Volume 2 | Issue 11

September-2016

RNI No.: HARENG/2014/61357

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Published by

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SCO 27, 2nd Floor, Mugal Canal Market

Karnal - 132001 (Haryana)

Tel: +91 184 4036770

info@benisonmedia.com

Publisher & EditorPrachi Arora

prachi.a@benisonmedia.com

Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE

Designing & MarketingAshwani Verma

info@thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

Circulation & Subscription HeadPawan Kumar

info@benisonmedia.com

Business HeadVinod Kumar Saini

info@benisonmedia.com

Dr. Dinesh T. BhosaleFormer Chairman, CLFMA of India

Mr. Amit SachdevIndian Representative, US Grain Council

Dr. P.E. Vijay AnandUS Soybean Export Council

Dr. Suhas Amrutkar Subject Matter Specialist, Animal Nutrition, MAFSU, Parbhani

Dr. SN MohantyFormer Principal Scientist, CIFA

Dr. Meeta Punjabi MehtaAgricultural Economist

Dr. Swamy HaladiFeed Additive Expert

Dr. R Gnana SekarLead Consultant, GS Dairy Farm Consulting

Dr. Suraj Amrutkar Assistant Professor, Dept. of ILFC, SKUAST-J, Jammu

www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

www.benisonmedia.com

Managing Editor

Dr. T.K. Walli

Former Head,

Dairy Cattle Nutrition, NDRI

EDITORIAL

Several years of debate, dispute

and finally the perseverance

shown by the present govt. has

finally culminated in Indian Parliament

passing the biggest ever indirect tax reform , the GST or

Goods and Services Tax Bill. It is generally predicted to be a

leap forward to improve the business in India, doing away

with the plethora of taxes like VAT, CSI, Services Tax, Excise,

Entry Tax, Purchase Tax, and Central Excise Tax and so on, so

as to transform nation into a single market. In this system, the

end customer shall bear only the GST charged by the last

dealer in the supply chain, with set of benefits at all the

previous stages.

Regarding the impact of GST on feed industry, no one has a

very clear idea about it at present. However, there is a need to

study the GST Bill in details vis a vis feed industry. Food safety

as well as feed safety, with which the feed industry is directly

as well as indirectly involved, along with traceability, happens

to be the burning issue at present, since this is an issue which

is non negotiable. Only the safe feed for animals can produce

safer animal origin food for humans. If we cannot pay any

heed to feed safety, then it may be difficult to step up our

production of foods of animal origin. Because as our

population is becoming more and more conscious about

safety of foods, FDI shall come in a big way and flood Indian

markets with safer feed as well as safer foods of animal origin.

GST is definitely going to bring in transparency as how the

raw material is coming from for the final product. Sh. Vijay

Sardana very beautifully brought out these points for the

benefit of the delegates who attended recently concluded

CLFMA Symposium held in Kolkata on 2nd and 3rd Sept.,

2016. Best thing would be that CLFMA should set up a

committee of experts to look into the pros and cons of the

GST Bill, with respect to its impact on the future of Indian

feed industry and the foods of animal origin.

Dr. TK Walli

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

GST: What kind of impact it could make on Indian feed industry?

Published by

BENISON Media

SCO 27, 2nd Floor, Mugal Canal Market

Karnal - 132001 (Haryana)

Tel: +91 184 4036770

info@benisonmedia.com

Publisher & EditorPrachi Arora

prachi.a@benisonmedia.com

Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE

Designing & MarketingAshwani Verma

info@thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

Circulation & Subscription HeadPawan Kumar

info@benisonmedia.com

Business HeadVinod Kumar Saini

info@benisonmedia.com

Dr. Dinesh T. BhosaleFormer Chairman, CLFMA of India

Mr. Amit SachdevIndian Representative, US Grain Council

Dr. P.E. Vijay AnandUS Soybean Export Council

Dr. Suhas Amrutkar Subject Matter Specialist, Animal Nutrition, MAFSU, Parbhani

Dr. SN MohantyFormer Principal Scientist, CIFA

Dr. Meeta Punjabi MehtaAgricultural Economist

Dr. Swamy HaladiFeed Additive Expert

Dr. R Gnana SekarLead Consultant, GS Dairy Farm Consulting

Dr. Suraj Amrutkar Assistant Professor, Dept. of ILFC, SKUAST-J, Jammu

www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

www.benisonmedia.com

Managing Editor

Dr. T.K. Walli

Former Head,

Dairy Cattle Nutrition, NDRI

EDITORIAL

Several years of debate, dispute

and finally the perseverance

shown by the present govt. has

finally culminated in Indian Parliament

passing the biggest ever indirect tax reform , the GST or

Goods and Services Tax Bill. It is generally predicted to be a

leap forward to improve the business in India, doing away

with the plethora of taxes like VAT, CSI, Services Tax, Excise,

Entry Tax, Purchase Tax, and Central Excise Tax and so on, so

as to transform nation into a single market. In this system, the

end customer shall bear only the GST charged by the last

dealer in the supply chain, with set of benefits at all the

previous stages.

Regarding the impact of GST on feed industry, no one has a

very clear idea about it at present. However, there is a need to

study the GST Bill in details vis a vis feed industry. Food safety

as well as feed safety, with which the feed industry is directly

as well as indirectly involved, along with traceability, happens

to be the burning issue at present, since this is an issue which

is non negotiable. Only the safe feed for animals can produce

safer animal origin food for humans. If we cannot pay any

heed to feed safety, then it may be difficult to step up our

production of foods of animal origin. Because as our

population is becoming more and more conscious about

safety of foods, FDI shall come in a big way and flood Indian

markets with safer feed as well as safer foods of animal origin.

GST is definitely going to bring in transparency as how the

raw material is coming from for the final product. Sh. Vijay

Sardana very beautifully brought out these points for the

benefit of the delegates who attended recently concluded

CLFMA Symposium held in Kolkata on 2nd and 3rd Sept.,

2016. Best thing would be that CLFMA should set up a

committee of experts to look into the pros and cons of the

GST Bill, with respect to its impact on the future of Indian

feed industry and the foods of animal origin.

Dr. TK Walli

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

GST: What kind of impact it could make on Indian feed industry?

Printed by: Jaiswal Printing Press | Published by: Prachi Arora | On behalf of: BENISON Media | Printed at: Chaura Bazar, Karnal-132001,

Haryana | Published at: SCO-27, IInd Floor, Mugal Canal Market, Karnal-132001, Haryana | Editor: Prachi Arora

Monthly Magazine for Feed & Feed Technology

Vollume 1 | Issue 10 | August 2015

Think Grain Think Feed is a monthly magazine published by BENISON Media at its office in Karnal. Editorial

policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily those held by the editors. The

data/information provided in the magazine is sourced through various sources and the publisher considers its

sources reliable and verifies as much data as possible. However, the publisher accepts no liability for the

material herein and consequently readers using this information do so at their own risk.

Although persons and companies mentioned herein are believed to be reputable, neither BENISON Media, nor

any of its employees or contributors accept any responsibility whatsoever for such persons’ and companies’

activities. All legal matters are subjected to Karnal Jurisdiction.

C o n t e n t s Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

181818 202020 242424

Front Cover: SKOV

SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION:

Simple Post Courier Overseas

One Year : INR 1200 INR 1800 USD 300

Three Year : INR 3300 INR 4800 USD 900

Five Year : INR 5200 INR 6500 USD 1500

R&D

ww

w.b

enis

onm

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ia.c

om

05

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

Prairie AquaTech is developing an

enhanced microbial conversion to

produce high-protein feed that is

converted into pellets for aquaculture.

Bill Gibbons, an industrial

microbiologist and professor at South

Dakota State University says the fact is

the world needs to double its food

production in the next 20 to 30 years,

and fish is likely to be an increasingly

important source of protein. Shellfish

and fish consumption are on the rise, in

part because of improving standards of

living in parts of the world, and in part

because of a feed conversion for fish.

Hence, the price of feed ingredient has

been increasing rapidly as demands

increases while supply remains

stagnant. Traditionally, aquaculture has

been heavily dependent on increasingly

expensive fishmeal as a protein source,

accounting for 40 to 50 percent of the

total feed for aquaculture.

In the 1960s, the chicken and hog

industries consumed most of the

fishmeal. By 2010, nearly 80 percent of

the world fishmeal went to aquaculture.

Fishmeal prices have increased from $700 per ton in

2004 to $2,000 per ton and some experts say it will go

to $3,000 per ton within five years.

The newly designed feed ingredient is considered as a

sustainable, alternative to fishmeal. The soy-based feed

ingredient uses a microbial enhancement process to

improve available protein levels in soybean meal.

The problem is the plant-based feeds have fiber and

anti-nutritional factors irritate stomachs of fish, and can

even kill them. In 2010, Gibbons did some limited trials

and found the organisms were effective in reducing the

sugar and fiber levels, and boosted the protein levels

significantly. On a dry matter basis, conventional

soybean meal yields about 50 to 52 percent protein.

Gibbons' process boosts that level to almost 70 percent.

“With fishmeal, for every pound of protein going in, the

fish use about 78 percent of that and convert that into

fish,” Gibbons said. “In our trials, almost 100 percent of

that going in, ending up in the fish.” That not only cuts

fish food costs, but it also means nutrients that aren't

absorbed by the fish don't go into the water.

There is a global race to create new fish foods for the

aquaculture business. Raw soybean meal costs $400 per

ton. By adding another $400 to $500 per ton in

processing costs, the product likely can compete in the

market at $1,500 per ton.

Source: prairieDisclaimer : The published material and images are sourced from various websites and newspapers, and used for information purpose only, if you have any issue, please inform us at

info@benisonmedia.com. BENISON Media or Think Grain Think Feed is not liable for any claim prior to written information.

MARKET PROJECTION

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

INDUSTRY THOUGHTS

05

INTERVIEW

ARTICLE

Novel process to develop fishmeal substitute12

PELLETING TIPS

16

20

28

UPCOMING EVENTS

19-21 October

2016

6-8 October

2016

Imag

e S

ou

rce: p

rair

ieb

usi

ness

mag

azi

ne

Novel process to develop fishmeal substitute

Corn industry needs to be redesigned as an enterprise

08

Feed Safety : a Priority or a Value

STORAGE TIPS

12 Management lessons for extended grain storage

The Science of Pelleting

Understanding the Feed Economics

Feed Phytogenics- A revolution in the feed industry

Printed by: Jaiswal Printing Press | Published by: Prachi Arora | On behalf of: BENISON Media | Printed at: Chaura Bazar, Karnal-132001,

Haryana | Published at: SCO-27, IInd Floor, Mugal Canal Market, Karnal-132001, Haryana | Editor: Prachi Arora

Monthly Magazine for Feed & Feed Technology

Vollume 1 | Issue 10 | August 2015

Think Grain Think Feed is a monthly magazine published by BENISON Media at its office in Karnal. Editorial

policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily those held by the editors. The

data/information provided in the magazine is sourced through various sources and the publisher considers its

sources reliable and verifies as much data as possible. However, the publisher accepts no liability for the

material herein and consequently readers using this information do so at their own risk.

