and infested with
weeds of Melilotus and Chicory, a
discouraging factor for berseem
cultivation. Moreover, prevalence of
diseases like root rot and stem rot
in North West and Central India is
a major threat to this crop.
! Oat is a competitive crop and
farmers are shifting to it due to less
availability of quality berseem seed,
failure of imported seed and
absence of disease resistant
varieties of berseem.
! Looking into a wide acceptability
among farmers and high demand
for berseem seed, concerted
efforts are needed to develop
superior lines producing high
biomass, lines tolerant to root and
stem rots, increased dry matter,
prolonged crop duration. There is
enough scope for extending the
berseem crop cultivation to
southern and western parts of the
country.
Important Forage Crop Specific
Scenario
1. Sorghum and Bajra
In last 15 years, area under grain
sorghum is decreasing in favour of
other crops. However, it still occupies first position (2.6
million ha) among the forage crops and in addition
supply significantly large quantity of stover from grain
crop for livestock. Forage sorghum forms a specialized
production system to cater to the needs of commercial
dairy farms, largely confined in northern India. It is
mostly preferred over maize for its less input and
drought tolerance. Single cut is preferred over multicut
in kharif season as it fits well in sorghum–wheat crop
sequence. Multicut has potential for intensive fodder
production under irrigated condition. There is ready and
growing market for multicut forage sorghum hybrids to
support the proliferating dairy business where private
sector is dominating and marketing notified varieties
such as MFSH 3, Harasona and non-notified hybrids
bred indigenously or imported from USA, Australia etc.
under New Seed Policy. Research on development of
multicut cultivars is slow and limited to the release of
Sudan grass derivative SSG 59-3 and recently released
Punjab Sudax and PCH 106. Sorghum stover is the main
feed resource in the semiarid region of Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharastra, Gujarat,
Rajasthan and Bundelkhand region of UP. It is estimated
that sorghum stover constitutes 20-45 % of total dry
weight of roughage of dairy livestock during normal
monsoon year and 60% during drought year in these
states. In earlier developed varieties, sorghum gave 80%
more grain but 30% less stover than the local cultivars.
2. Berseem
Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) is one of the
most important winter forage legumes in India. The
crop is reported to be highly self-compatible in its place
of origin but in India it is believed to be self-fertile. In
India, it occupies two million hectares. The merit of the
crop lies in its multicut nature (4 -8 cuts), long duration
of green fodder availability (November to April), high
green fodder yield (85 t/ha), good forage quality (20%
crude protein), and digestibility (up to 65%) and high
palatability. The green fodders yield from the present
0.5 m ha land (25% of total area) is expected to increase
by 15%. From each hectare of land there will be
additional income of Rs 9000. Thus, from 0.5 m ha land;
the additional income would be Rs 450 crores. It shows
vast potential for meeting the demand and supply gap
of forages in the country.
3. Oats
Oat is an important high yielding nutritious fodder crop
grown in the winter season in about 1.0 million hectare
area in Punjab, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Maharastra Bihar and Bengal. Import of about 1000
tonnes oat seeds during 2005-06 signifies the emerging
need of promoting oat seed production to meet seed
requirement in the country. With growing health
Year Requimented Qt. (MT)
2004-05 2062
2005-06 2930
2006-07 7912
2007-08 7622
2008-09 (till Jan, 09) 7520
Status of seed import is for berseem (2004-09)
ARTICLE Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
Fodder seed scenario in India
Availability of quality seed in forage crops to
enhance production and productivity is long-
felt need. Forage crops in general and range
grasses and legumes in particular are shy seed
producers. The quality seed production is an
important area that needs to be strengthened
for vertical growth in cultivated fodder and
horizontal growth in grassland and silvopasture
sector. A multi-pronged strategic policy and
research interventions are required to take care
of all aspects of fodder seed production
technology, quality, seed standards,
certification, distribution and marketing.
Projected requirement of fodder seed at current
level of cultivated area of 8.47 million hectares
has been worked out at replacement ratio of
20%.
Draw backs of fodder seed production
! In India, large area is sown using poor
quality uncertified seed that gives poor
forage yield. Usually, farmers do not
produce these seed.
! The main constraints for seed production
are non-availability of irrigation area during
April, May and/or preference of one extra
cut of fodder during lean period of fodder
availability in April.
PROBLEMS IN FODDER SEED PRODUCTION IN INDIA
H.S. Choudhary*, Taramani Yadav**
! The seeds sold in local market are
of poor quality and infested with
weeds of Melilotus and Chicory, a
discouraging factor for berseem
cultivation. Moreover, prevalence of
diseases like root rot and stem rot
in North West and Central India is
a major threat to this crop.
! Oat is a competitive crop and
farmers are shifting to it due to less
availability of quality berseem seed,
failure of imported seed and
absence of disease resistant
varieties of berseem.
! Looking into a wide acceptability
among farmers and high demand
for berseem seed, concerted
efforts are needed to develop
superior lines producing high
biomass, lines tolerant to root and
stem rots, increased dry matter,
prolonged crop duration. There is
enough scope for extending the
berseem crop cultivation to
southern and western parts of the
country.
Important Forage Crop Specific
Scenario
1. Sorghum and Bajra
In last 15 years, area under grain
sorghum is decreasing in favour of
other crops. However, it still occupies first position (2.6
million ha) among the forage crops and in addition
supply significantly large quantity of stover from grain
crop for livestock. Forage sorghum forms a specialized
production system to cater to the needs of commercial
dairy farms, largely confined in northern India. It is
mostly preferred over maize for its less input and
drought tolerance. Single cut is preferred over multicut
in kharif season as it fits well in sorghum–wheat crop
sequence. Multicut has potential for intensive fodder
production under irrigated condition. There is ready and
growing market for multicut forage sorghum hybrids to
support the proliferating dairy business where private
sector is dominating and marketing notified varieties
such as MFSH 3, Harasona and non-notified hybrids
bred indigenously or imported from USA, Australia etc.
under New Seed Policy. Research on development of
multicut cultivars is slow and limited to the release of
Sudan grass derivative SSG 59-3 and recently released
Punjab Sudax and PCH 106. Sorghum stover is the main
feed resource in the semiarid region of Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharastra, Gujarat,
Rajasthan and Bundelkhand region of UP. It is estimated
that sorghum stover constitutes 20-45 % of total dry
weight of roughage of dairy livestock during normal
monsoon year and 60% during drought year in these
states. In earlier developed varieties, sorghum gave 80%
more grain but 30% less stover than the local cultivars.
2. Berseem
Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) is one of the
most important winter forage legumes in India. The
crop is reported to be highly self-compatible in its place
of origin but in India it is believed to be self-fertile. In
India, it occupies two million hectares. The merit of the
crop lies in its multicut nature (4 -8 cuts), long duration
of green fodder availability (November to April), high
green fodder yield (85 t/ha), good forage quality (20%
crude protein), and digestibility (up to 65%) and high
palatability. The green fodders yield from the present
0.5 m ha land (25% of total area) is expected to increase
by 15%. From each hectare of land there will be
additional income of Rs 9000. Thus, from 0.5 m ha land;
the additional income would be Rs 450 crores. It shows
vast potential for meeting the demand and supply gap
of forages in the country.
3. Oats
Oat is an important high yielding nutritious fodder crop
grown in the winter season in about 1.0 million hectare
area in Punjab, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Maharastra Bihar and Bengal. Import of about 1000
tonnes oat seeds during 2005-06 signifies the emerging
need of promoting oat seed production to meet seed
requirement in the country. With growing health
Year Requimented Qt. (MT)
2004-05 2062
2005-06 2930
2006-07 7912
2007-08 7622
2008-09 (till Jan, 09) 7520
Status of seed import is for berseem (2004-09)
ARTICLE Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016 Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
consciousness, oat grain can be in high
demand.
4. Lucerne
Lucerne is the third important forage
crop in India. It is grown in about 1
million hectare area, adapted mainly in
the western parts of the country
including Gujarat, Maharashtra,
Rajasthan and high hills of Himalaya.
Medicago species form a major
component of pastures and are also
cultivated in vast tract. Susceptibility of
the crop to lucerne weevil and downy
mildew are the major problems.
SWOT analysis with regard to fodder
production in the country
Strengths
! A well organized research institute
with its three regional stations and
one AICRP on forage crops spread
over 21 centers across the country.
! Network of state milk
cooperatives/corporations and
federations provide organized
platform for forage resource
development.
! Potential large areas of 187.7
million hectares under the category
of wastelands/ degraded lands as
well as forest margins are available;
if that could be scientifically
managed and regulated by a policy
frame and institutionalized at local
levels for sustainable use, it will
completely bridge the gap in
forage demand and supply.
! Higher demand of meat and milk
products due to urbanization, fast
emerging peri-urban dairies and
well developed network of state
milk cooperatives/ federations will
accelerate demand for green
fodder and need for setting up of
processed fodder plants in view of
the enlarging organized fodder
market.
! Organic food production and role
of livestock through close nutrient
recycling also present
opportunities to forage resource
development.
Economic and environmental
benefits of green fodder and
!
grazing based livestock production in terms of low
cost per unit of livestock products as well as
reduced emission of methane, organic source of
nutrients for efficient organic farming and close
nutrient recycling etc, favours forage resource
development.
Weaknesses
Land under cultivated fodder crops is almost static
and there is little scope of expansion due to
reducing availability of per capita land.
There is no agency to provide precise data on
fodder crops production, productivity and adoption
of improved varieties and technology for effective
policy formulation and research planning.
Largely non-commercial status of forage crops and
unorganized small market for fodder crops without
any government policy back up like minimum
support price (MSP), is putting forage production
as a low priority agricultural activity.
Promotional infrastructure facilities like production
and marketing of quality seed through a well
organized network are insufficient.
On one hand, marketing of fodder crops is not
being organized properly and on the other hand
transportation of bulky fodder is difficult and cost
per unit weight of fodder becomes high due to
high volume.
Opportunities
Increasing demand for livestock products viz. milk
and meat highlight raising need of fodder and feed.