Although persons and companies mentioned herein are believed to be reputable, neither BENISON Media, nor

any of its employees or contributors accept any responsibility whatsoever for such persons’ and companies’

activities. All legal matters are subjected to Karnal Jurisdiction.

C o n t e n t s Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

181818 202020 242424

Front Cover: SKOV

SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION:

Simple Post Courier Overseas

One Year : INR 1200 INR 1800 USD 300

Three Year : INR 3300 INR 4800 USD 900

Five Year : INR 5200 INR 6500 USD 1500

R&D

ww

w.b

enis

onm

ed

ia.c

om

05

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

Prairie AquaTech is developing an

enhanced microbial conversion to

produce high-protein feed that is

converted into pellets for aquaculture.

Bill Gibbons, an industrial

microbiologist and professor at South

Dakota State University says the fact is

the world needs to double its food

production in the next 20 to 30 years,

and fish is likely to be an increasingly

important source of protein. Shellfish

and fish consumption are on the rise, in

part because of improving standards of

living in parts of the world, and in part

because of a feed conversion for fish.

Hence, the price of feed ingredient has

been increasing rapidly as demands

increases while supply remains

stagnant. Traditionally, aquaculture has

been heavily dependent on increasingly

expensive fishmeal as a protein source,

accounting for 40 to 50 percent of the

total feed for aquaculture.

In the 1960s, the chicken and hog

industries consumed most of the

fishmeal. By 2010, nearly 80 percent of

the world fishmeal went to aquaculture.

Fishmeal prices have increased from $700 per ton in

2004 to $2,000 per ton and some experts say it will go

to $3,000 per ton within five years.

The newly designed feed ingredient is considered as a

sustainable, alternative to fishmeal. The soy-based feed

ingredient uses a microbial enhancement process to

improve available protein levels in soybean meal.

The problem is the plant-based feeds have fiber and

anti-nutritional factors irritate stomachs of fish, and can

even kill them. In 2010, Gibbons did some limited trials

and found the organisms were effective in reducing the

sugar and fiber levels, and boosted the protein levels

significantly. On a dry matter basis, conventional

soybean meal yields about 50 to 52 percent protein.

Gibbons' process boosts that level to almost 70 percent.

“With fishmeal, for every pound of protein going in, the

fish use about 78 percent of that and convert that into

fish,” Gibbons said. “In our trials, almost 100 percent of

that going in, ending up in the fish.” That not only cuts

fish food costs, but it also means nutrients that aren't

absorbed by the fish don't go into the water.

There is a global race to create new fish foods for the

aquaculture business. Raw soybean meal costs $400 per

ton. By adding another $400 to $500 per ton in

processing costs, the product likely can compete in the

market at $1,500 per ton.

Source: prairieDisclaimer : The published material and images are sourced from various websites and newspapers, and used for information purpose only, if you have any issue, please inform us at

info@benisonmedia.com. BENISON Media or Think Grain Think Feed is not liable for any claim prior to written information.

MARKET PROJECTION

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

INDUSTRY THOUGHTS

05

INTERVIEW

ARTICLE

Novel process to develop fishmeal substitute12

PELLETING TIPS

16

20

28

UPCOMING EVENTS

19-21 October

2016

6-8 October

2016

Imag

e S

ou

rce: p

rair

ieb

usi

ness

mag

azi

ne

Novel process to develop fishmeal substitute

Corn industry needs to be redesigned as an enterprise

08

Feed Safety : a Priority or a Value

STORAGE TIPS

12 Management lessons for extended grain storage

The Science of Pelleting

Understanding the Feed Economics

Feed Phytogenics- A revolution in the feed industry

INDUSTRY NEWSw

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06

China's soybean imports are likely to

rebound in the fourth quarter as

seasonal demand rises and processors

in the world's biggest buyer look to

replenish supplies after lower-than-

expected sales from state stockpiles,

according to industry analysts.

Sales from state reserves have totaled

just 1.1 million metric tons, compared

with expectations for 3-4 million tons,

said Li Lifeng, an analyst with industry

portal cofeed.com.

China's imports dropped 13 percent

from a year earlier in the two months to

July to 15.3 million tons as demand

from hog breeders declined because of

flood damage. They may fall below 6

million tons a month in September and

October as crushers had cut orders in

anticipation of higher stockpile sales,

said Yang Linqin, an analyst with Cofco

Futures Co.

“Sales from state reserves were lower

than expected and sales in coming

weeks will stay low," Yang said.

Import of Soybean recovering in ChinaThat's likely to boost imports from the

U.S. and may support benchmark prices

in Chicago, which have been pressured

by expectations for a record harvest.

Soybeans for November delivery on the

Chicago Board of Trade have fallen 17

percent from their closing high this year

on June 10, while the most-active

contract in Dalian has fallen about 1.7

percent over the same period.

“Crushers need to replenish stocks

after a shortfall of imports in

September and October,” just as

seasonal demand increases, Li said.

“The state reserves are of poor quality

and oil content is low. The soybeans

have been stored for too long.”

Price Support

Imports from Brazil, the world's largest

supplier, fell 6.2 percent in July from the

year before and will continue to slide

for the rest of the year as drought there

forces local crushers to halt production.

Imports from the U.S. are down 7.1

percent so far this year.

“U.S. exports to China in the fourth

quarter will recover significantly from

last year, when its market share was

squeezed by South American supplies,”

Yang said.

Brazil exported 25 percent more soy to

China in 2015, taking nearly half of

China's total imports while shipments

from the U.S. fell 5.4 percent, giving it a

market share of 35 percent, official

customs data showed.

Domestic demand for soy meal, a major

feed ingredient and byproduct of soy

crushing, is also recovering from a weak

performance in July, said Cofco's Yang.

Source: bloomberg

Thai Union Group is eyeing a move into

the shrimp sector in Indonesia via the feed

business, according to analysts following

the company.

During an analysts meeting after the

company's second quarter results, Thai

Union reportedly said it has been looking

at getting into the shrimp sector in the

country, which has not been impacted by

early mortality syndrome (EMS), unlike

Thailand.

“So, they will enter into Indonesia with

shrimp feed and then processing later.

But, no timeline was provided,” said the

analyst. "It sounds like a greenfield given

that the management suggested a

shortage of shrimp processing capacity in

Indonesia," he added.

"We have learned a lot from our

partnership in India, and we look forward

to applying those learnings in other

markets," said a Thai Union spokesperson.

Thai Union with feed enters in Indonesian shrimp sector

Expanding first into a new country with

the feed business is the same way Thai

Union has got into India. First, the

company invested in Avanti Feeds, an

Indian shrimp feed producer. In 2012,

Thai Union increased its stake in the

Indian feed processor from 15% to

25.12%. Then, Thai Union has established

a processing joint venture with the

Indian firm.

In an interview in May, Rittirong

Boonmechote, who run's Thai Union's

global shrimp business told that

Indonesia, Bangladesh and Myanmar are

all countries the company is “studying”

for possible deals.

All three countries have raw material that

fits Thai Union's profile. Indonesia is a big

producer of vannamei and black tiger

shrimp, with Bangladesh also a producer

of black tiger. Myanmar is seen as

possible country in which to develop

shrimp farming and processing.

“Indonesia is interesting, but Bangladesh

is more difficult. After study, we may

invest, or not,” he said. “It is maybe too

early for Bangladesh, now. But, it is also a

big market for freshwater fish. They have

big consumption, with a 160m

population.”

Myanmar is also “very interesting for us”,

he said. “We are studying. Maybe it is

too early to invest, we need some clearer

picture about the new government

policy.”

For Boonmechote, the EMS crisis in the

Thai shrimp sector was a harsh lesson, he

said in a previous interview. The

diversification to production in India and

also the desire to look at deals in other

producing countries, such as Indonesia

and Bangladesh is a part of risk

management strategy of the company.

Source: Undercurrent

INDUSTRY NEWS

ww

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06

China's soybean imports are likely to

rebound in the fourth quarter as

seasonal demand rises and processors

in the world's biggest buyer look to

replenish supplies after lower-than-

expected sales from state stockpiles,

according to industry analysts.

Sales from state reserves have totaled

just 1.1 million metric tons, compared

with expectations for 3-4 million tons,

said Li Lifeng, an analyst with industry

portal cofeed.com.

China's imports dropped 13 percent

from a year earlier in the two months to

July to 15.3 million tons as demand

from hog breeders declined because of

flood damage. They may fall below 6

million tons a month in September and

October as crushers had cut orders in

anticipation of higher stockpile sales,

said Yang Linqin, an analyst with Cofco

Futures Co.

“Sales from state reserves were lower

than expected and sales in coming

weeks will stay low," Yang said.

Import of Soybean recovering in ChinaThat's likely to boost imports from the

U.S. and may support benchmark prices

in Chicago, which have been pressured

by expectations for a record harvest.

Soybeans for November delivery on the

Chicago Board of Trade have fallen 17

percent from their closing high this year

on June 10, while the most-active

contract in Dalian has fallen about 1.7

percent over the same period.

“Crushers need to replenish stocks

after a shortfall of imports in

September and October,” just as

seasonal demand increases, Li said.

“The state reserves are of poor quality

and oil content is low. The soybeans

have been stored for too long.”

Price Support

Imports from Brazil, the world's largest

supplier, fell 6.2 percent in July from the

year before and will continue to slide

for the rest of the year as drought there

forces local crushers to halt production.

Imports from the U.S. are down 7.1

percent so far this year.

“U.S. exports to China in the fourth

quarter will recover significantly from

last year, when its market share was

squeezed by South American supplies,”

Yang said.

Brazil exported 25 percent more soy to

China in 2015, taking nearly half of

China's total imports while shipments

from the U.S. fell 5.4 percent, giving it a

market share of 35 percent, official

customs data showed.

Domestic demand for soy meal, a major

feed ingredient and byproduct of soy

crushing, is also recovering from a weak

performance in July, said Cofco's Yang.

Source: bloomberg

Thai Union Group is eyeing a move into

the shrimp sector in Indonesia via the feed

business, according to analysts following

the company.

During an analysts meeting after the

company's second quarter results, Thai

Union reportedly said it has been looking

at getting into the shrimp sector in the

country, which has not been impacted by

early mortality syndrome (EMS), unlike

Thailand.

“So, they will enter into Indonesia with

shrimp feed and then processing later.

But, no timeline was provided,” said the

analyst. "It sounds like a greenfield given

that the management suggested a

shortage of shrimp processing capacity in

Indonesia," he added.

"We have learned a lot from our

partnership in India, and we look forward

to applying those learnings in other

markets," said a Thai Union spokesperson.

Thai Union with feed enters in Indonesian shrimp sector

Expanding first into a new country with

the feed business is the same way Thai

Union has got into India. First, the

company invested in Avanti Feeds, an

Indian shrimp feed producer. In 2012,

Thai Union increased its stake in the

Indian feed processor from 15% to

25.12%. Then, Thai Union has established

a processing joint venture with the

Indian firm.

In an interview in May, Rittirong

Boonmechote, who run's Thai Union's

global shrimp business told that

Indonesia, Bangladesh and Myanmar are

all countries the company is “studying”

for possible deals.

All three countries have raw material that

fits Thai Union's profile. Indonesia is a big

producer of vannamei and black tiger

shrimp, with Bangladesh also a producer

of black tiger. Myanmar is seen as

possible country in which to develop

shrimp farming and processing.

“Indonesia is interesting, but Bangladesh

is more difficult. After study, we may

invest, or not,” he said. “It is maybe too

early for Bangladesh, now. But, it is also a

big market for freshwater fish. They have

big consumption, with a 160m

population.”

Myanmar is also “very interesting for us”,

he said. “We are studying. Maybe it is

too early to invest, we need some clearer

picture about the new government

policy.”

For Boonmechote, the EMS crisis in the

Thai shrimp sector was a harsh lesson, he

said in a previous interview. The

diversification to production in India and

also the desire to look at deals in other

producing countries, such as Indonesia

and Bangladesh is a part of risk

management strategy of the company.

Source: Undercurrent

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om

09

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

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08

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016INDUSTRY THOUGHTS

As India crosses half way of the twenty-

first century, with a human count of

more than 1.5 billion, it will be called

upon to meet the challenge of

producing more from lesser land area.

While the nation would be expected to

meet the growing demand for food,

fodder & feed, it would also be expected

to ensure higher income for a

substantive section of the society

deriving its principle income from the

agriculture sector.

Even with reducing share of agriculture

sector in the total Gross Domestic

Product (GDP) of the country (in terms

of ratio), it would be occupying a

prominent place in the Indian economy

in terms of its size of agri-GDP. Hence,

the agriculture sector has to be

redesigned as an enterprise, where net

return becomes the basis of farming as a

profession.

The growth trends of agriculture & allied

sector over the last decade show, that

while growth of field crops has tended to

plateau, still within the field crops

existing yield gaps can be bridged,

particularly in certain parts of the

country – rainfed & hilly areas, as also

the Eastern India as a block.

Since the initiation of green revolution in the mid-1960s

in India, wheat & paddy have assumed leadership

position and the two together contribute 200 million

metric tonnes (mmts) of the total cereal output of about

236 mmts. Paddy is a water guzzler, on account of which

even well endowed areas like Punjab and Western Uttar

Pradesh, the major producers of paddy are beginning to

face water stress.

Hence, Indian policy makers need to analyse the crop-

matrix and promote those more suited to conservation-

agriculture and resilient to climate change. Maize is one

such hardy crop that bears scope for promotion in India.

Versatility of maize

The maize in India is cultivated throughout the year in

different parts of the country for various purposes and is

also amenable to adaptation to situations arising from

the vagaries of climate since it is a C4 crop. It holds

greater potential for higher productivity and sustainability

if suitable research interventions are made. It has the

highest genetic yield potential among the foodgrain

crops.

Global & national status of maize

Globally, maize is raised on nearly 150 million hectares in

about 160 countries having wide diversity of soil, climate,

biodiversity and management practices and accounts for

nearly 37 per cent (782 mmts) of the global grain

production. At global level, with its highest productivity

& production, it surpasses both wheat

and rice.

In India, it is the third most important

cereal, after rice and wheat. Since the

year 1950, area under maize has

increased from 3.31 to 9.0 million

hectares and production from 1.73 mmts

to 24.4 mmts in 2013-14. The increase

has been very rapid in the last decade

owing to increase in productivity and

expansion of area in Andhra Pradesh,

Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

It is estimated, that the county will

continue to see increased demand for

maize because of its diversified uses and

growing population. Adopting science-

based technological intervention like

single cross hybrid (SCH) technology and

application of novel molecular tools &

techniques will help in production

enhancement.

As seen in Chart-1, maize is recognized

as an important industrial crop, as 83 per

cent of the total produce is used in

starch & feed industries. It is also well

recognized, that with increasing

demand, maize will continue to place

itself as an important cereal.

Other than grain, maize is also cultivated

for various purposes like quality protein

maize and other special purposes known

as speciality corn. The various speciality

corn types are QPM, baby corn, sweet

corn, pop corn, waxy corn, high oil corn

etc.

Corn as a bio-fuel crop

With increasing energy consumption

Corn industry needs to be redesigned as an enterprise

Dr. Ashok Dalwai, Director of Agriculture & Cooperation, Krishi Bhawan

both in India and world over, tapping of alternate sources

of energy assumes significant importance. In this regard,

bio-fuel from maize holds distinct potential. Presently, US

is already using 30 per cent of its maize for bio-fuel

production.

In India, 23 per cent of total production of maize is used

as human food. From net return comparisons, it is clear

that use of maize in ethanol production fetches better

returns to the farmer. This has the potential of impacting

food security, if current level of supply-demand position is

taken into account. Based on the following assumptions,

net returns that emerge are shown in Tables A and B.

Assumptions:

i) Figures used for calculation of net profit for maize as

grain production and as ethanol production have

been taken as: 25 kg. maize produces 10 litre of

ethanol, and by-products, namely 8 kg. of Dry

Distillers Grain Soluble (DDGS) & 8 kg. Of CO2*

ii) The recovery of ethanol has been reported as 22 to

40 per cent from maize depending upon the

processing method used. Presuming that latest and

efficient technology is being used, the yield expected

is 36 per cent ethanol from maize grains

iii) Income to the farmers from maize is estimated by

presuming, that he produces ethanol on his farm

(which actually does not happen), and net returns

have been calculated and presented in Table B. The

net return from maize grains as presented in Table A

has been calculated based on an average yield of 25

q/ha. and MSP rate notified for Kharif 2016

iv) There are many other cost effective sources for

ethanol productions such as sugarcane, sorghum,

molasses, cassava and potato.

Tables A and B bring out, that returns from value addition

by ethanol production from maize at INR 25,300/- ha. is

higher than that from grain production at INR 10,600/-

ha. This is likely to incentivize the farmers to prefer use of

maize for ethanol production over its use as human food.

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Uses of Maize

Human Food Feed Industrial Starch

& Others

Seeds

In India

Globally

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016INDUSTRY THOUGHTS

As India crosses half way of the twenty-

first century, with a human count of

more than 1.5 billion, it will be called

upon to meet the challenge of

producing more from lesser land area.

While the nation would be expected to

meet the growing demand for food,

fodder & feed, it would also be expected

to ensure higher income for a

substantive section of the society

deriving its principle income from the

agriculture sector.

Even with reducing share of agriculture

sector in the total Gross Domestic

Product (GDP) of the country (in terms

of ratio), it would be occupying a

prominent place in the Indian economy

in terms of its size of agri-GDP. Hence,

the agriculture sector has to be

redesigned as an enterprise, where net

return becomes the basis of farming as a

profession.

The growth trends of agriculture & allied

sector over the last decade show, that

while growth of field crops has tended to

plateau, still within the field crops

existing yield gaps can be bridged,

particularly in certain parts of the

country – rainfed & hilly areas, as also

the Eastern India as a block.

Since the initiation of green revolution in the mid-1960s

in India, wheat & paddy have assumed leadership

position and the two together contribute 200 million

metric tonnes (mmts) of the total cereal output of about

236 mmts. Paddy is a water guzzler, on account of which

even well endowed areas like Punjab and Western Uttar

Pradesh, the major producers of paddy are beginning to

face water stress.

Hence, Indian policy makers need to analyse the crop-

matrix and promote those more suited to conservation-

agriculture and resilient to climate change. Maize is one

such hardy crop that bears scope for promotion in India.

Versatility of maize

The maize in India is cultivated throughout the year in

different parts of the country for various purposes and is

also amenable to adaptation to situations arising from

the vagaries of climate since it is a C4 crop. It holds

greater potential for higher productivity and sustainability

if suitable research interventions are made. It has the

highest genetic yield potential among the foodgrain

crops.

Global & national status of maize

Globally, maize is raised on nearly 150 million hectares in

about 160 countries having wide diversity of soil, climate,

biodiversity and management practices and accounts for

nearly 37 per cent (782 mmts) of the global grain

production. At global level, with its highest productivity

& production, it surpasses both wheat

and rice.

In India, it is the third most important

cereal, after rice and wheat. Since the

year 1950, area under maize has

increased from 3.31 to 9.0 million

hectares and production from 1.73 mmts

to 24.4 mmts in 2013-14. The increase

has been very rapid in the last decade

owing to increase in productivity and

expansion of area in Andhra Pradesh,

Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

It is estimated, that the county will

continue to see increased demand for

maize because of its diversified uses and

growing population. Adopting science-

based technological intervention like

single cross hybrid (SCH) technology and

application of novel molecular tools &

techniques will help in production

enhancement.

As seen in Chart-1, maize is recognized

as an important industrial crop, as 83 per

cent of the total produce is used in

starch & feed industries. It is also well

recognized, that with increasing

demand, maize will continue to place

itself as an important cereal.

Other than grain, maize is also cultivated

for various purposes like quality protein

maize and other special purposes known

as speciality corn. The various speciality

corn types are QPM, baby corn, sweet

corn, pop corn, waxy corn, high oil corn

etc.

Corn as a bio-fuel crop

With increasing energy consumption

Corn industry needs to be redesigned as an enterprise

Dr. Ashok Dalwai, Director of Agriculture & Cooperation, Krishi Bhawan

both in India and world over, tapping of alternate sources

of energy assumes significant importance. In this regard,

bio-fuel from maize holds distinct potential. Presently, US

is already using 30 per cent of its maize for bio-fuel

production.

In India, 23 per cent of total production of maize is used

as human food. From net return comparisons, it is clear

that use of maize in ethanol production fetches better

returns to the farmer. This has the potential of impacting

food security, if current level of supply-demand position is

taken into account. Based on the following assumptions,

net returns that emerge are shown in Tables A and B.

Assumptions:

i) Figures used for calculation of net profit for maize as

grain production and as ethanol production have

been taken as: 25 kg. maize produces 10 litre of

ethanol, and by-products, namely 8 kg. of Dry

Distillers Grain Soluble (DDGS) & 8 kg. Of CO2*

ii) The recovery of ethanol has been reported as 22 to

40 per cent from maize depending upon the

processing method used. Presuming that latest and

efficient technology is being used, the yield expected

is 36 per cent ethanol from maize grains

iii) Income to the farmers from maize is estimated by

presuming, that he produces ethanol on his farm

(which actually does not happen), and net returns

have been calculated and presented in Table B. The

net return from maize grains as presented in Table A

has been calculated based on an average yield of 25

q/ha. and MSP rate notified for Kharif 2016

iv) There are many other cost effective sources for

ethanol productions such as sugarcane, sorghum,

molasses, cassava and potato.

Tables A and B bring out, that returns from value addition

by ethanol production from maize at INR 25,300/- ha. is

higher than that from grain production at INR 10,600/-

ha. This is likely to incentivize the farmers to prefer use of

maize for ethanol production over its use as human food.