Growing demand of organic food products have
increased the importance of crop-livestock
integrated farming for its inbuilt organic nutrient
recycling.
Peri-urban dairy creating organized fodder markets
and need for post harvest processing of fodder and
crop residues and formulation of complete feeds.
Threats
Increasing pressure on cultivable land reduces
allocation of lands for fodder production.
Natural resource degradation.
Climate change, water scarcity due to recurrent
droughts and rise in weather uncertainties are
adversely affecting productivity of forage crops and
grasslands.
Increase in global competition for markets under
WTO regimes is a real challenge to promote
livestock production.
*Ph.D Scholar, Entomology, SKNAU, Jobner, Rajasthan
**Ph.D Scholar, Agronomy (Forage Production), NDRI, Karnal, Haryana
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Remote sensing technology for fodder statusBig cooperatives are taking the help of
Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO) to track livestock and fodder in
villages. Dairy farming is the latest
addition to the list of traditional
businesses that are achieving higher
efficiency and productivity through
technology.
Big cooperatives are taking the help of
ISRO to track the milk system at village-
level more efficiently. The National Dairy
Development Board (NDDB) has taken
the help of satellite imaging to track the
animal population, fodder status, and
land use patterns. Recently, an NDDB
project won an award at the Geosmart
India 2016 for developing an 'internet-
based dairy geographical information
system' (IDGIS).
IDGIS is a visualisation tool which
enables identification of villages and
integrates human census, livestock
census, land-use and land-cover of
villages in all the major milk producing
states. A senior NDDB official said
around 500,000 villages had been
covered, helping milk unions plan their
village-level activities more efficiently.
Anand-based NDDB has also joined
hands with ISRO's Space Applications
Centre and completed a pilot study of
the fodder growing areas in Banaskantha
district of Gujarat, using satellite
imaging. Implemented at a mass scale,
this would help policymakers address
scarcity of fodder.
The project assumes significance when
pitched against the current fodder
growing pattern in India. While India is
the largest milk producing country in the
world, around 80 per cent of dairy
farmers are small and marginal and
contribute to 70 per cent of total milk
production. They, however, do not own
much land. According to estimates only
five per cent of the country's farmland is
devoted to fodder farming.
ISRO had earlier developed crop
production forecast technology for
major food crops, using remote sensing
techniques. However, fodder crops are
normally grown sparsely and on very
small plots, said an NDDB official. “This
makes the job of discrimination of
these crops through remote sensing
quite challenging,” he added.
The pilot project at Banaskantha
estimated the area under green fodder
crops in the district (81,000 hectares)
and fallow areas as well as cultivable
wastelands (57,000 hectares) with 77
per cent accuracy level. It also pointed
out that around 35 per cent of the
villages in the district have more than
five per cent wasteland which could be
developed to grow fodder.
This would help in planning the fodder
supply chain in case of any shortage in
a particular area. Fodder prices have
nearly doubled in the past 10 years and
fodder shortage is estimated to rise to
400 million tonnes by 2025. This study
will now be scaled up on the national
level.
Source: business-standard
INDUSTRY NEWS
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016 Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
consciousness, oat grain can be in high
demand.
4. Lucerne
Lucerne is the third important forage
crop in India. It is grown in about 1
million hectare area, adapted mainly in
the western parts of the country
including Gujarat, Maharashtra,
Rajasthan and high hills of Himalaya.
Medicago species form a major
component of pastures and are also
cultivated in vast tract. Susceptibility of
the crop to lucerne weevil and downy
mildew are the major problems.
SWOT analysis with regard to fodder
production in the country
Strengths
! A well organized research institute
with its three regional stations and
one AICRP on forage crops spread
over 21 centers across the country.
! Network of state milk
cooperatives/corporations and
federations provide organized
platform for forage resource
development.
! Potential large areas of 187.7
million hectares under the category
of wastelands/ degraded lands as
well as forest margins are available;
if that could be scientifically
managed and regulated by a policy
frame and institutionalized at local
levels for sustainable use, it will
completely bridge the gap in
forage demand and supply.
! Higher demand of meat and milk
products due to urbanization, fast
emerging peri-urban dairies and
well developed network of state
milk cooperatives/ federations will
accelerate demand for green
fodder and need for setting up of
processed fodder plants in view of
the enlarging organized fodder
market.
! Organic food production and role
of livestock through close nutrient
recycling also present
opportunities to forage resource
development.
Economic and environmental
benefits of green fodder and
!
grazing based livestock production in terms of low
cost per unit of livestock products as well as
reduced emission of methane, organic source of
nutrients for efficient organic farming and close
nutrient recycling etc, favours forage resource
development.
Weaknesses
Land under cultivated fodder crops is almost static
and there is little scope of expansion due to
reducing availability of per capita land.
There is no agency to provide precise data on
fodder crops production, productivity and adoption
of improved varieties and technology for effective
policy formulation and research planning.
Largely non-commercial status of forage crops and
unorganized small market for fodder crops without
any government policy back up like minimum
support price (MSP), is putting forage production
as a low priority agricultural activity.
Promotional infrastructure facilities like production
and marketing of quality seed through a well
organized network are insufficient.
On one hand, marketing of fodder crops is not
being organized properly and on the other hand
transportation of bulky fodder is difficult and cost
per unit weight of fodder becomes high due to
high volume.
Opportunities
Increasing demand for livestock products viz. milk
and meat highlight raising need of fodder and feed.
Growing demand of organic food products have
increased the importance of crop-livestock
integrated farming for its inbuilt organic nutrient
recycling.
Peri-urban dairy creating organized fodder markets
and need for post harvest processing of fodder and
crop residues and formulation of complete feeds.
Threats
Increasing pressure on cultivable land reduces
allocation of lands for fodder production.
Natural resource degradation.
Climate change, water scarcity due to recurrent
droughts and rise in weather uncertainties are
adversely affecting productivity of forage crops and
grasslands.
Increase in global competition for markets under
WTO regimes is a real challenge to promote
livestock production.
*Ph.D Scholar, Entomology, SKNAU, Jobner, Rajasthan
**Ph.D Scholar, Agronomy (Forage Production), NDRI, Karnal, Haryana
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Remote sensing technology for fodder statusBig cooperatives are taking the help of
Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO) to track livestock and fodder in
villages. Dairy farming is the latest
addition to the list of traditional
businesses that are achieving higher
efficiency and productivity through
technology.
Big cooperatives are taking the help of
ISRO to track the milk system at village-
level more efficiently. The National Dairy
Development Board (NDDB) has taken
the help of satellite imaging to track the
animal population, fodder status, and
land use patterns. Recently, an NDDB
project won an award at the Geosmart
India 2016 for developing an 'internet-
based dairy geographical information
system' (IDGIS).
IDGIS is a visualisation tool which
enables identification of villages and
integrates human census, livestock
census, land-use and land-cover of
villages in all the major milk producing
states. A senior NDDB official said
around 500,000 villages had been
covered, helping milk unions plan their
village-level activities more efficiently.
Anand-based NDDB has also joined
hands with ISRO's Space Applications
Centre and completed a pilot study of
the fodder growing areas in Banaskantha
district of Gujarat, using satellite
imaging. Implemented at a mass scale,
this would help policymakers address
scarcity of fodder.
The project assumes significance when
pitched against the current fodder
growing pattern in India. While India is
the largest milk producing country in the
world, around 80 per cent of dairy
farmers are small and marginal and
contribute to 70 per cent of total milk
production. They, however, do not own
much land. According to estimates only
five per cent of the country's farmland is
devoted to fodder farming.
ISRO had earlier developed crop
production forecast technology for
major food crops, using remote sensing
techniques. However, fodder crops are
normally grown sparsely and on very
small plots, said an NDDB official. “This
makes the job of discrimination of
these crops through remote sensing
quite challenging,” he added.
The pilot project at Banaskantha
estimated the area under green fodder
crops in the district (81,000 hectares)
and fallow areas as well as cultivable
wastelands (57,000 hectares) with 77
per cent accuracy level. It also pointed
out that around 35 per cent of the
villages in the district have more than
five per cent wasteland which could be
developed to grow fodder.
This would help in planning the fodder
supply chain in case of any shortage in
a particular area. Fodder prices have
nearly doubled in the past 10 years and
fodder shortage is estimated to rise to
400 million tonnes by 2025. This study
will now be scaled up on the national
level.
Source: business-standard
INTERVIEW w
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016 Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
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Please share some of the challenges and
opportunities for AB Vista in the Indian poultry
market compared to developed markets?
What changes have you witnessed in Indian
Livestock industry over the course of your career?
Indian poultry industry is expected to grow at 7-8% in
next ten years and it is a great opportunity for
company like AB Vista to sell enzymes. As raw
materials prices went up, feed millers and farmers
realized the importance of using matrix value and they
started buying enzymes as per benefits instead of
focusing on price factor. But still many more feed
millers, integrators, consultants and poultry farmers
including layer farmers need to be made aware of the
concept of superdosing and matrix values.
In last two decades, Indian livestock industry has gone
through metamorphosis. The poultry sector has
undergone major structural changes during recent
decades, due to variety of reasons like, the
introduction of modern intensive production methods,
genetic improvements, improved preventive disease
control and biosecurity measures, increasing income
and human population, and urbanization.
! Broiler feed is pelleted
! Poultry integration boosted the
growth of industry
! Layer farming industry is more
sophisticated with bigger farm
size. Few states of India supplies
eggs to the whole country
Indian is still a wet market although
commercial eggs are exported, but in
coming years, a lot of improvement is
expected in poultry processing,
marketing and exports.
Even the organized dairy sector has
not grown as per the expectations.
Today, only 20% of the total milk
production is handled by the
organized sector. Milk cooperatives
need to adopt better practices for milk
handling like cold chain, and help
farmers to improve productivity.
Species change from Monodon to
Vennamei is proved to be a life line for
Indian shrimp industry . A decade ago,
while I was working with American
Soybean Association floating fish feed
was introduced and today, around
seven lakh tons of floating fish feeds is
sold in the country.