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Uses of Maize

Human Food Feed Industrial Starch

& Others

Seeds

In India

Globally

INDUSTRY THOUGHTS Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

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Considering that food and nutrition

security are the first concern in a country

with growing population, exploiting the

potential of maize as a source of bio-fuel

will call for increased foodgrain

production. It has to be a cautious

approach.

Increasing maize production

Since 1950, a total of 212 hybrids and

119 composites of maize have been

released that cater to the need of

farmers in different production ecologies

of various states. Between 1951-55 and

2011-14, the productivity of maize has

increased from 700 kgs/ha. to 2600

kgs/ha. Yet, this does not compare well

with high productivity levels achieved in

other major maize producing countries

which are as high has 10,732.6 kgs. in

USA, 5,997.9 kgs. in China, 6,472.2 kgs. in

Brazil. The world average is as high as

5,572.9 kgs./ha. indicating the yield gap

that India needs to bridge.

It is anticipated, that by 2050 maize

production will go up by 3.25 times the

current achievement of 24.3 mmts,

productivity by 2.2 times the current

level of 2,600 kgs/ha and area by 1.4

times the current hactarage of 9.0

million.

Considering the potential of maize it

would be gainful to achieve higher

productivity and meet the multiple

demands. Some easy initiatives are:

i. Promoting Rabi maize cultivation -

Rabi maize as an alternative is

gaining popularity, because of

higher yield potential. The success

of rabi/winter maize is due to sunny days, long

growing season, dry and cool temperatures which

are more favourable to the crop growth, while

simultaneously being less favourable to the pest.

ii. Adoption of single cross hybrids (SCH) – In

comparison to open pollinated varieties (OPVs) and

multi-parent crosses, adoption of SCH will yield

higher productivity.

Bridging yield gaps and realizing incremental gains by

improved management practices may not be enough in

the long run. Hence, harnessing the potential of science

to realize breakthrough technology is a must.

Abiotic and Biotic constraints - role of new

technology

Improving the genetic potential of Indian maize would

continue to be a major challenge. Today, hybrids with

high yield potential of upto 14 tonnes/ha are available,

but it is difficult to achieve even half the potential on

account of high incidence of biotic and abiotic stresses at

farm level. Hence, the major challenge in germplasm

enhancement lies in introducing stress tolerance traits.

While development of high yielding cultivars with built-in

resistance against stresses is itself daunting, it becomes all

the more challenging due to unpredictability of plant-

pest-natural enemies interaction in the context of

changing climate. Maize seed, grain and processed maize

products are highly vulnerable to stored grain pests.

Protection in field and in godowns in sync with maize

agro-ecosystem is yet another challenge.

Hence, traditional methods of crop improvement alone

are not sufficient and the recent advances in molecular

breeding and genomics have to be integrated with

conventional approaches for substantive gain.

Conclusions

Science and technology, therefore, hold great potential in

the world's ability to achieve high productivity on a

sustainable basis. India too can take full advantage of

such frontier technology in increasing the production of

maize and make it available to the industrial and bio-fuel

sector after meeting the demand from food, fodder and

feed sectors.

Detailed article is available on the official website

Crop Current

average

yield

(q/ha.)

Average

cost of

cultivation

(Rs./ha.)

MSP for

Kharif

2016

(Rs./q.)

Gross

returns

(Rs./ha.)

Net

returns

(Rs./ha.)

Maize 25 23,525 1,365 34,125 10,600

A. Net returns from maize grain production

Crop / Product Based calculations for ethanol prod. Using grain weight of 2500 kg yield /ha.

Unit cost of ethanol prod. (Rs./litre)

Total cost of production (Rs./ha)

Gross income (in Rs.) (sale price of parenthesis)

Net returns (Rs./ha.)

Maize ethanol 900 litre Rs.25/litre 22,500 37,800 (Rs.42/- lit)

15300

Dry Distillers Grain Solubles (DDGS)

800 kg. By- product 2,000 (transport and drying cost)

Rs.8,000/- (Rs.10/kg.)

6,000

CO2 800 kg. By- product By product Rs.4,000/- (Rs.5/kg.)

4,000

TOTAL -- -- Rs.24,500 Rs.49,800 Rs.25,300

B. Net returns from maize when ethanol is produced

INDUSTRY THOUGHTS Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

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Considering that food and nutrition

security are the first concern in a country

with growing population, exploiting the

potential of maize as a source of bio-fuel

will call for increased foodgrain

production. It has to be a cautious

approach.

Increasing maize production

Since 1950, a total of 212 hybrids and

119 composites of maize have been

released that cater to the need of

farmers in different production ecologies

of various states. Between 1951-55 and

2011-14, the productivity of maize has

increased from 700 kgs/ha. to 2600

kgs/ha. Yet, this does not compare well

with high productivity levels achieved in

other major maize producing countries

which are as high has 10,732.6 kgs. in

USA, 5,997.9 kgs. in China, 6,472.2 kgs. in

Brazil. The world average is as high as

5,572.9 kgs./ha. indicating the yield gap

that India needs to bridge.

It is anticipated, that by 2050 maize

production will go up by 3.25 times the

current achievement of 24.3 mmts,

productivity by 2.2 times the current

level of 2,600 kgs/ha and area by 1.4

times the current hactarage of 9.0

million.

Considering the potential of maize it

would be gainful to achieve higher

productivity and meet the multiple

demands. Some easy initiatives are:

i. Promoting Rabi maize cultivation -

Rabi maize as an alternative is

gaining popularity, because of

higher yield potential. The success

of rabi/winter maize is due to sunny days, long

growing season, dry and cool temperatures which

are more favourable to the crop growth, while

simultaneously being less favourable to the pest.

ii. Adoption of single cross hybrids (SCH) – In

comparison to open pollinated varieties (OPVs) and

multi-parent crosses, adoption of SCH will yield

higher productivity.

Bridging yield gaps and realizing incremental gains by

improved management practices may not be enough in

the long run. Hence, harnessing the potential of science

to realize breakthrough technology is a must.

Abiotic and Biotic constraints - role of new

technology

Improving the genetic potential of Indian maize would

continue to be a major challenge. Today, hybrids with

high yield potential of upto 14 tonnes/ha are available,

but it is difficult to achieve even half the potential on

account of high incidence of biotic and abiotic stresses at

farm level. Hence, the major challenge in germplasm

enhancement lies in introducing stress tolerance traits.

While development of high yielding cultivars with built-in

resistance against stresses is itself daunting, it becomes all

the more challenging due to unpredictability of plant-

pest-natural enemies interaction in the context of

changing climate. Maize seed, grain and processed maize

products are highly vulnerable to stored grain pests.

Protection in field and in godowns in sync with maize

agro-ecosystem is yet another challenge.

Hence, traditional methods of crop improvement alone

are not sufficient and the recent advances in molecular

breeding and genomics have to be integrated with

conventional approaches for substantive gain.

Conclusions

Science and technology, therefore, hold great potential in

the world's ability to achieve high productivity on a

sustainable basis. India too can take full advantage of

such frontier technology in increasing the production of

maize and make it available to the industrial and bio-fuel

sector after meeting the demand from food, fodder and

feed sectors.

Detailed article is available on the official website

Crop Current

average

yield

(q/ha.)

Average

cost of

cultivation

(Rs./ha.)

MSP for

Kharif

2016

(Rs./q.)

Gross

returns

(Rs./ha.)

Net

returns

(Rs./ha.)

Maize 25 23,525 1,365 34,125 10,600

A. Net returns from maize grain production

Crop / Product Based calculations for ethanol prod. Using grain weight of 2500 kg yield /ha.

Unit cost of ethanol prod. (Rs./litre)

Total cost of production (Rs./ha)

Gross income (in Rs.) (sale price of parenthesis)

Net returns (Rs./ha.)

Maize ethanol 900 litre Rs.25/litre 22,500 37,800 (Rs.42/- lit)

15300

Dry Distillers Grain Solubles (DDGS)

800 kg. By- product 2,000 (transport and drying cost)

Rs.8,000/- (Rs.10/kg.)

6,000

CO2 800 kg. By- product By product Rs.4,000/- (Rs.5/kg.)

4,000

TOTAL -- -- Rs.24,500 Rs.49,800 Rs.25,300

B. Net returns from maize when ethanol is produced

Human Errors

Occurences

Human

Factors

80%

Equipment

Failures

20%

Individual

30%

Latest

Organization

Weaknesses

70%

Figure 1: Human errors and the causes

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

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Johan den Hartog, GMP+ International

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016ARTICLE

The Hardware of Feed Safety

Assurance

Feed companies spend a lot of effort

and money to control the safety of

their products, in order to satisfy their

customers and to reduce financial

risks. Quality management systems are

introduced, improvements in buildings

and machineries are realized, records

are kept, performances are

monitored and results are analyzed

and evaluated to induce further

improvements.

When a company introduces a feed

safety assurance system, a third party

carries out an independent

compliance assessment with

normative standards on a regular

base. These assessments by means of

audits are carried out according to

certain methodologies and with well-

defined tools.

All these facilities, methods and tools are the

'hardware' side of the feed safety assurance system.

However, the human-factor cannot be neglected or

underestimated.

Human factor

The human factor is about the people operating in the

certified companies on a daily basis.

A precondition is that these people are equipped with

Feed Safety : a Priority or a Value

the proper knowledge and

competences.

Knowledge about the own products

and processes but also about their

service providers. Additionally, staff

needs to understand risk assessment

methodologies, etc. This knowledge

can be obtained by professional

education and regular training.

Because not each person in a

company knows everything,

cooperation in a (HACCP) team is

important to bring all knowledge and

experiences together.

Human failure or error

A feed safety incident could be caused

by a human failure or error. GMP+

International has an Early Warning

System (EWS), where GMP+ FSA

certified companies must notify GMP+

International when specific feed safety

limits are exceeded. The cause of the

contamination is always

investigated.In 2015, in about 10% of

the EWS cases “human failure” was

mentioned. There is no reference to

compare this with it, so we cannot conclude that it is

low, normal or high.

Surely, people make mistakes. But why do we make

mistakes or cause errors? Is it the individual's fault?

Latent organizational weaknesses include work

processes, and, as figure 1 shows, such work processes

usually are an important factor behind human failures.

That could be also the cause of the human failure, but

it depends on the frequency of the errors and whether

it is culpably or not.

It is important that an organization and individuals are

willing to learn from mistakes. A pre-condition is to

avoid blaming in case of incidental mistakes. Blaming

will result in hiding future mistakes instead of learning

from it. The clue is a root cause analysis to obtain keys

for improvement.

Organizational Culture

A not-blaming atmosphere in a company is all about

the culture of organization. Culture is about the

human factor influencing the functionality of a feed

safety management system. That is called feed safety

culture. Feed and food safety is more than just a

system, it is also about culture. This issue is clearly

addressed by Mr. Frank Yiannas in his publication

“Food Safety Culture - Creating a Behavior-Based Food

Safety Management System” (2010).

Imag

e S

ou

rce: S

KO

V

Human Errors

Occurences

Human

Factors

80%

Equipment

Failures

20%

Individual

30%

Latest

Organization

Weaknesses

70%

Figure 1: Human errors and the causes

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

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Johan den Hartog, GMP+ International

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016ARTICLE

The Hardware of Feed Safety

Assurance

Feed companies spend a lot of effort

and money to control the safety of

their products, in order to satisfy their

customers and to reduce financial

risks. Quality management systems are

introduced, improvements in buildings

and machineries are realized, records

are kept, performances are

monitored and results are analyzed

and evaluated to induce further

improvements.

When a company introduces a feed

safety assurance system, a third party

carries out an independent

compliance assessment with

normative standards on a regular

base. These assessments by means of

audits are carried out according to

certain methodologies and with well-

defined tools.

All these facilities, methods and tools are the

'hardware' side of the feed safety assurance system.

However, the human-factor cannot be neglected or

underestimated.

Human factor

The human factor is about the people operating in the

certified companies on a daily basis.

A precondition is that these people are equipped with

Feed Safety : a Priority or a Value

the proper knowledge and

competences.

Knowledge about the own products

and processes but also about their

service providers. Additionally, staff

needs to understand risk assessment

methodologies, etc. This knowledge

can be obtained by professional

education and regular training.

Because not each person in a

company knows everything,

cooperation in a (HACCP) team is

important to bring all knowledge and

experiences together.

Human failure or error

A feed safety incident could be caused

by a human failure or error. GMP+

International has an Early Warning

System (EWS), where GMP+ FSA

certified companies must notify GMP+

International when specific feed safety

limits are exceeded. The cause of the

contamination is always

investigated.In 2015, in about 10% of

the EWS cases “human failure” was

mentioned. There is no reference to

compare this with it, so we cannot conclude that it is

low, normal or high.

Surely, people make mistakes. But why do we make

mistakes or cause errors? Is it the individual's fault?

Latent organizational weaknesses include work

processes, and, as figure 1 shows, such work processes

usually are an important factor behind human failures.

That could be also the cause of the human failure, but

it depends on the frequency of the errors and whether

it is culpably or not.

It is important that an organization and individuals are

willing to learn from mistakes. A pre-condition is to

avoid blaming in case of incidental mistakes. Blaming

will result in hiding future mistakes instead of learning

from it. The clue is a root cause analysis to obtain keys

for improvement.

Organizational Culture

A not-blaming atmosphere in a company is all about

the culture of organization. Culture is about the

human factor influencing the functionality of a feed

safety management system. That is called feed safety

culture. Feed and food safety is more than just a

system, it is also about culture. This issue is clearly

addressed by Mr. Frank Yiannas in his publication

“Food Safety Culture - Creating a Behavior-Based Food

Safety Management System” (2010).

Imag

e S

ou

rce: S

KO

V

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enis

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016 STORAGE TIPSAlthough this publication is mainly

focused on the US food industry and

on microbiology, one statement is

extremely relevant. That statement

that: ”food safety is not a priority; it

must be a value”.

Feed Safety; a Priority or a Value?

When an entrepreneur considers feed

safety assurance as a priority, it can be

high or low depending on other (often

short term) priorities and financial

situation. However, if an entrepreneur

considers the production of safe feed

as a company value, feed safety

assurance is always applicable at the

same level of urgency. Then it

becomes a driving force for daily

operations and the focus is on the

long term continuity. A company value

determines the behavior of the

employees in the daily operations.

Many feed & food safety incidents are

caused by a lack of responsible

behavior of employees (Griffith, 2008).

The roles of Management and

Employees

Feed safety culture truly boils down to

how employees think about, approach,

and execute their daily tasks within a feed-making

environment. Culture is learned by becoming part of

an organization and being immersed in the behavior

of the members or the organization. An organization

with a value system founded on trust and an

understanding of the importance of safety will have a

positive feed safety culture. Each person within the

organization is involved. The management of a

company is mostly determining the company culture.

The mind-set of a manager influences the mind-set of

all employees. When a manager prevails earning

money above assuring the safety of the products or

service delivered to customers, it can result in risky

behavior. For instance, in co-mingling inferior products

with a higher or unknown risk profile with products

with a proper quality level.

Cultural dimensions by country

Culture within an organization is also highly influenced

by the dominant culture in society. This can differ from

country to country, making it difficult for managers to

develop and implement a proper feed safety

culture.(see figure 2). Realizing this can be a starting

position for a change process.

In this regard, the management of a company should

take the lead in changing the culture by determining

proper values and beliefs and by complying with it in

their own daily operations and making of decisions,

showing societal responsibility, being accountable,

reliable and credible.

Figure 2: Cultural dimensions in several countries

Management lessons for extended grain storage

Some grain will be stored for many

months or even more than a year due

to low grain prices, so maintaining

grain quality during extended storage

will require extra care and

management, according to North

Dakota State University's grain storage

expert.

“The outer layer of a grain kernel is the

pericarp, or seed coat, and provides

protection for the kernel. If the pericarp

is damaged, the kernel is more

susceptible to mold growth and insect

infestations. This reduces the expected

storage life of the grain,” said NDSU

Extension Service agricultural engineer

Ken Hellevang.

Broken kernels and foreign material

should be removed by cleaning the

grain before storing it. Segregation

based on size and density occurs as

grain flows into storage. Fines

accumulate in the middle unless a

functioning distributor spreads them

throughout the grain. Unloading some

grain from the center of the bin will

remove some of the fines and help level

the grain in the bin.

Also, immature kernels have a much

shorter expected storage life. Grain test

weight may be an indicator of maturity

and storability.

Assure that the storage facility is clean

and insects are not living in aeration

ducts, under perforated floors, or in

handling equipment or debris around

the facility. Fumigate the empty bin to

kill insects under the floor or in aeration

ducts if an infestation occurred during

the previous year. Also, consider

applying an approved residual bin

spray and a grain protectant to repel

potential insect infestations if storing

grain during warmer portions of the

year.

Mold growth requires moist conditions,

usually above about 70 percent relative

humidity, and warm temperatures. To

reduce the potential for mold growth,

the grain moisture content should be

below the equilibrium moisture content

(EMC), at 60 to 65 percent relative

humidity.

Grain going into long-term storage

should be dried and cooled rapidly

after harvest. The allowable storage

time (AST) is an estimate of the life of

the grain until it has deteriorated

enough to affect grain quality. The AST

is cumulative, so if one-half of the

storage life is used before the grain has

been dried and cooled, only about one-

half of the life is available for the drier

grain.

“Controlling grain temperature is critical

for maintaining grain quality,” Hellevang

says. “Insect reproduction is reduced

below about 70 degrees F, insects are

dormant below about 50 degrees F, and

insects are killed if grain is below 30

degrees F for a few weeks.”

Moisture migration increases the

moisture content at the top of the bin

when about a 20-degree F temperature

difference occurs between the grain

and average outdoor temperature.

Therefore, the grain should be cooled

with aeration when you have a 10- to

15-degree F difference between grain

and average outdoor temperatures.

The bin vents could ice over when the

aeration system is operated near or

below 32 degrees F. Utilize a sensor to

stop the aeration fan if bin roof

pressures become excessive, or leave

access doors open to serve as pressure

relief valves if operating the aeration

system near freezing temperatures to

reduce the potential for damaging the

roof.

Advice for long-term grain storage:

- Check the grain at least every two

weeks until it has been cooled for

winter storage and every two to

four weeks during the winter

- Verify that the moisture content is

at the recommended storage level

- Check the grain temperature

- Inspect for insects

- Look for indications of storage

problems such as condensation on

the roof

“Using temperature cables or sensors to

monitor grain temperature is

encouraged, but remember that

because grain is a good insulator, the

temperature can be different just a few

feet from the sensor,” Hellevang added.

Source: North Dakota State University

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016 STORAGE TIPSAlthough this publication is mainly

focused on the US food industry and

on microbiology, one statement is

extremely relevant. That statement

that: ”food safety is not a priority; it

must be a value”.

Feed Safety; a Priority or a Value?

When an entrepreneur considers feed

safety assurance as a priority, it can be

high or low depending on other (often

short term) priorities and financial

situation. However, if an entrepreneur

considers the production of safe feed

as a company value, feed safety

assurance is always applicable at the

same level of urgency. Then it

becomes a driving force for daily

operations and the focus is on the

long term continuity. A company value

determines the behavior of the

employees in the daily operations.

Many feed & food safety incidents are

caused by a lack of responsible

behavior of employees (Griffith, 2008).

The roles of Management and

Employees

Feed safety culture truly boils down to

how employees think about, approach,

and execute their daily tasks within a feed-making

environment. Culture is learned by becoming part of

an organization and being immersed in the behavior

of the members or the organization. An organization

with a value system founded on trust and an

understanding of the importance of safety will have a

positive feed safety culture. Each person within the

organization is involved. The management of a

company is mostly determining the company culture.

The mind-set of a manager influences the mind-set of

all employees. When a manager prevails earning

money above assuring the safety of the products or

service delivered to customers, it can result in risky

behavior. For instance, in co-mingling inferior products

with a higher or unknown risk profile with products

with a proper quality level.

Cultural dimensions by country

Culture within an organization is also highly influenced

by the dominant culture in society. This can differ from

country to country, making it difficult for managers to

develop and implement a proper feed safety

culture.(see figure 2). Realizing this can be a starting

position for a change process.

In this regard, the management of a company should

take the lead in changing the culture by determining

proper values and beliefs and by complying with it in

their own daily operations and making of decisions,

showing societal responsibility, being accountable,

reliable and credible.

Figure 2: Cultural dimensions in several countries

Management lessons for extended grain storage

Some grain will be stored for many

months or even more than a year due

to low grain prices, so maintaining

grain quality during extended storage

will require extra care and

management, according to North

Dakota State University's grain storage

expert.

“The outer layer of a grain kernel is the

pericarp, or seed coat, and provides

protection for the kernel. If the pericarp

is damaged, the kernel is more

susceptible to mold growth and insect

infestations. This reduces the expected

storage life of the grain,” said NDSU

Extension Service agricultural engineer

Ken Hellevang.

Broken kernels and foreign material

should be removed by cleaning the

grain before storing it. Segregation

based on size and density occurs as

grain flows into storage. Fines

accumulate in the middle unless a

functioning distributor spreads them

throughout the grain. Unloading some

grain from the center of the bin will

remove some of the fines and help level

the grain in the bin.

Also, immature kernels have a much

shorter expected storage life. Grain test

weight may be an indicator of maturity

and storability.

Assure that the storage facility is clean

and insects are not living in aeration

ducts, under perforated floors, or in

handling equipment or debris around

the facility. Fumigate the empty bin to

kill insects under the floor or in aeration

ducts if an infestation occurred during

the previous year. Also, consider

applying an approved residual bin

spray and a grain protectant to repel

potential insect infestations if storing

grain during warmer portions of the

year.

Mold growth requires moist conditions,

usually above about 70 percent relative

humidity, and warm temperatures. To

reduce the potential for mold growth,

the grain moisture content should be

below the equilibrium moisture content

(EMC), at 60 to 65 percent relative

humidity.