Indian Poultry feed is the most
organized industry compared to
Livestock and Aqua feed industry with
a production of approx. 12 MMT of
broiler feeds and 8.5 MMT of layer
feeds. Ongoing demand for chick
mash, grower mash and layer feed
concentrates from layer farmers has
proved to be an opportunity for
commercial feed millers. Last year
around 5.5 lakh tons of shrimp feeds
and around one MMT of fish feed (7
lakhs floating and 3 lakhs pelleted)
was sold in the market.
Around 7.5 MMT of cattle feed was
produced and in coming decade
better growth and quality is expected.
In a recent conversation, the Gujarat
Milk Cooperatives have shared that
raw material quality is the biggest
challenge. Feed millers and raw
material suppliers needs to come
together to resolve these issues.
Compared to earlier decade today
consumer is more educated and
concerned about nutrition. FSSAI and
consumer organizations are becoming
more alert about excess use of
antibiotics and its negative impact.
Our industry also should seriously
consider it and prevent the use of
antibiotics as growth promoters. We
need to invest in consumer awareness
which should also include policy
makers, NGOs, Medical doctors, etc. In
coming decade, food safety will be a
According to latest Global Feed
Survey by Alltech, India is 5th
largest feed producing country in
the world with a total production of
29.43 i.e. 3% of total feed
production. Please share species-
wise consumption trends in India
and growth trajectory for the Indian
feed industry?
Antibiotic Resistance growing
concern in India? How do you think
it may influence the market?
major challenge and also marketing tool for the
industry.
Industry cannot control the prices of feed ingredients.
If imports are allowed during lean period, it will
support the industry to keep feed prices in control.
Standards laid out for feed ingredients for quality
assurance need to be implemented in an effective
manner. Alternate feed sources can also provide better
profitability and it can also be fetched by processing,
branding and marketing the end products. Penetrating
the untapped rural Indian market is another way.
Exports of end products is always a big opportunity.
However, to improve exports, the quality of the end
products also need to be improved, to meet
international quality standards.
Coming decade presents huge scope for technological
advancements and efficiency in Indian agriculture.
Government is providing funds for speeding up the
process. Next green revolution in eastern and
northeastern India is a bright prospect for livestock
industry as well. The industry needs to focus their
investment on these states.
Water is going to play an important role in the future
success of agriculture. Genetically modified foods is
one of the technologies with a potential to improve
productivity. But organic farming is a niche sector and
farmers need to adopt scientific approach to improve
their farming efficiency. Skill development is another
area that needs a lot of improvement. Livestock sector
will serve as the best and sustainable option for Indian
agriculture and the farming community.
Poultry feed will continue to be a leader but Livestock
and aqua feed will be the game changer. Continued
growth of Indian industry is expected in the coming
decades, mainly due to increase in domestic demand
for milk, egg, meat and aqua products. Therefore,
future of compound feed industry is bright. Compound
feed industry is expected to produce around 54 million
tons of all types of feeds, excluding 10.4 million tons of
layer feeds which is prepared at farm level. The oilmeal
requirement for producing this feed is approximately 15
million tons. It is also required for direct feeding of dairy
animals (30 million tons).
Industry has seen a mismatch between the feed
ingredient prices which keep on varying and end-
product prices which remains constant throughout
the year. Your comment.
Technological advancements is the key for
development of any market. How do you look at
genetically modified feed market in India?
Considering the present challenges, what might
the status of Indian feed industry look 10-20 years
down the road? What do you visualize as the game
changer for Indian feed industry?
Next green
revolution in eastern
and northeastern India
is bright prospect for
livestock industry
Interview with Dr. Dinesh Bhosale, AB Vista
INTERVIEW
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016 Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
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17
Please share some of the challenges and
opportunities for AB Vista in the Indian poultry
market compared to developed markets?
What changes have you witnessed in Indian
Livestock industry over the course of your career?
Indian poultry industry is expected to grow at 7-8% in
next ten years and it is a great opportunity for
company like AB Vista to sell enzymes. As raw
materials prices went up, feed millers and farmers
realized the importance of using matrix value and they
started buying enzymes as per benefits instead of
focusing on price factor. But still many more feed
millers, integrators, consultants and poultry farmers
including layer farmers need to be made aware of the
concept of superdosing and matrix values.
In last two decades, Indian livestock industry has gone
through metamorphosis. The poultry sector has
undergone major structural changes during recent
decades, due to variety of reasons like, the
introduction of modern intensive production methods,
genetic improvements, improved preventive disease
control and biosecurity measures, increasing income
and human population, and urbanization.
! Broiler feed is pelleted
! Poultry integration boosted the
growth of industry
! Layer farming industry is more
sophisticated with bigger farm
size. Few states of India supplies
eggs to the whole country
Indian is still a wet market although
commercial eggs are exported, but in
coming years, a lot of improvement is
expected in poultry processing,
marketing and exports.
Even the organized dairy sector has
not grown as per the expectations.
Today, only 20% of the total milk
production is handled by the
organized sector. Milk cooperatives
need to adopt better practices for milk
handling like cold chain, and help
farmers to improve productivity.
Species change from Monodon to
Vennamei is proved to be a life line for
Indian shrimp industry . A decade ago,
while I was working with American
Soybean Association floating fish feed
was introduced and today, around
seven lakh tons of floating fish feeds is
sold in the country.
Indian Poultry feed is the most
organized industry compared to
Livestock and Aqua feed industry with
a production of approx. 12 MMT of
broiler feeds and 8.5 MMT of layer
feeds. Ongoing demand for chick
mash, grower mash and layer feed
concentrates from layer farmers has
proved to be an opportunity for
commercial feed millers. Last year
around 5.5 lakh tons of shrimp feeds
and around one MMT of fish feed (7
lakhs floating and 3 lakhs pelleted)
was sold in the market.
Around 7.5 MMT of cattle feed was
produced and in coming decade
better growth and quality is expected.
In a recent conversation, the Gujarat
Milk Cooperatives have shared that
raw material quality is the biggest
challenge. Feed millers and raw
material suppliers needs to come
together to resolve these issues.
Compared to earlier decade today
consumer is more educated and
concerned about nutrition. FSSAI and
consumer organizations are becoming
more alert about excess use of
antibiotics and its negative impact.
Our industry also should seriously
consider it and prevent the use of
antibiotics as growth promoters. We
need to invest in consumer awareness
which should also include policy
makers, NGOs, Medical doctors, etc. In
coming decade, food safety will be a
According to latest Global Feed
Survey by Alltech, India is 5th
largest feed producing country in
the world with a total production of
29.43 i.e. 3% of total feed
production. Please share species-
wise consumption trends in India
and growth trajectory for the Indian
feed industry?
Antibiotic Resistance growing
concern in India? How do you think
it may influence the market?
major challenge and also marketing tool for the
industry.
Industry cannot control the prices of feed ingredients.
If imports are allowed during lean period, it will
support the industry to keep feed prices in control.
Standards laid out for feed ingredients for quality
assurance need to be implemented in an effective
manner. Alternate feed sources can also provide better
profitability and it can also be fetched by processing,
branding and marketing the end products. Penetrating
the untapped rural Indian market is another way.
Exports of end products is always a big opportunity.
However, to improve exports, the quality of the end
products also need to be improved, to meet
international quality standards.
Coming decade presents huge scope for technological
advancements and efficiency in Indian agriculture.
Government is providing funds for speeding up the
process. Next green revolution in eastern and
northeastern India is a bright prospect for livestock
industry as well. The industry needs to focus their
investment on these states.
Water is going to play an important role in the future
success of agriculture. Genetically modified foods is
one of the technologies with a potential to improve
productivity. But organic farming is a niche sector and
farmers need to adopt scientific approach to improve
their farming efficiency. Skill development is another
area that needs a lot of improvement. Livestock sector
will serve as the best and sustainable option for Indian
agriculture and the farming community.
Poultry feed will continue to be a leader but Livestock
and aqua feed will be the game changer. Continued
growth of Indian industry is expected in the coming
decades, mainly due to increase in domestic demand
for milk, egg, meat and aqua products. Therefore,
future of compound feed industry is bright. Compound
feed industry is expected to produce around 54 million
tons of all types of feeds, excluding 10.4 million tons of
layer feeds which is prepared at farm level. The oilmeal
requirement for producing this feed is approximately 15
million tons. It is also required for direct feeding of dairy
animals (30 million tons).
Industry has seen a mismatch between the feed
ingredient prices which keep on varying and end-
product prices which remains constant throughout
the year. Your comment.
Technological advancements is the key for
development of any market. How do you look at
genetically modified feed market in India?
Considering the present challenges, what might
the status of Indian feed industry look 10-20 years
down the road? What do you visualize as the game
changer for Indian feed industry?
Next green
revolution in eastern
and northeastern India
is bright prospect for
livestock industry
Interview with Dr. Dinesh Bhosale, AB Vista
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PELLETING TIPS Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
ellet quality and efficient functioning
of machinery are the key factors for
any feed miller. Providing ideal Pfeatures for proper conditioning is the
determining factor for achieving improved
pellet quality as well as machine efficiency.
Effective conditioning and pelleting is a
complex matter that needs to address issues
like, delivering ample moisture to the
conditioner, and providing sufficient
moisture to the feed particles during
conditioning process. Hence, it is required to
understand the factors that cause poor
conditioning and pelleting and having its
effect on machine performance.
Moisture management in feed is the key
from an economic and feed quality point of
view. The amount of moisture in bound form,
brought by macro ingredient like corn, in a
feed formula contributes to the production
efficiency. More is the moisture in
compounded feed, more it can assist
cooking and conditioning, providing also
better machine efficiency (higher throughput
at lower energy consumption), pellet quality,
and feeding value (enhanced nutrient value).
The process can be defined by "Food
Polymer Science", phenomenon of
polymerization of starch or protein structure
in relation to moisture content during feed
formulation and processing. Water can act as
a plasticizer medium contributing to the
formation and stability of polymeric
carbohydrates and proteins, which results in
pellet formation and improved feeding value.