Grain going into long-term storage

should be dried and cooled rapidly

after harvest. The allowable storage

time (AST) is an estimate of the life of

the grain until it has deteriorated

enough to affect grain quality. The AST

is cumulative, so if one-half of the

storage life is used before the grain has

been dried and cooled, only about one-

half of the life is available for the drier

grain.

“Controlling grain temperature is critical

for maintaining grain quality,” Hellevang

says. “Insect reproduction is reduced

below about 70 degrees F, insects are

dormant below about 50 degrees F, and

insects are killed if grain is below 30

degrees F for a few weeks.”

Moisture migration increases the

moisture content at the top of the bin

when about a 20-degree F temperature

difference occurs between the grain

and average outdoor temperature.

Therefore, the grain should be cooled

with aeration when you have a 10- to

15-degree F difference between grain

and average outdoor temperatures.

The bin vents could ice over when the

aeration system is operated near or

below 32 degrees F. Utilize a sensor to

stop the aeration fan if bin roof

pressures become excessive, or leave

access doors open to serve as pressure

relief valves if operating the aeration

system near freezing temperatures to

reduce the potential for damaging the

roof.

Advice for long-term grain storage:

- Check the grain at least every two

weeks until it has been cooled for

winter storage and every two to

four weeks during the winter

- Verify that the moisture content is

at the recommended storage level

- Check the grain temperature

- Inspect for insects

- Look for indications of storage

problems such as condensation on

the roof

“Using temperature cables or sensors to

monitor grain temperature is

encouraged, but remember that

because grain is a good insulator, the

temperature can be different just a few

feet from the sensor,” Hellevang added.

Source: North Dakota State University

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ARTICLE Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

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PELLETING TIPS Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

The Science of PelletingKeith C. Behnke, Professor, Kansas University

elleting converts a finely

Pground blend of ingredients

into dense, free flowing

agglomerates (pellets). It is a fairly

expensive process in terms of both

capital and variable costs, but the

expense is usually justified in improved

plant profit as well as animal performance.

The article will further discuss the pelleting process in

terms of operations and describe how the success or

failure of the operation can impact profits as well as

animal performance.

The Process

The formation of the pellet actually occurs at the "nip"

between the rolls and the die. All other activities

associated with the operation such as conditioning,

cooling, etc. really support and augment the action at

that point in the system. In order to understand the

process and be in a position to make intelligent

decision to improve throughput, quality or appearance,

one must have a thorough understanding of what

happens at the nip point. Figure 1 is a representation of

the die-roll assembly to understand the process.

Depending upon the physical characteristics of the

feed, a lesser or greater proportion of the work done

by the pellet mill is used for compression. For example,

if the formula contains a high level of fibrous

ingredients such as bagasse, bran, or ground alfalfa, the

mill will expend a large amount of energy simply

compressing the mash to the density of the subsequent

pellet. Conversely, for a relatively dense feed such as

high grain and soy meal, the mill will expend a lesser

amount of energy for compression and a greater

amount for throughput.

The primary purpose of the roll is to provide a force on

the mash to densify the feed and cause it to flow ww

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

toward the die. The gap between the

roll and the die, the roll surface

characteristics and the physical

properties of the mash determine how

great this potential force might be.

The die provides, not only the final

diameter of the pellet, but the

resistance force on the feed and has a

direct influence on throughput rate and

pellet quality. These two forces (roll and

die) are opposite each other, but must

work together to provide quality pellets

at an acceptable production rate. The

force generated by the roll must be

greater than the resistive force provided

by the die; if not, throughput is zero.

Pellet Quality

Pellet quality is equated to the ability

of pellets to withstand repeated

handling without excessive breakage or

fines generation. There are many

factors that affect pellet quality,

following are few discussed in some

detail

formulation

ingredient particle size

mash conditioning

Formulation

There are feedstuff materials that pellet

well and produce a durable pellet and

others that will not. MacBain (1966)

developed a pelletability chart in which

he ranked feed ingredients in their pelletability and

degree or abrasiveness. Bartikoski (1962) experimented

with applying numerical value to each major (feed)

ingredient to indicate its "stickiness" or its ability to help

form a tough, durable pellet. He called that value a

"stick factor" and fed that factor into the computer

along with the various nutritive values of each

ingredient to provide formulas that meet all nutritional

specifications as well as supplying a formula that will

produce a quality pellet at least cost.

Those experiment led to the development of a standard

method for testing pellet durability which provided a

means of quantifying the toughness of pellets or their

ability to withstand the downstream handling that is

typical in feed plants and feed delivery systems.

Particle Size

Optimum particle size for best pelleting results has

been a matter of controversy for almost as long as feeds

have been pelleted. Young (1960) found no significant

differences in pellet durability when he experimented

with feed rations containing 40, 60, and 70 percent

ground corn or grain sorghum when the grain portions

were ground coarse, medium, and fine.

While the research cited may seem to provide

conflicting results, there is overwhelming evidence that

the average particle size of the ground grain portion of

a ration or of the total ration (mash) affects the pelleting

process - throughput and/or pellet quality. The effects,

simply, are not the same under all conditions or for all

rations. Grind as fine as you must for best pellet quality

in your operation and with your operation and with

your feed rations, but don't over grind. That is wasteful

of energy, reduces production rates, adds to

manufacturing costs, and may do more harm than good

to the consuming animal.

Mash Conditioning

Many researchers have proven that pellet durability and

pelleting efficiency can be substantially improved by the

proper steam conditioning of mash. Steam brings to the

surface of pellet mash particles the natural oils which

are common to most grains and provides lubrication of

the pellet die reducing wear on the die and roller

assembly and increasing production rates (Behnke, 1990).

In some instances, thorough conditioning may be

counterproductive from the standpoint of pellet

durability. If the material slips through the die too easily,

dwell time in the die hole is reduced causing the pellet to

be less durable, and the starch gelatinization caused by

the heat and friction in the die may be reduced.

Stevens (1987) conducted extensive research into the

phenomenon of starch gelatinization during the feed

pelleting process by pelleting corn that was hammermill

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

The Science of PelletingKeith C. Behnke, Professor, Kansas University

elleting converts a finely

Pground blend of ingredients

into dense, free flowing

agglomerates (pellets). It is a fairly

expensive process in terms of both

capital and variable costs, but the

expense is usually justified in improved

plant profit as well as animal performance.

The article will further discuss the pelleting process in

terms of operations and describe how the success or

failure of the operation can impact profits as well as

animal performance.

The Process

The formation of the pellet actually occurs at the "nip"

between the rolls and the die. All other activities

associated with the operation such as conditioning,

cooling, etc. really support and augment the action at

that point in the system. In order to understand the

process and be in a position to make intelligent

decision to improve throughput, quality or appearance,

one must have a thorough understanding of what

happens at the nip point. Figure 1 is a representation of

the die-roll assembly to understand the process.

Depending upon the physical characteristics of the

feed, a lesser or greater proportion of the work done

by the pellet mill is used for compression. For example,

if the formula contains a high level of fibrous

ingredients such as bagasse, bran, or ground alfalfa, the

mill will expend a large amount of energy simply

compressing the mash to the density of the subsequent

pellet. Conversely, for a relatively dense feed such as

high grain and soy meal, the mill will expend a lesser

amount of energy for compression and a greater

amount for throughput.

The primary purpose of the roll is to provide a force on

the mash to densify the feed and cause it to flow ww

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17

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

toward the die. The gap between the

roll and the die, the roll surface

characteristics and the physical

properties of the mash determine how

great this potential force might be.

The die provides, not only the final

diameter of the pellet, but the

resistance force on the feed and has a

direct influence on throughput rate and

pellet quality. These two forces (roll and

die) are opposite each other, but must

work together to provide quality pellets

at an acceptable production rate. The

force generated by the roll must be

greater than the resistive force provided

by the die; if not, throughput is zero.

Pellet Quality

Pellet quality is equated to the ability

of pellets to withstand repeated

handling without excessive breakage or

fines generation. There are many

factors that affect pellet quality,

following are few discussed in some

detail

formulation

ingredient particle size

mash conditioning

Formulation

There are feedstuff materials that pellet

well and produce a durable pellet and

others that will not. MacBain (1966)

developed a pelletability chart in which

he ranked feed ingredients in their pelletability and

degree or abrasiveness. Bartikoski (1962) experimented

with applying numerical value to each major (feed)

ingredient to indicate its "stickiness" or its ability to help

form a tough, durable pellet. He called that value a

"stick factor" and fed that factor into the computer

along with the various nutritive values of each

ingredient to provide formulas that meet all nutritional

specifications as well as supplying a formula that will

produce a quality pellet at least cost.

Those experiment led to the development of a standard

method for testing pellet durability which provided a

means of quantifying the toughness of pellets or their

ability to withstand the downstream handling that is

typical in feed plants and feed delivery systems.

Particle Size

Optimum particle size for best pelleting results has

been a matter of controversy for almost as long as feeds

have been pelleted. Young (1960) found no significant

differences in pellet durability when he experimented

with feed rations containing 40, 60, and 70 percent

ground corn or grain sorghum when the grain portions

were ground coarse, medium, and fine.

While the research cited may seem to provide

conflicting results, there is overwhelming evidence that

the average particle size of the ground grain portion of

a ration or of the total ration (mash) affects the pelleting

process - throughput and/or pellet quality. The effects,

simply, are not the same under all conditions or for all

rations. Grind as fine as you must for best pellet quality

in your operation and with your operation and with

your feed rations, but don't over grind. That is wasteful

of energy, reduces production rates, adds to

manufacturing costs, and may do more harm than good

to the consuming animal.

Mash Conditioning

Many researchers have proven that pellet durability and

pelleting efficiency can be substantially improved by the

proper steam conditioning of mash. Steam brings to the

surface of pellet mash particles the natural oils which

are common to most grains and provides lubrication of

the pellet die reducing wear on the die and roller

assembly and increasing production rates (Behnke, 1990).

In some instances, thorough conditioning may be

counterproductive from the standpoint of pellet

durability. If the material slips through the die too easily,

dwell time in the die hole is reduced causing the pellet to

be less durable, and the starch gelatinization caused by

the heat and friction in the die may be reduced.

Stevens (1987) conducted extensive research into the

phenomenon of starch gelatinization during the feed

pelleting process by pelleting corn that was hammermill

Imag

e S

ou

rce: w

ikip

ed

ia

ground through a 1/8" screen. The

results of the gelatinization measured in

the samples taken immediately after the

die are shown in Table 1.

There was a negative relationship

between the conditioned meal

temperature and degree of

gelatinization.

The high degree of gelatinization that

occurred in the outer portion of the pellet

at a 23 c conditioning temperature

indicated that heat and mechanical shear

next to the surface of the die hole caused

a substantial portion of the gelatinization

at all temperatures but, especially, when

there were greater temperature

differentials between the conditioned

meal and the pellet. There is a relationship

between that temperature difference and

the degree of gelatinization observed. As

the temperature differential decreased, the degree of

gelatinization decreased.

Stevens (ibid) suggested that the conditioning temperature

of 80 c was adequate to gelatinize corn starch; however, the

length of time in the pellet mill conditioner at that

temperature was probably not adequate for a substantial

amount of gelatinization. It would appear, from that

research, that most starch gelatinization occurred as the

feed material passed through the die.

The temperature of conditioning mash has long been a

pelleting criterion and an indication of thorough

conditioning, that may, or may not, be a totally viable

indicator since time at a given mash temperature will affect

the conditioning, may affect the degree of gelatinization,

and will certainly affect the pelletability of the mash.

Conclusions

There is no magic. Almost anything that is done to improve

pellet quality (durability) will either increase the cost of the

ration or reduce the capacity of the pelleting system, or

both. Adding to the effective thickness of the die is a

perfect example of the sort of trade off that can be

expected, and must be recognized, in the search for

improved pellet quality.

Producing economically viable best pellet quality possible

pellets is becoming apparent as the animal performance

can be affected by poor quality pellets. There are numerous

factors that affect pellet quality and many are inter-related.

It takes a great deal of effort to determine what changes

to make and how other aspects of the system or

operation might be affected. It can be concluded

pelleting is a complex issue that deserves a good deal of

thought and investigation, which one learns only

through day to day experience.

Source: Kansas State University

Temperature

Cond. Pallet

Product C F C F Gel%

Whole Pelet 23 73 69 156 41.9

Whole Pelet 43 109 76 169 37.1

Whole Pelet 63 145 82 180 33.5

Whole Pelet 80 176 84 183 28.0

Whole Pelet 23 73 69 156 58.3

Whole Pelet 80 176 84 183 25.9

Table 1. Effect of conditioning and pellet temperatures on

starch gelatinization

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PELLETING TIPS Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

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ground through a 1/8" screen. The

results of the gelatinization measured in

the samples taken immediately after the

die are shown in Table 1.

There was a negative relationship

between the conditioned meal

temperature and degree of

gelatinization.

The high degree of gelatinization that

occurred in the outer portion of the pellet

at a 23 c conditioning temperature

indicated that heat and mechanical shear

next to the surface of the die hole caused

a substantial portion of the gelatinization

at all temperatures but, especially, when

there were greater temperature

differentials between the conditioned

meal and the pellet. There is a relationship

between that temperature difference and

the degree of gelatinization observed. As

the temperature differential decreased, the degree of

gelatinization decreased.

Stevens (ibid) suggested that the conditioning temperature

of 80 c was adequate to gelatinize corn starch; however, the

length of time in the pellet mill conditioner at that

temperature was probably not adequate for a substantial

amount of gelatinization. It would appear, from that

research, that most starch gelatinization occurred as the

feed material passed through the die.

The temperature of conditioning mash has long been a

pelleting criterion and an indication of thorough

conditioning, that may, or may not, be a totally viable

indicator since time at a given mash temperature will affect

the conditioning, may affect the degree of gelatinization,

and will certainly affect the pelletability of the mash.

Conclusions

There is no magic. Almost anything that is done to improve

pellet quality (durability) will either increase the cost of the

ration or reduce the capacity of the pelleting system, or

both. Adding to the effective thickness of the die is a

perfect example of the sort of trade off that can be

expected, and must be recognized, in the search for

improved pellet quality.

Producing economically viable best pellet quality possible

pellets is becoming apparent as the animal performance

can be affected by poor quality pellets. There are numerous

factors that affect pellet quality and many are inter-related.

It takes a great deal of effort to determine what changes

to make and how other aspects of the system or

operation might be affected. It can be concluded

pelleting is a complex issue that deserves a good deal of

thought and investigation, which one learns only

through day to day experience.

Source: Kansas State University

Temperature

Cond. Pallet

Product C F C F Gel%

Whole Pelet 23 73 69 156 41.9

Whole Pelet 43 109 76 169 37.1

Whole Pelet 63 145 82 180 33.5

Whole Pelet 80 176 84 183 28.0

Whole Pelet 23 73 69 156 58.3

Whole Pelet 80 176 84 183 25.9

Table 1. Effect of conditioning and pellet temperatures on

starch gelatinization

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INTERVIEW Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

struggling to maintain the feed quality

as we are forced to accept the feed

ingredients as per their availability in

the market. Because of this, feed

quality as well as feed safety is

becoming the major constraint in the

growth of a healthy industry in India.

Would you please give a comparative

statement of changing feed

economics in broiler and layer

industry during the last decade?

The table indicates the increase feed

price was several times higher than the

increase in the product rate. Further the

other overheads increase was not

always linear but sometimes

exponential, leading to severe loss to

the poultry farmers. The stability in the

rates of egg and chicken in the last two

years was mainly due to closure of

farms and in some cases due to

reduction in their capacity.

You have also done research work in

alternative feed resources. What

kind of scope do you see in the

Indian market for these alternative

feed resources, vis a vis the

traditional raw materials (corn and

soybean) on which the feed industry

in India is still heavily dependent?

Alternative feed resources have been

extensively evaluated and is being

regularly used, but volume is not there.

In the year 2015 when soybean meal

cost shot up alternatively gingely cake

was used in Namakkal the entire stock

in Tamil Nadu was exhausted in a

weeks' time. Further, the yield potential

of these alternative ingredients are very

low compared to corn and soybeans

hence improving the production of

corn and soybeans is the only

alternative. The major problem is the

variability in the quality of the

ingredients. As an example, the protein

content of the soybean meal varies

from 43% to 52%, consequently the fibre content varies

between 6 and 8%. It is the same with other protein

meals. Similarly, the quality of corn is also highly

variable. One litre weight (bulk density) varied from

720gms to 800gms, indicating the variability in the ME

value. This forces the poultry feed manufacturer to alter

the formulation very often, in order to maintain the

productivity and FCR.

How do you compare feed manufacturing

technology in India today as compared to that of

developed nations?

There was a wide gap in the earlier years but now the

differences have been narrowed down, as the quality of

our machinery has improved over the years. The major

snag is the quality of the raw materials. The fungal

count in maize ranges from 1 to 10 per cent acceptable

norm is less than 2 per cent. The number of grains in

100gms of maize ranged between 350 to 400 and the

majority were above 375, indicating that ME value will

be less than 3300kcal/kg. It is similar with other

ingredients. Bag to bag variation is the major problem

causing high variation in the FCR. Whereas in western

countries the major advantage is consistency in the

grain count in 100gms, which is always less than 350,

indicating the ME value to be between 3350 to

3400kcal/kg.

In recent past, Indian poultry industry had to go

through very tough times. As an industry expert,

what can be the solutions to cope-up with such bad

phases?

Feed is hurting the industry badly, feed raw material

availability is nearly constant but the broiler industry is

growing by 7-10 per cent and layer industry is growing

by 5 per cent per year, further pressure is felt from dairy

industry as well. Due to this, the raw material prices are

shooting up while eggs and chicken price is not

increasing in tune with the feed price. Luckily in the first

half of 2016, the prices of egg and chicken were good.

Import of GM feed ingredients in the country is another

constraint. Neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka,

Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan are importing feed

ingredients comparatively at lower cost. Further more,

the livestock feed in India is not free from GM products,

we are now using the BT cotton seed and cake in not

only cattle feed but de-oiled cotton seed meal is also

used in poultry feed. Hence liberalizing the imports of

Would you please elaborate further on role and

significance of feed safety/ quality control in Feed

industry?

It is a well known fact that feed is the major expenditure

in chicken and egg production. Maintaining the

consistent quality of the feed is very important in order

to ensure standard productivity of the final stuff. Feed

safety has become the main criteria, not only from

animal point of view, but also from human point of view.

Because if the feed contain the residue/organism which

have a deleterious effect on humans, then the entire

human population eating that processed animal

product like egg/meat etc. is affected. Hence, food

safety should be considered with feed safety.

Please share your views about the challenges faced

by Indian feed industry. What kind of future trends

do you expect in improving feed quality?

With regard to the challenges faced by the Indian feed

industry, I must say that it is passing through a very

critical juncture presently. Cereals and oil meal

production in our country for the past 7 years is

constant or declining, whereas the growth in the poultry

industry ranges between 5-10 per cent, thus, adding

more pressure on the raw material front. We are really

irstly, on behalf of

F“Think Grain Think

Feed” we would like to

congratulate you on your

successful journey of more

than three decades of

dedicated service to Indian

Feed Industry in general and

Poultry industry in particular.

In fact, you have been one of

the pioneer poultry scientists

to create awareness on the

quality assurance of poultry

feed, which subsequently

revolutionized the poultry

industry in the country.

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

100 106 122 158 173 179 196 244 240 228 231

100 91 109 132 146 169 165 174 208 218 231

100 110 127 154 170 187 205 250 261 240 239

100 92 134 137 174 193 196 226 262 244 238

Index(%) of Feed and Product price in the last 10 years compared with the year 2005

Parameter

Broiler feed

Chicken price

Layer feed rate

Egg price

Dr. Chandrasekaran

Feed Economics Feed Economics

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INTERVIEW Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

struggling to maintain the feed quality

as we are forced to accept the feed

ingredients as per their availability in

the market. Because of this, feed

quality as well as feed safety is

becoming the major constraint in the

growth of a healthy industry in India.

Would you please give a comparative

statement of changing feed

economics in broiler and layer

industry during the last decade?

The table indicates the increase feed

price was several times higher than the

increase in the product rate. Further the

other overheads increase was not

always linear but sometimes

exponential, leading to severe loss to

the poultry farmers. The stability in the

rates of egg and chicken in the last two

years was mainly due to closure of

farms and in some cases due to

reduction in their capacity.

You have also done research work in

alternative feed resources. What

kind of scope do you see in the

Indian market for these alternative

feed resources, vis a vis the

traditional raw materials (corn and

soybean) on which the feed industry

in India is still heavily dependent?

Alternative feed resources have been

extensively evaluated and is being

regularly used, but volume is not there.

In the year 2015 when soybean meal

cost shot up alternatively gingely cake

was used in Namakkal the entire stock

in Tamil Nadu was exhausted in a

weeks' time. Further, the yield potential

of these alternative ingredients are very

low compared to corn and soybeans

hence improving the production of

corn and soybeans is the only

alternative. The major problem is the

variability in the quality of the

ingredients. As an example, the protein

content of the soybean meal varies

from 43% to 52%, consequently the fibre content varies

between 6 and 8%. It is the same with other protein

meals. Similarly, the quality of corn is also highly

variable. One litre weight (bulk density) varied from

720gms to 800gms, indicating the variability in the ME

value. This forces the poultry feed manufacturer to alter

the formulation very often, in order to maintain the

productivity and FCR.

How do you compare feed manufacturing

technology in India today as compared to that of

developed nations?