Role of Moisture Control in Feed Processing
Dr Naveen Kumar, Delst Asia
Then, the pellet feed sample can be
tested for different aspects such as
degree of gelatinization (DSC
method), water activity, and moisture content etc to
ensure the degree of cooking for required feed
quality.
Kinetics of heat / moisture / steam application in
feed processing and quality deterioration present a
complete new dimension for the cost reduction
during feed formulation process, which does not
depend only on the raw material cost but on the
efficient production to enhance the feeding value for
better animal performance.
A sufficient moisture level is important as it reduces
the energy usage during the pelleting process, and
also ensures that production runs more smoothly by
lowering the risk of blockages. This is important for
preventing nutrient losses as a result of excessive
heat production. Furthermore, it guarantees good
pellet quality as an optimal moisture level is known
to positively affect pellet hardness.
Feed cost reduction can also be achieved by saving
the lost nutrients of grain during storage, and
potentially tapping the opportunity to reduce
formulation specs. It is possible to lower the energy
value to some extent in a feed formulation by
compensating it with improved
cooking/gelatinization that invariably contribute to
more digestible energy for the animal.
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
Imag
e s
ou
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nd
ritz
Moisture management
in feed is key from an
economic and feed quality
point of view
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PELLETING TIPS Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
ellet quality and efficient functioning
of machinery are the key factors for
any feed miller. Providing ideal Pfeatures for proper conditioning is the
determining factor for achieving improved
pellet quality as well as machine efficiency.
Effective conditioning and pelleting is a
complex matter that needs to address issues
like, delivering ample moisture to the
conditioner, and providing sufficient
moisture to the feed particles during
conditioning process. Hence, it is required to
understand the factors that cause poor
conditioning and pelleting and having its
effect on machine performance.
Moisture management in feed is the key
from an economic and feed quality point of
view. The amount of moisture in bound form,
brought by macro ingredient like corn, in a
feed formula contributes to the production
efficiency. More is the moisture in
compounded feed, more it can assist
cooking and conditioning, providing also
better machine efficiency (higher throughput
at lower energy consumption), pellet quality,
and feeding value (enhanced nutrient value).
The process can be defined by "Food
Polymer Science", phenomenon of
polymerization of starch or protein structure
in relation to moisture content during feed
formulation and processing. Water can act as
a plasticizer medium contributing to the
formation and stability of polymeric
carbohydrates and proteins, which results in
pellet formation and improved feeding value.
Role of Moisture Control in Feed Processing
Dr Naveen Kumar, Delst Asia
Then, the pellet feed sample can be
tested for different aspects such as
degree of gelatinization (DSC
method), water activity, and moisture content etc to
ensure the degree of cooking for required feed
quality.
Kinetics of heat / moisture / steam application in
feed processing and quality deterioration present a
complete new dimension for the cost reduction
during feed formulation process, which does not
depend only on the raw material cost but on the
efficient production to enhance the feeding value for
better animal performance.
A sufficient moisture level is important as it reduces
the energy usage during the pelleting process, and
also ensures that production runs more smoothly by
lowering the risk of blockages. This is important for
preventing nutrient losses as a result of excessive
heat production. Furthermore, it guarantees good
pellet quality as an optimal moisture level is known
to positively affect pellet hardness.
Feed cost reduction can also be achieved by saving
the lost nutrients of grain during storage, and
potentially tapping the opportunity to reduce
formulation specs. It is possible to lower the energy
value to some extent in a feed formulation by
compensating it with improved
cooking/gelatinization that invariably contribute to
more digestible energy for the animal.
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
Imag
e s
ou
rce: A
nd
ritz
Moisture management
in feed is key from an
economic and feed quality
point of view
t is not easy to earn profit from growing
chickens. Besides the high costs of feed
ingredients and fluctuating market prices of Imeat and eggs, the producer has to contend with
a myriad of other challenges that include nutrition,
water supply and quality, biosecurity, housing,
flock health management and the existence of
pathogens that constantly pose disease threat to
the birds.
Pathogens that are capable of causing disease to
the birds are mostly opportunistic. Various factors
such as immunosuppression, a change in feed
quality, ingredients or nutrient levels, a lapse in
biosecurity or flock health programmes, and
various other critical points or stress factors, play
important role in this development. Manifestations
of disease can often be attributed to several causes
and thus, understanding the root of the problem is
imperative to overcoming the challenge.
In this article, we explore how mycotoxins, the
secondary toxic metabolites produced by moulds,
can harm the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of poultry,
open the gate to infectious agents and/or
predispose the birds to a number of factors that
could reduce performance and cause disease
outbreaks.
The unique avian digestive system
The digestive system is probably the most
important system in the chicken's body, since it
plays the role of converting feed into meat or
eggs, oftentimes likening it to a type of feed-to-
food converting machine. The avian digestive
system is made up of some of the most amazing
organs that are quite different from that of
mammals, including a crop, a gizzard, a
proventriculus, and even a pair of cul-de-sac caeca,
where bacteria help to ferment and break down
undigested food. This results in poultry having one
of the most efficient digestive systems in the
animal kingdom.
The poultry digestive tract is wondrous as it can
digest feed and grain, and yet not harm or digest
Poultry Performance at sub-toxic concentrations of Mycotoxins
Justin Tan, D.V.M.*, Guan Shu**
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016ARTICLE
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
itself. It is the most extensively exposed
surface of the body in terms of surface
area and therefore functions as the most
important barrier between internal and
external environment. In the poultry
species, more than 650 different species of
bacteria and 20 different hormones within
the digestive tract can be found, all
responsible for digesting and absorbing a
wide variety of nutrients from the raw
materials in feed. The entire digestive
system accounts for approximately 20% of
its total energy expenditure and
contributes to being the largest organ of
the immune system.
A potential pitfall fallacy
The modern day poultry producer is well-
informed about mycotoxins and vigilant
towards its existence in poultry feed. The
dangers of the different types of
mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFL),
ochratoxins, fumonisins (FUM),
deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone
and the threats these pose towards the
immune system and productivity of the
entire flock are well-known. Therefore, a
conscientious and diligent analyses of
feed on a regular basis to detect the
presence of these mycotoxins is as
important as paying careful attention to
detected levels in the feed, before deciding on the appropriate
amount of mycotoxin deactivating product to be included in the
feed formulation.
When mycotoxin risk management is discussed, it is not adequate
to only consider the quantity or final concentration of mycotoxins
in the feed that can cause harm or damage the birds. Oftentimes,
the specific levels of mycotoxins that could lead to clinical signs or
diseases symptoms in the flocks are overly concerned. The trouble
is that any detected levels that fall below the higher limits of
Figure 1 Poultry anatomy. Source: www.poultryhub.org
Nostril
Larynx
Trachea
Oesophagus
Crop
Heart
Proventriculus
Gall bladder
Spleen
LiverGizzard
EyeBrain
Lungs
Caeca
OvaryKidney
Oviduct
Cloaca
Large Intestine
Small Intestine
Duodenal loop
Pancreas
Imag
e s
ou
rce: p
ho
ratm
c
t is not easy to earn profit from growing
chickens. Besides the high costs of feed
ingredients and fluctuating market prices of Imeat and eggs, the producer has to contend with
a myriad of other challenges that include nutrition,
water supply and quality, biosecurity, housing,
flock health management and the existence of
pathogens that constantly pose disease threat to
the birds.
Pathogens that are capable of causing disease to
the birds are mostly opportunistic. Various factors
such as immunosuppression, a change in feed
quality, ingredients or nutrient levels, a lapse in
biosecurity or flock health programmes, and
various other critical points or stress factors, play
important role in this development. Manifestations
of disease can often be attributed to several causes
and thus, understanding the root of the problem is
imperative to overcoming the challenge.
In this article, we explore how mycotoxins, the
secondary toxic metabolites produced by moulds,
can harm the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of poultry,
open the gate to infectious agents and/or
predispose the birds to a number of factors that
could reduce performance and cause disease
outbreaks.
The unique avian digestive system
The digestive system is probably the most
important system in the chicken's body, since it
plays the role of converting feed into meat or
eggs, oftentimes likening it to a type of feed-to-
food converting machine. The avian digestive
system is made up of some of the most amazing
organs that are quite different from that of
mammals, including a crop, a gizzard, a
proventriculus, and even a pair of cul-de-sac caeca,
where bacteria help to ferment and break down
undigested food. This results in poultry having one
of the most efficient digestive systems in the
animal kingdom.
The poultry digestive tract is wondrous as it can
digest feed and grain, and yet not harm or digest
Poultry Performance at sub-toxic concentrations of Mycotoxins
Justin Tan, D.V.M.*, Guan Shu**
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itself. It is the most extensively exposed
surface of the body in terms of surface
area and therefore functions as the most
important barrier between internal and
external environment. In the poultry
species, more than 650 different species of
bacteria and 20 different hormones within
the digestive tract can be found, all
responsible for digesting and absorbing a
wide variety of nutrients from the raw
materials in feed. The entire digestive
system accounts for approximately 20% of
its total energy expenditure and
contributes to being the largest organ of
the immune system.
A potential pitfall fallacy
The modern day poultry producer is well-
informed about mycotoxins and vigilant
towards its existence in poultry feed. The
dangers of the different types of
mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFL),
ochratoxins, fumonisins (FUM),
deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone
and the threats these pose towards the
immune system and productivity of the
entire flock are well-known. Therefore, a
conscientious and diligent analyses of
feed on a regular basis to detect the
presence of these mycotoxins is as
important as paying careful attention to
detected levels in the feed, before deciding on the appropriate
amount of mycotoxin deactivating product to be included in the
feed formulation.
When mycotoxin risk management is discussed, it is not adequate
to only consider the quantity or final concentration of mycotoxins
in the feed that can cause harm or damage the birds. Oftentimes,
the specific levels of mycotoxins that could lead to clinical signs or
diseases symptoms in the flocks are overly concerned. The trouble
is that any detected levels that fall below the higher limits of
Figure 1 Poultry anatomy. Source: www.poultryhub.org
Nostril
Larynx
Trachea
Oesophagus
Crop
Heart
Proventriculus
Gall bladder
Spleen
LiverGizzard
EyeBrain
Lungs
Caeca
OvaryKidney
Oviduct
Cloaca
Large Intestine
Small Intestine
Duodenal loop
Pancreas
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mycotoxin detection imposed by
regulatory bodies such as the European
Commission in the European Union and
the Food &Drug Administration in the
United States, are considered as having
insignificant effect on livestock and the
feed is considered safe.
It is misinterpret that if the level of
detected mycotoxins are within regulatory
limits, then it would not cause
immunosuppression nor organ damage
to the flocks. However, it has been found
that even sub-toxic concentrations of
mycotoxins in feed can cause harm to the
birds, as they are able to cross the tight
junction barrier or permeate even
intracellularly into the systemic pathways
to destroy vital organs such as the liver
and kidneys. Enterocytes are the first cells
to be exposed to mycotoxins and often
come into contact at higher
concentrations than other organ tissues.
Therefore, the entire intestinal epithelia
are usually compromised by the toxins
even before absorption begins.
The detriments of mycotoxin exposure
Various publications have shown how
different levels of mycotoxins may impact
the poultry gastrointestinal tract and
depress the immune system. Gut
morphology studies show how feeding
chickens with low levels of DON alone or
in combination with other fusariotoxins
may lead to a reduction in both duodenal
and jejunal villi height in poultry. As a
result, there will be less surface area for
absorption of nutrients, which leads to
impaired growth and performance.
It has also been found that mycotoxins
such as DON and T-2 directly alter
glucose transporters in the jejunum. This
has an anti-nutritive effect, since it leads
to decreased glucose absorption and may eventually limit
water reabsorption, resulting in diarrhoea. Different studies
investigated the effects of mycotoxins on the
gastrointestinal defence system against bacterial and
parasitic infections. Chicks challenged with Ochratoxin A
(OTA) had more severe intestinal lesions and mucosal
damage than those that were not exposed to the
mycotoxin. The challenged chicks were also more
susceptible to coccidiosis and had more Eimeria acervulina
and E. adenoidesoocysts in their intestines than their
control group counterparts. On the other hand, an
experiment with DON, even at low concentrations that were
considered as safe for poultry, revealed that the mycotoxin
depressed the immune system, impairing the immune
response and delaying intestinal recovery following a
coccidiosis infection. Lymphocyte stimulation and assembly
at the site of infection was inhibited, hindering the clearance
of the coccidial infection.
It is wondered how a coccidiosis outbreak could still occur
in a poultry flock despite the inclusion of a divalent,
polyether, ionophore coccidiostat such as lasalocid within
the feed. Certain experiments have shown that T-2
contamination in broiler diets could reduce the efficacy of
lasalocid as an anticoccidial drug. OTA on the other hand, is
able to interact with Salmonella typhimurium, and it has
been proven that the number of colony forming units (cfu)
increases within the duodenal and caecal contents when
the animals ingested feed contaminated with OTA. Other
studies have proven that DON is able to increase the
intestinal inflammatory response to S. typhimurium, leading
to a significant increase in both the invasion as well as the
bacterial translocation of the pathogen through the
intestinal barrier. It is also learnt that prolonged intestinal
infection, increased intestinal colonisation, translocation of
bacteria and dissemination into the lungs, liver and spleen
were observed when FUM was concomitantly present with
E. coli in animal diets. Besides infectious diseases, other
negative impacts of mycotoxins at low levels include
vaccination failure due to impediment in uptake, and loss of
efficacy of various types of commonly used farm
medications. Various worldwide researches confirm the
negative effects of sub-toxic concentrations of mycotoxins
in poultry feed and its implications on
reduced productivity and profitability.
Figure 2-4 indicate some of the most
common issues caused by mycotoxins in
the field.
Intestinal inflammation
Before domestication, poultry birds used
to consume insects and earthworms from
wild. As the first line of defence, it is only
natural that the intestinal mucosal barrier
is adequately reactive and able to illicit an
inflammatory response to counter
pathogen and foreign body invasion. In
the interest of the modern day broiler
producer, however, controlling this
inflammation is imperative, especially to
reduce wastage of nutrients such as
energy and protein that are used up to
generate an adequate amount of
inflammatory cells to mount the immune
response. Such nutrients could otherwise
be directed towards faster growth and
better production.
Antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) have
traditionally been used to improve
animal performance by somewhat
reducing inflammation, but only to a
Figure 2 Necrotic enteritis (NE) & Fusarium mycotoxins¡ Duodenum – Focal necrosis and ulceration without mycotoxins. NE score: 2¡¡ Jejunum – Focal necrosis and ulceration without mycotoxins. NE score: 2¡¡¡ Diffuse necrosis with DON and FUM. NE score: 6
Figure 3 Fusarium mycotoxins and gizzard erosion. Source: Prof.
CHARLES RANGGA TABBU
Table 1. Summary of the literature on the effect of mycotoxins in poultry.
Author(s), Year Mycotoxin Type of trial Effect in poultry
Award et at., 2009;
Award et al., 2010
DON (alone or combined
with other fusariotoxins)
Reduction in villi height in
both the duodenum and
jejunum
In vivo
Award et al., 2005 T-2 In vitro and in vivo Decreased glucose absorption
Koynarski et al., 2007 OTA In vivo Increased lesions, mucosal
damage and more oocysts
after cocci infection
Girgis et al., 2010a;
Girgis et al., 2010b;
Girgis et al., 2008
DON In vivo Slow intestinal response and
recovery after cocci infection
Varga & Vanyi, 1992 TN In vivo Reduced coccidiostat effect
Fukata et al., 1996 Afla and T-2 combination In vivo Increased salmonella
typhimurium CFU in
duodenal and cecal contents
Grenier & Applegate, 2013
(review)
DON In vitro and in vivo
(several species)
Up-regulation of pro-
inflammatory cytokines
in the GIT
Grenier & Applegate, 2013
(review)
FUM In vitro and In vivo
(several species)
Altered barrier function of
the gut epithelium
Antonissen et al., 2014
(review)
Subclinical concentrations
of various mycotoxins
In vitro and in vivo
(several species)
Increased susceptibility
to infectious diseases and
reduced efficacy of vaccines
and other medication
certain degree of success. With the decrease in AGP
usage throughout the world, it is realised that the flocks
currently have little protection against the detrimental
effects of pathogen invasion and the resultant intestinal
inflammation.
Various studies on different animal species have proved
that even at low concentrations within the feed, DON up-
regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines in the intestinal
epithelia, escalating the mucosal inflammatory response
rate. Likewise, cytokines also regulate the opening of tight
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
mycotoxin detection imposed by
regulatory bodies such as the European
Commission in the European Union and
the Food &Drug Administration in the
United States, are considered as having
insignificant effect on livestock and the
feed is considered safe.
It is misinterpret that if the level of
detected mycotoxins are within regulatory
limits, then it would not cause
immunosuppression nor organ damage
to the flocks. However, it has been found
that even sub-toxic concentrations of
mycotoxins in feed can cause harm to the
birds, as they are able to cross the tight
junction barrier or permeate even
intracellularly into the systemic pathways
to destroy vital organs such as the liver
and kidneys. Enterocytes are the first cells
to be exposed to mycotoxins and often
come into contact at higher
concentrations than other organ tissues.
Therefore, the entire intestinal epithelia
are usually compromised by the toxins
even before absorption begins.
The detriments of mycotoxin exposure
Various publications have shown how
different levels of mycotoxins may impact
the poultry gastrointestinal tract and
depress the immune system. Gut
morphology studies show how feeding
chickens with low levels of DON alone or
in combination with other fusariotoxins
may lead to a reduction in both duodenal
and jejunal villi height in poultry. As a
result, there will be less surface area for
absorption of nutrients, which leads to
impaired growth and performance.
It has also been found that mycotoxins
such as DON and T-2 directly alter
glucose transporters in the jejunum. This
has an anti-nutritive effect, since it leads
to decreased glucose absorption and may eventually limit
water reabsorption, resulting in diarrhoea. Different studies
investigated the effects of mycotoxins on the
gastrointestinal defence system against bacterial and
parasitic infections. Chicks challenged with Ochratoxin A
(OTA) had more severe intestinal lesions and mucosal
damage than those that were not exposed to the
mycotoxin. The challenged chicks were also more
susceptible to coccidiosis and had more Eimeria acervulina
and E. adenoidesoocysts in their intestines than their
control group counterparts. On the other hand, an
experiment with DON, even at low concentrations that were
considered as safe for poultry, revealed that the mycotoxin
depressed the immune system, impairing the immune
response and delaying intestinal recovery following a
coccidiosis infection. Lymphocyte stimulation and assembly
at the site of infection was inhibited, hindering the clearance
of the coccidial infection.
It is wondered how a coccidiosis outbreak could still occur
in a poultry flock despite the inclusion of a divalent,
polyether, ionophore coccidiostat such as lasalocid within
the feed. Certain experiments have shown that T-2
contamination in broiler diets could reduce the efficacy of
lasalocid as an anticoccidial drug. OTA on the other hand, is
able to interact with Salmonella typhimurium, and it has
been proven that the number of colony forming units (cfu)
increases within the duodenal and caecal contents when
the animals ingested feed contaminated with OTA. Other
studies have proven that DON is able to increase the
intestinal inflammatory response to S. typhimurium, leading
to a significant increase in both the invasion as well as the
bacterial translocation of the pathogen through the
intestinal barrier. It is also learnt that prolonged intestinal
infection, increased intestinal colonisation, translocation of
bacteria and dissemination into the lungs, liver and spleen
were observed when FUM was concomitantly present with
E. coli in animal diets. Besides infectious diseases, other
negative impacts of mycotoxins at low levels include
vaccination failure due to impediment in uptake, and loss of
efficacy of various types of commonly used farm
medications. Various worldwide researches confirm the
negative effects of sub-toxic concentrations of mycotoxins
in poultry feed and its implications on
reduced productivity and profitability.
Figure 2-4 indicate some of the most
common issues caused by mycotoxins in
the field.
Intestinal inflammation
Before domestication, poultry birds used
to consume insects and earthworms from
wild. As the first line of defence, it is only
natural that the intestinal mucosal barrier
is adequately reactive and able to illicit an
inflammatory response to counter
pathogen and foreign body invasion. In
the interest of the modern day broiler
producer, however, controlling this
inflammation is imperative, especially to
reduce wastage of nutrients such as
energy and protein that are used up to
generate an adequate amount of
inflammatory cells to mount the immune
response. Such nutrients could otherwise
be directed towards faster growth and
better production.
Antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) have
traditionally been used to improve
animal performance by somewhat
reducing inflammation, but only to a
Figure 2 Necrotic enteritis (NE) & Fusarium mycotoxins¡ Duodenum – Focal necrosis and ulceration without mycotoxins. NE score: 2¡¡ Jejunum – Focal necrosis and ulceration without mycotoxins. NE score: 2¡¡¡ Diffuse necrosis with DON and FUM. NE score: 6
Figure 3 Fusarium mycotoxins and gizzard erosion. Source: Prof.
CHARLES RANGGA TABBU
Table 1. Summary of the literature on the effect of mycotoxins in poultry.
Author(s), Year Mycotoxin Type of trial Effect in poultry
Award et at., 2009;
Award et al., 2010
DON (alone or combined
with other fusariotoxins)
Reduction in villi height in
both the duodenum and
jejunum
In vivo
Award et al., 2005 T-2 In vitro and in vivo Decreased glucose absorption
Koynarski et al., 2007 OTA In vivo Increased lesions, mucosal
damage and more oocysts
after cocci infection
Girgis et al., 2010a;
Girgis et al., 2010b;
Girgis et al., 2008
DON In vivo Slow intestinal response and
recovery after cocci infection
Varga & Vanyi, 1992 TN In vivo Reduced coccidiostat effect
Fukata et al., 1996 Afla and T-2 combination In vivo Increased salmonella
typhimurium CFU in
duodenal and cecal contents
Grenier & Applegate, 2013
(review)
DON In vitro and in vivo
(several species)
Up-regulation of pro-
inflammatory cytokines
in the GIT
Grenier & Applegate, 2013
(review)
FUM In vitro and In vivo
(several species)
Altered barrier function of
the gut epithelium
Antonissen et al., 2014
(review)
Subclinical concentrations
of various mycotoxins
In vitro and in vivo
(several species)
Increased susceptibility
to infectious diseases and
reduced efficacy of vaccines
and other medication
certain degree of success. With the decrease in AGP
usage throughout the world, it is realised that the flocks
currently have little protection against the detrimental
effects of pathogen invasion and the resultant intestinal
inflammation.
Various studies on different animal species have proved
that even at low concentrations within the feed, DON up-
regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines in the intestinal
epithelia, escalating the mucosal inflammatory response
rate. Likewise, cytokines also regulate the opening of tight
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
Imag
e S
ou
rce: G
rain
Save
r
junction proteins, enabling bacterial translocation from
the intestines into the bloodstream and systemic
pathways. FUM may also alter the barrier function of the
intestinal epithelia due to its well-known effects on
sphingolipids, which play a crucial role in the maintenance
of the tight junction barrier (see Figure 5). All these
provide an entry portal for pathogens and an opportunity
to invade the body, bypassing the first line of defence
provided by the gastrointestinal tract mucosae, to cause
disease and internal organ damage.
Conclusions
The effect of sub-toxic concentrations of
mycotoxins from contaminated feed can
be even more detrimental to the profits
of the poultry producer than death of
the bird itself, as it causes a far less
noticeable form of profit drain from
pockets of the producer. These include
impaired nutrient uptake,
immunosuppression and suboptimal
performance. As a result of the poor
performance, an additional sum of
money is often spent on medication to
treat unknown, secondary diseases,
which usually result from a cascade of
events that come simply from low but
consistent levels of mycotoxin in the
feed.
So yes, it is evident that even low levels
of mycotoxins can harm poultry
production. This becomes even more
serious in the face of multi-
mycotoxicoses, where several
mycotoxins co-occur in feeds. Even at
sub-toxic concentrations, the synergy
created by these combinations causes
detrimental effects to poultry, especially
when exposed to different pathogens
and other inflammatory agents.
Proper mycotoxin risk management
tools are available to nullify the negative
impacts of mycotoxins on poultry health
and performance.
References are available from the author upon
request.
*D.V.M., Regional Sales & Marketing Director, BIOMIN
Singapore Pte Ltd
**Ph.D., Regional Product Manager – Mycotoxin Risk
Management, BIOMIN Singapore Pte Ltd
Figure 4 mycotoxin (T-2) and oral lesion. Source: Biomin
Figure 4Paracellular and transcellular route through the intestinal epithelium
Source: adapted from Grenier, 2013
Paracellular routeIf impairment:
Higher translocation of luminal antigens
Commensal flora
Pathogens
Food antigens
Toxins and mycotixins
Transcellular routeIf impairment:
Lower uptake of nutrients sukh as glucose
Malabsorpbtion of water
Soyameal exports decline by 89% last fiscal Country's soyameal exports fell by 89 per cent last fiscal to 70,822 tonnes due to high price in
the domestic market, according to industry data.
"India exported 70,822 tonnes soyabean meal in last fiscal, registering a decline of 89 per cent
over 2014-15 fiscal when soybean meal exports were 6,46,488 tonnes," Soyabean Processors
Association of India (SOPA) said in a statement. Soyabean meal exports in March, 2016, was 430
tonnes compared with 46,670 tonnes in the same month last year.
"The fall in exports is due to uncompetitive Indian soyabean meal prices, owing to bumper
soyabean production in the US, Brazil and Argentina, enabling them to offer soyabean meal at a
much lower price than India," SOPA Chairman Davish Jain said.
Source: India Today
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
Imag
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r
junction proteins, enabling bacterial translocation from
the intestines into the bloodstream and systemic
pathways. FUM may also alter the barrier function of the
intestinal epithelia due to its well-known effects on
sphingolipids, which play a crucial role in the maintenance
of the tight junction barrier (see Figure 5). All these
provide an entry portal for pathogens and an opportunity
to invade the body, bypassing the first line of defence
provided by the gastrointestinal tract mucosae, to cause
disease and internal organ damage.
Conclusions
The effect of sub-toxic concentrations of
mycotoxins from contaminated feed can
be even more detrimental to the profits
of the poultry producer than death of
the bird itself, as it causes a far less
noticeable form of profit drain from
pockets of the producer. These include
impaired nutrient uptake,
immunosuppression and suboptimal
performance. As a result of the poor
performance, an additional sum of
money is often spent on medication to
treat unknown, secondary diseases,
which usually result from a cascade of
events that come simply from low but
consistent levels of mycotoxin in the
feed.
So yes, it is evident that even low levels
of mycotoxins can harm poultry
production. This becomes even more
serious in the face of multi-
mycotoxicoses, where several
mycotoxins co-occur in feeds. Even at
sub-toxic concentrations, the synergy
created by these combinations causes
detrimental effects to poultry, especially
when exposed to different pathogens
and other inflammatory agents.
Proper mycotoxin risk management
tools are available to nullify the negative
impacts of mycotoxins on poultry health
and performance.
References are available from the author upon
request.
*D.V.M., Regional Sales & Marketing Director, BIOMIN
Singapore Pte Ltd
**Ph.D., Regional Product Manager – Mycotoxin Risk
Management, BIOMIN Singapore Pte Ltd
Figure 4 mycotoxin (T-2) and oral lesion. Source: Biomin
Figure 4Paracellular and transcellular route through the intestinal epithelium
Source: adapted from Grenier, 2013
Paracellular routeIf impairment:
Higher translocation of luminal antigens
Commensal flora
Pathogens
Food antigens
Toxins and mycotixins
Transcellular routeIf impairment:
Lower uptake of nutrients sukh as glucose
Malabsorpbtion of water
Soyameal exports decline by 89% last fiscal Country's soyameal exports fell by 89 per cent last fiscal to 70,822 tonnes due to high price in
the domestic market, according to industry data.
"India exported 70,822 tonnes soyabean meal in last fiscal, registering a decline of 89 per cent
over 2014-15 fiscal when soybean meal exports were 6,46,488 tonnes," Soyabean Processors
Association of India (SOPA) said in a statement. Soyabean meal exports in March, 2016, was 430
tonnes compared with 46,670 tonnes in the same month last year.
"The fall in exports is due to uncompetitive Indian soyabean meal prices, owing to bumper
soyabean production in the US, Brazil and Argentina, enabling them to offer soyabean meal at a
much lower price than India," SOPA Chairman Davish Jain said.
Source: India Today
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
The increased cost of conventional
grains is a major concern for poultry
industry which is facing challenges in
producing quality animal products at
reasonable price for consumers. With
about 70% of the cost of poultry
production accounting for feed costs,
industry is seeking new affordable feed
ingredients. Hence there is an urgent
need of focusing research and extension
efforts towards the potential utilisation
of energy and proteins from several
grain by-products, which can provide
cheaper alternative feed resources with a
reasonably higher nutritive values.
In present situation, Distillers Dried
Grains with Solubles (DDGS) presents a viable and cost-
effective alternative supplementing both protein as well
as energy to the feed industry. DDGS is a co-product of
ethanol production plants that use grain for ethanol
manufacture. During the yeast fermentation in ethanol
manufacturing plants, grain is ground, mixed with water,
cooked and the liquefied starch from this process is
hydrolysed and fermented to produce ethanol and CO2.
As a result the non-fermentable components of this
process which are rich in essential nutrients such as crude
protein, crude fibre, available phosphorous, unsaturated
fatty acids and essential amino acids are recovered in a
highly concentrated form as Distillers Dried Grains with
Solubles. Thus, cereal grain used for ethanol manufacture
yields about one-third ethanol, one-third CO2, and one
third DDGS.
Although distillers dried grains is being used worldwide
by poultry industry for some time, DDGS has taken its
place more recently in India. Its inclusion in poultry feed is
proving multi-benificial in terms of improving animal
health, animal performance, and food product quality.
Nutrient Composition
The variability in nutrient content and digestibility among
DDGS sources can be a challenge when determining
economic and feeding value for livestock and poultry.
However, new nutritional “tools” have been developed,
including metabolizable energy (ME) prediction equations
for DDGS as well as chemical procedures for estimating
digestible amino acid content.
Laboratory analysis of feed ingredients, including DDGS, is
important to verify that guaranteed nutritional
specifications are met, to determine nutrient composition
for accurate feed formulation, and to
determine the presence and
concentration of any potential
contaminants.
Mycotoxins in DDGS
Like many grain-based feed ingredients,
DDGS may contain amounts of
mycotoxins that can negatively affect
animal performance. Mold growth and
mycotoxin production can be there
depending upon the way feed ingredient
is stored. Mycotoxins can be present in
DDGS if the grain delivered to an ethanol
plant is contaminated with the toxin.
Mycotoxins are not destroyed during the
ethanol production process, nor are they
destroyed during the drying process
used to produce DDGS. If mycotoxins are
present in corn, their concentration in
DDGS will be increased by 3 times. It is
thus of utmost importance that grain
intended for bio-ethanol production is
free of mycotoxins before processing.
There are also ways to alleviate mycotoxin
problems, such as removing damaged
grains before they enter the process.
Chemical treatments (NaOH, NH4OH,
H2O2, NaCl, CH2OH) can also be performed to detoxify
mycotoxins in stillage.
Demand Projections
The above aspects indicate that the situation in the longer
run can be unhealthy for the entire feed business. The
poultry sector which is growing at 10% is poised to grow at
15 % in next decade. Even at a conservative 12% growth
this sector would require huge quantities at normal rate of
inclusion-about 25 to 30% in the feed by 2025. As per the
data furnished by Economic Times, poultry Sector alone
could be consuming about 34 MT tons of Corn, up from its
current uses of 9.5 MT and 13 MT of Soya Meal, up from its
current usage 4 MT. The gap between demand and supply
is going to keep widening and assume alarming
proportions, assuming that the Agri growth may come
down to below 2% and poultry consumption growth may
go up above 12%. This situation will increase the risk of
protein loss from feed rations.
Conclusions
Oilseed import in future looks a distinct possibility. With
soya and other oilseed crops floundering and India
requiring both oil and meal it would make sound
commercial sense to import oilseed instead of oil alone.
Possibly India will emulate the China example of importing
oilseeds. Alternatively, allowing feed industry to import
DDGS seems to be a rational solution, among others.
DDGS - an evolving feed ingredient
Kcal/lb-Kilocalories per pound. Kcal/kg-Kilocalories per kilogram. n/a-Data not available1All data other than dry matter content are expressed in an 'as fed' basis.2Dry matter content of the unit of feed being examined.3Nutrient content of the unit of feed being examined.4Insignificant amountSouce:Lundeen, p.16, 2011
Table 1
Nutrient profiles of selected feedstuffs’
Nutrients
Distillers’ dried grains with
solubles (corn)
Corn(yellowgrain)
Soybeanmeal
(dehulled,solvent)
Cornglutenmeal
Cornglutenfeed Hominy
Cotton-seed meal
(41 percentsolvent)
Wheatmiddlings
Dry matter
Crude protein
Ether extract
Crude fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
Ruminant digestible protein
Ruminant TDN
Metabolizable energy for poultry
Kcal/lb
Kcal/kg
Metabolizable energy for swine
Kcal/lb
Kcal/kg
Methionine (Percent)
Lysine (Persent)
Sulfur (Persent)3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2 92.00
27.00
9.00
8.50
0.14
0.89
21.10
82.00
1,270
2,800
1,497
3,300
0.51
0.80
0.30
87.00
7.50
3.50
1.90
0.01
0.25
5.80
80.00
1,540
3,390
1,520
3,350
0.18
0.24
0.19
88.00
47.80
1.00
3.00
0.20
0.65
46.60
79.00
1,115
2,458
1,425
3,140
0.70
3.02
0.43
90.00
60.00
2.00
2.50
0.02
0.50
47.40
86.00
1,700
3,740
n/a
n/apercent
1.90
1.00
0.50
88.00 89.00 90.00 89.00
21.00 11.50 41.00 15.00
2.00 6.50 2.10 3.60
10.00 5.00 11.30 8.50
0.20 0.05 0.16 0.15
0.90 0.50 1.00 0.91
19.30 8.00 29.50 12.20
75.00 86.00 72.00 81.00
796 1,390 915 950
1,750 3,060 2,010 2,090
1,090 1,530 1,225 1,000
2,400 3,365 2,690 2,200
0.50 0.22 0.51 0.12
0.60 0.45 1.70 0.70
0.16 4 0.30 0.16
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ARTICLE Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
The increased cost of conventional
grains is a major concern for poultry
industry which is facing challenges in
producing quality animal products at
reasonable price for consumers. With
about 70% of the cost of poultry
production accounting for feed costs,
industry is seeking new affordable feed
ingredients. Hence there is an urgent
need of focusing research and extension
efforts towards the potential utilisation
of energy and proteins from several
grain by-products, which can provide
cheaper alternative feed resources with a
reasonably higher nutritive values.
In present situation, Distillers Dried
Grains with Solubles (DDGS) presents a viable and cost-
effective alternative supplementing both protein as well
as energy to the feed industry. DDGS is a co-product of
ethanol production plants that use grain for ethanol
manufacture. During the yeast fermentation in ethanol
manufacturing plants, grain is ground, mixed with water,
cooked and the liquefied starch from this process is
hydrolysed and fermented to produce ethanol and CO2.
As a result the non-fermentable components of this
process which are rich in essential nutrients such as crude
protein, crude fibre, available phosphorous, unsaturated
fatty acids and essential amino acids are recovered in a
highly concentrated form as Distillers Dried Grains with
Solubles. Thus, cereal grain used for ethanol manufacture
yields about one-third ethanol, one-third CO2, and one
third DDGS.
Although distillers dried grains is being used worldwide
by poultry industry for some time, DDGS has taken its
place more recently in India. Its inclusion in poultry feed is
proving multi-benificial in terms of improving animal
health, animal performance, and food product quality.
Nutrient Composition
The variability in nutrient content and digestibility among
DDGS sources can be a challenge when determining
economic and feeding value for livestock and poultry.
However, new nutritional “tools” have been developed,
including metabolizable energy (ME) prediction equations
for DDGS as well as chemical procedures for estimating
digestible amino acid content.
Laboratory analysis of feed ingredients, including DDGS, is
important to verify that guaranteed nutritional
specifications are met, to determine nutrient composition
for accurate feed formulation, and to
determine the presence and
concentration of any potential
contaminants.
Mycotoxins in DDGS
Like many grain-based feed ingredients,
DDGS may contain amounts of
mycotoxins that can negatively affect
animal performance. Mold growth and
mycotoxin production can be there
depending upon the way feed ingredient
is stored. Mycotoxins can be present in
DDGS if the grain delivered to an ethanol
plant is contaminated with the toxin.
Mycotoxins are not destroyed during the
ethanol production process, nor are they
destroyed during the drying process
used to produce DDGS. If mycotoxins are
present in corn, their concentration in
DDGS will be increased by 3 times. It is
thus of utmost importance that grain
intended for bio-ethanol production is
free of mycotoxins before processing.
There are also ways to alleviate mycotoxin
problems, such as removing damaged
grains before they enter the process.
Chemical treatments (NaOH, NH4OH,
H2O2, NaCl, CH2OH) can also be performed to detoxify
mycotoxins in stillage.
Demand Projections
The above aspects indicate that the situation in the longer
run can be unhealthy for the entire feed business. The
poultry sector which is growing at 10% is poised to grow at
15 % in next decade. Even at a conservative 12% growth
this sector would require huge quantities at normal rate of
inclusion-about 25 to 30% in the feed by 2025. As per the
data furnished by Economic Times, poultry Sector alone
could be consuming about 34 MT tons of Corn, up from its
current uses of 9.5 MT and 13 MT of Soya Meal, up from its
current usage 4 MT. The gap between demand and supply
is going to keep widening and assume alarming
proportions, assuming that the Agri growth may come
down to below 2% and poultry consumption growth may
go up above 12%. This situation will increase the risk of
protein loss from feed rations.
Conclusions
Oilseed import in future looks a distinct possibility. With
soya and other oilseed crops floundering and India
requiring both oil and meal it would make sound
commercial sense to import oilseed instead of oil alone.
Possibly India will emulate the China example of importing
oilseeds. Alternatively, allowing feed industry to import
DDGS seems to be a rational solution, among others.
DDGS - an evolving feed ingredient
Kcal/lb-Kilocalories per pound. Kcal/kg-Kilocalories per kilogram. n/a-Data not available1All data other than dry matter content are expressed in an 'as fed' basis.2Dry matter content of the unit of feed being examined.3Nutrient content of the unit of feed being examined.4Insignificant amountSouce:Lundeen, p.16, 2011
Table 1
Nutrient profiles of selected feedstuffs’
Nutrients
Distillers’ dried grains with
solubles (corn)
Corn(yellowgrain)
Soybeanmeal
(dehulled,solvent)
Cornglutenmeal
Cornglutenfeed Hominy
Cotton-seed meal
(41 percentsolvent)
Wheatmiddlings
Dry matter
Crude protein
Ether extract
Crude fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
Ruminant digestible protein
Ruminant TDN
Metabolizable energy for poultry
Kcal/lb
Kcal/kg
Metabolizable energy for swine
Kcal/lb
Kcal/kg
Methionine (Percent)
Lysine (Persent)
Sulfur (Persent)3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2 92.00
27.00
9.00
8.50
0.14
0.89
21.10
82.00
1,270
2,800
1,497
3,300
0.51
0.80
0.30
87.00
7.50
3.50
1.90
0.01
0.25
5.80
80.00
1,540
3,390
1,520
3,350
0.18
0.24
0.19
88.00
47.80
1.00
3.00
0.20
0.65
46.60
79.00
1,115
2,458
1,425
3,140
0.70
3.02
0.43
90.00
60.00
2.00
2.50
0.02
0.50
47.40
86.00
1,700
3,740
n/a
n/apercent
1.90
1.00
0.50
88.00 89.00 90.00 89.00
21.00 11.50 41.00 15.00
2.00 6.50 2.10 3.60
10.00 5.00 11.30 8.50
0.20 0.05 0.16 0.15
0.90 0.50 1.00 0.91
19.30 8.00 29.50 12.20
75.00 86.00 72.00 81.00
796 1,390 915 950
1,750 3,060 2,010 2,090
1,090 1,530 1,225 1,000
2,400 3,365 2,690 2,200
0.50 0.22 0.51 0.12
0.60 0.45 1.70 0.70
0.16 4 0.30 0.16
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EVENT COVERAGE Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
The rapidly growing population along
with increased urbanization and income
is expected to rise the consumption of
animal products by 70% in 2050. The
challenge is not only to meet the
growing demand for feed, but to
ensure its safety.
Animal feed safety impacts on animal
health, welfare and productivity as well
as the safety of the human food supply
and the livelihood of farmers. Safe feed
helps to reduced production costs,
maintains or increases food quality and
reduces food losses and wastes. Feed is
an integral part of the food chain and
its safety has been recognized as a
shared value and a shared
responsibility. Feed production must
therefore be subject, in a similar
manner as food production, to the
quality assurance of integrated food
safety systems.
The role of animal feed in the
production of safe food is recognized
worldwide, and several critical incidents
have underlined its impact on public
and animal health, feed and food trade,
and food security. Work on the
application of the risk analysis
framework provided by Codex in the
field of animal feeding has facilitated
the further understanding of the role of
animal feed safety on public health and
of the importance of risk-based
measures to prevent and control
hazards. Hazards may be introduced
with source materials or via carryover
or contamination of products during
handling, storage and transportation.
In many countries adequate know-how
and sufficient awareness are lacking to
ensure feed safety among all operators
along the whole value chain. Even
where more knowledge is available and
control systems are in place, new and
unconventional feed ingredients are
entering the production chain e.g.
agro-industrial by-products (such as
the ones of the biofuel industry),
insects, food processing by-products,
food wastes, etc., and with them,
possibly new safety risks. Moreover,
many countries still lack feed regulatory
frameworks and fail to implement feed
regulations harmonised with the Codex
Alimentarius and other international
standards. Feed safety cannot be
attained by one single action or by an
individual player. Coordinated efforts of
intergovernmental organizations,
governmental authorities, academia,
farmers, producers and the private
sector and the civil society as a whole
are essential for the implementation of
a safe and sustainable feed- and food
chain.
For this reason FAO is launching a
multi-stakeholder partnership to
strengthen the capacities of relevant
stakeholders to produce and supply
safe animal feed and to contribute to
enhanced food safety, animal health
and welfare and food security. A
partnership to share best practices and
risk-based measures, to prevent and
control hazards in feed, to strengthen
and develop capacities of all operators
along the value chain, to support
smallholders in reducing health risks for
their animals and in reducing feed and
food losses, and to create and share
scientific knowledge on new feed and
technologies. All stakeholders
interested to contribute resources can
join the partnership (e.g.
intergovernmental organizations,
governmental authorities, academia,
farmers, producers and the private
sector and the civil society) by sending
mail to [email protected]
Source: FAO
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EVENT COVERAGE Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016
The rapidly growing population along
with increased urbanization and income
is expected to rise the consumption of
animal products by 70% in 2050. The
challenge is not only to meet the
growing demand for feed, but to
ensure its safety.
Animal feed safety impacts on animal
health, welfare and productivity as well
as the safety of the human food supply
and the livelihood of farmers. Safe feed
helps to reduced production costs,
maintains or increases food quality and
reduces food losses and wastes. Feed is
an integral part of the food chain and
its safety has been recognized as a
shared value and a shared
responsibility. Feed production must
therefore be subject, in a similar
manner as food production, to the
quality assurance of integrated food
safety systems.
The role of animal feed in the
production of safe food is recognized
worldwide, and several critical incidents
have underlined its impact on public
and animal health, feed and food trade,
and food security. Work on the
application of the risk analysis
framework provided by Codex in the
field of animal feeding has facilitated
the further understanding of the role of
animal feed safety on public health and
of the importance of risk-based
measures to prevent and control
hazards. Hazards may be introduced
with source materials or via carryover
or contamination of products during
handling, storage and transportation.
In many countries adequate know-how
and sufficient awareness are lacking to
ensure feed safety among all operators
along the whole value chain. Even
where more knowledge is available and
control systems are in place, new and
unconventional feed ingredients are
entering the production chain e.g.
agro-industrial by-products (such as
the ones of the biofuel industry),
insects, food processing by-products,
food wastes, etc., and with them,
possibly new safety risks. Moreover,
many countries still lack feed regulatory
frameworks and fail to implement feed
regulations harmonised with the Codex
Alimentarius and other international
standards. Feed safety cannot be
attained by one single action or by an
individual player. Coordinated efforts of
intergovernmental organizations,
governmental authorities, academia,
farmers, producers and the private
sector and the civil society as a whole
are essential for the implementation of
a safe and sustainable feed- and food
chain.
For this reason FAO is launching a
multi-stakeholder partnership to
strengthen the capacities of relevant
stakeholders to produce and supply
safe animal feed and to contribute to
enhanced food safety, animal health
and welfare and food security. A
partnership to share best practices and
risk-based measures, to prevent and
control hazards in feed, to strengthen
and develop capacities of all operators
along the value chain, to support
smallholders in reducing health risks for
their animals and in reducing feed and
food losses, and to create and share
scientific knowledge on new feed and
technologies. All stakeholders
interested to contribute resources can
join the partnership (e.g.
intergovernmental organizations,
governmental authorities, academia,
farmers, producers and the private
sector and the civil society) by sending
mail to [email protected]
Source: FAO
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016CALENDAR OF EVENTS w
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30
2016
To list any industry event related to Grain & Feed industry please write us at
Vietstock
Date: 19-21 October 2016
Venue: Saigon Exhibition & Convention Center (SECC,
HCMC
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.vietstock.org
OCTOBER
Oilseed and Grain Trade Summit
Date: 14-16 November 2016
Venue: Hyatt Regency, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.oilseedandgrain.com
EuroTier
Date: 15-18 November 2016
Venue: Hanover, Germany
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.eurotier.com
Poultry India
Date: 23-25 November 2016
Venue: HITEX, Exhibition Centre, Hyderabad
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.poultryindia.co.in
NOVEMBER
VIV China
Date: 6-8 September 2016
Venue: Shunyi District Beijing, China
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.vivchina.nl
SPACE
Date: 13-16 September 2016
Venue: Rennes Exhibition Centre, France
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Web: http://uk.space.fr
SEPTEMBER IFFA 2016
Date: 07-12 May 2016
Venue: Germany, Frankfurt am Main
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.messefrankfurt.com
PIX / AMC 2016 - Australian Milling Conference
Date: 29-31 May 2016
Venue: Gold Coast Convention & Exhibition Centre,
QLD, Australia
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.sfmca.com.au/events/516
MAY
2nd International Conference on Livestock
Nutrition
Date: 21-22 July 2016
Venue: Brisbane, Australia
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.livestocknutrition.conferenceseries.com
Indo Livestock 2016 Expo & Forum
Date: 27-29 July 2016
Venue: Jakarta Convention Center - Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.indolivestock.com
JULY
U.S. Soy Global Trade Exchange & Midwest
Specialty Grains Conference and Trade Show
Date: Aug 30 - Sep 1, 2016
Venue: Indianapolis, Indiana
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.grainconference.org
AUGUST
Global Grain Food & Feed
Date: 9-11 June 2016
Venue: JW Marriott, Pune
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.g2f2.com
JUNE
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 6 | April 2016CALENDAR OF EVENTS
ww
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d.c
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30
2016
To list any industry event related to Grain & Feed industry please write us at
Vietstock
Date: 19-21 October 2016
Venue: Saigon Exhibition & Convention Center (SECC,
HCMC
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.vietstock.org
OCTOBER
Oilseed and Grain Trade Summit
Date: 14-16 November 2016
Venue: Hyatt Regency, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.oilseedandgrain.com
EuroTier
Date: 15-18 November 2016
Venue: Hanover, Germany
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.eurotier.com
Poultry India
Date: 23-25 November 2016
Venue: HITEX, Exhibition Centre, Hyderabad
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.poultryindia.co.in
NOVEMBER
VIV China
Date: 6-8 September 2016
Venue: Shunyi District Beijing, China
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.vivchina.nl
SPACE
Date: 13-16 September 2016
Venue: Rennes Exhibition Centre, France
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Web: http://uk.space.fr
SEPTEMBER IFFA 2016
Date: 07-12 May 2016
Venue: Germany, Frankfurt am Main
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.messefrankfurt.com
PIX / AMC 2016 - Australian Milling Conference
Date: 29-31 May 2016
Venue: Gold Coast Convention & Exhibition Centre,
QLD, Australia
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.sfmca.com.au/events/516
MAY
2nd International Conference on Livestock
Nutrition
Date: 21-22 July 2016
Venue: Brisbane, Australia
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.livestocknutrition.conferenceseries.com
Indo Livestock 2016 Expo & Forum
Date: 27-29 July 2016
Venue: Jakarta Convention Center - Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.indolivestock.com
JULY
U.S. Soy Global Trade Exchange & Midwest
Specialty Grains Conference and Trade Show
Date: Aug 30 - Sep 1, 2016
Venue: Indianapolis, Indiana
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.grainconference.org
AUGUST
Global Grain Food & Feed
Date: 9-11 June 2016
Venue: JW Marriott, Pune
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.g2f2.com
JUNE