There was a wide gap in the earlier years but now the

differences have been narrowed down, as the quality of

our machinery has improved over the years. The major

snag is the quality of the raw materials. The fungal

count in maize ranges from 1 to 10 per cent acceptable

norm is less than 2 per cent. The number of grains in

100gms of maize ranged between 350 to 400 and the

majority were above 375, indicating that ME value will

be less than 3300kcal/kg. It is similar with other

ingredients. Bag to bag variation is the major problem

causing high variation in the FCR. Whereas in western

countries the major advantage is consistency in the

grain count in 100gms, which is always less than 350,

indicating the ME value to be between 3350 to

3400kcal/kg.

In recent past, Indian poultry industry had to go

through very tough times. As an industry expert,

what can be the solutions to cope-up with such bad

phases?

Feed is hurting the industry badly, feed raw material

availability is nearly constant but the broiler industry is

growing by 7-10 per cent and layer industry is growing

by 5 per cent per year, further pressure is felt from dairy

industry as well. Due to this, the raw material prices are

shooting up while eggs and chicken price is not

increasing in tune with the feed price. Luckily in the first

half of 2016, the prices of egg and chicken were good.

Import of GM feed ingredients in the country is another

constraint. Neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka,

Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan are importing feed

ingredients comparatively at lower cost. Further more,

the livestock feed in India is not free from GM products,

we are now using the BT cotton seed and cake in not

only cattle feed but de-oiled cotton seed meal is also

used in poultry feed. Hence liberalizing the imports of

Would you please elaborate further on role and

significance of feed safety/ quality control in Feed

industry?

It is a well known fact that feed is the major expenditure

in chicken and egg production. Maintaining the

consistent quality of the feed is very important in order

to ensure standard productivity of the final stuff. Feed

safety has become the main criteria, not only from

animal point of view, but also from human point of view.

Because if the feed contain the residue/organism which

have a deleterious effect on humans, then the entire

human population eating that processed animal

product like egg/meat etc. is affected. Hence, food

safety should be considered with feed safety.

Please share your views about the challenges faced

by Indian feed industry. What kind of future trends

do you expect in improving feed quality?

With regard to the challenges faced by the Indian feed

industry, I must say that it is passing through a very

critical juncture presently. Cereals and oil meal

production in our country for the past 7 years is

constant or declining, whereas the growth in the poultry

industry ranges between 5-10 per cent, thus, adding

more pressure on the raw material front. We are really

irstly, on behalf of

F“Think Grain Think

Feed” we would like to

congratulate you on your

successful journey of more

than three decades of

dedicated service to Indian

Feed Industry in general and

Poultry industry in particular.

In fact, you have been one of

the pioneer poultry scientists

to create awareness on the

quality assurance of poultry

feed, which subsequently

revolutionized the poultry

industry in the country.

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

100 106 122 158 173 179 196 244 240 228 231

100 91 109 132 146 169 165 174 208 218 231

100 110 127 154 170 187 205 250 261 240 239

100 92 134 137 174 193 196 226 262 244 238

Index(%) of Feed and Product price in the last 10 years compared with the year 2005

Parameter

Broiler feed

Chicken price

Layer feed rate

Egg price

Dr. Chandrasekaran

Feed Economics Feed Economics

INTERVIEW Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

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GM feeds at a cheaper price appears to

be the viable alternative for pushing

forward the feed industry in India.

Would you please throw some light

on importance of understanding

feed pellets and its relation to

improved feed quality as well as its

energy savings benefits?

Pellets and crumbles are extensively

used in broiler feeding. The advantage

of pellets over mash is that there is no

selective feeding and the time needed

for consumption is also less compared

to mash. The cooking effect increases

the ME availability by 2 to 3 per cent

apart from that there is reduction in

microbial load. But some of the

integrators are still using mash feed for

broilers with equally good results. In

some western countries also the initial

feed is crumbles followed by mash and

the performance has been observed to

be better than crumbles and pellet diet.

For layers and parents it is mostly mash

feed, as it has been proved that the

increased particle size challenges the

gizzard there by the digestion of the

feed which is better compared to the pellet diet.

Considering the challenges with shrinking acreage

for the cultivation of feed crops, resulting in lesser

availability of raw materials, how do you think the

feed industry shall look like 10-20 years down the

road?

India with 160 million hectares of arable land is second

to USA in the world ranking. The renewable water

resource of 11970 cuM/Ha is far higher than some of

the western countries but the per hectare productivity is

far lower compared to other countries. The corn

production in India is 2.5MT/Ha the world average is

5MT/Ha and US average is 10MT/ha Ukraine with a

renewable water resource of only 4299cuM/Ha the corn

production is 3.5tons/ha. In our neighbourhood the

productivity is Bangladesh 7MT/Ha, Pakistan 4MT/Ha Sri

lanka 3MT/Ha.

Similarly in soybean production we are one of the

lowest in the world, it is 0.98MT/Ha whereas it is 1.5MT

in Bangladesh, 1.7MT in Sri Lanka, 3MT in USA and

3.3MT/Ha in Italy. It is the same for other feed

ingredients. Hence with the same land area if we can

increase the productivity equal to that of our

neighbours we can easily tide over the feed ingredient

crises.

An Indian scientist whose team has

developed a genetically modified (GM)

mustard variety in Delhi University

South Campus is India's first state-of-

the-art farm innovation that will allow

Indian mustard farmers to produce

more mustard per unit area. The latest

developed technology is inching

toward a possible commercial launch

said he could soon hand to a state

agency a GM cotton variety that can

rival Monsanto's seeds.

Deepak Pental and his colleagues at the

Delhi University worked on GM mustard

for around a decade, and a government

committee said recently it found the

seeds to be safe for "food/feed and

environment". A new agency reported

the technical clearance last month for

what could be the country's first GM

food crop.

"The government has taken the right

path and experts have looked at all the

data," Pental told, acknowledging that

public opposition to lab-altered food

Progress of GM technology in Indiaremains fierce. "Our scientists have the

capability to do more, but you will have

to strengthen research further, educate

people."

Prime Minister Narendra Modi's

nationalist government, keen to cut the

country's heavy annual food import bill,

will soon decide on the commercial

launch of the high-yielding mustard and

plans to indigenously develop other GM

food to reduce reliance on

multinationals.

The move has been opposed by activists

and politicians amid fears GM food

could compromise food safety and

biodiversity. Some experts have also

questioned claims that GM crops are

more productive than normal varieties.

New Delhi-based Pental said he was

willing to help the government with

that goal and would approach the

state-run Indian Council of Agricultural

Research (ICAR) to pass on a

laboratory-tested GM cotton variety his

team has developed over the past

decade.

The variety is similar to Monsanto's Bt

cotton but can be more resistant to

pests, Pental said, adding he handed

another GM cotton variety to ICAR last

year for further research. No field trial

has yet been done on either cotton

strands.

This comes at a time when Monsanto

has withdrawn an application to sell its

next-generation cotton seeds

protesting the Modi government's

proposal to force it to share its

technology with local seed companies,

which has also worried other foreign

firms such as Bayer, Dow, Dupont

Pioneer and Syngenta.

Experts warn that even if India did

develop a home-grown GM cotton

variety in the next few years, it would

struggle to sustain a program that needs

to refresh seeds every decade or so.

Source: Reuters

IND

UST

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INTERVIEW Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

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GM feeds at a cheaper price appears to

be the viable alternative for pushing

forward the feed industry in India.

Would you please throw some light

on importance of understanding

feed pellets and its relation to

improved feed quality as well as its

energy savings benefits?

Pellets and crumbles are extensively

used in broiler feeding. The advantage

of pellets over mash is that there is no

selective feeding and the time needed

for consumption is also less compared

to mash. The cooking effect increases

the ME availability by 2 to 3 per cent

apart from that there is reduction in

microbial load. But some of the

integrators are still using mash feed for

broilers with equally good results. In

some western countries also the initial

feed is crumbles followed by mash and

the performance has been observed to

be better than crumbles and pellet diet.

For layers and parents it is mostly mash

feed, as it has been proved that the

increased particle size challenges the

gizzard there by the digestion of the

feed which is better compared to the pellet diet.

Considering the challenges with shrinking acreage

for the cultivation of feed crops, resulting in lesser

availability of raw materials, how do you think the

feed industry shall look like 10-20 years down the

road?

India with 160 million hectares of arable land is second

to USA in the world ranking. The renewable water

resource of 11970 cuM/Ha is far higher than some of

the western countries but the per hectare productivity is

far lower compared to other countries. The corn

production in India is 2.5MT/Ha the world average is

5MT/Ha and US average is 10MT/ha Ukraine with a

renewable water resource of only 4299cuM/Ha the corn

production is 3.5tons/ha. In our neighbourhood the

productivity is Bangladesh 7MT/Ha, Pakistan 4MT/Ha Sri

lanka 3MT/Ha.

Similarly in soybean production we are one of the

lowest in the world, it is 0.98MT/Ha whereas it is 1.5MT

in Bangladesh, 1.7MT in Sri Lanka, 3MT in USA and

3.3MT/Ha in Italy. It is the same for other feed

ingredients. Hence with the same land area if we can

increase the productivity equal to that of our

neighbours we can easily tide over the feed ingredient

crises.

An Indian scientist whose team has

developed a genetically modified (GM)

mustard variety in Delhi University

South Campus is India's first state-of-

the-art farm innovation that will allow

Indian mustard farmers to produce

more mustard per unit area. The latest

developed technology is inching

toward a possible commercial launch

said he could soon hand to a state

agency a GM cotton variety that can

rival Monsanto's seeds.

Deepak Pental and his colleagues at the

Delhi University worked on GM mustard

for around a decade, and a government

committee said recently it found the

seeds to be safe for "food/feed and

environment". A new agency reported

the technical clearance last month for

what could be the country's first GM

food crop.

"The government has taken the right

path and experts have looked at all the

data," Pental told, acknowledging that

public opposition to lab-altered food

Progress of GM technology in Indiaremains fierce. "Our scientists have the

capability to do more, but you will have

to strengthen research further, educate

people."

Prime Minister Narendra Modi's

nationalist government, keen to cut the

country's heavy annual food import bill,

will soon decide on the commercial

launch of the high-yielding mustard and

plans to indigenously develop other GM

food to reduce reliance on

multinationals.

The move has been opposed by activists

and politicians amid fears GM food

could compromise food safety and

biodiversity. Some experts have also

questioned claims that GM crops are

more productive than normal varieties.

New Delhi-based Pental said he was

willing to help the government with

that goal and would approach the

state-run Indian Council of Agricultural

Research (ICAR) to pass on a

laboratory-tested GM cotton variety his

team has developed over the past

decade.

The variety is similar to Monsanto's Bt

cotton but can be more resistant to

pests, Pental said, adding he handed

another GM cotton variety to ICAR last

year for further research. No field trial

has yet been done on either cotton

strands.

This comes at a time when Monsanto

has withdrawn an application to sell its

next-generation cotton seeds

protesting the Modi government's

proposal to force it to share its

technology with local seed companies,

which has also worried other foreign

firms such as Bayer, Dow, Dupont

Pioneer and Syngenta.

Experts warn that even if India did

develop a home-grown GM cotton

variety in the next few years, it would

struggle to sustain a program that needs

to refresh seeds every decade or so.

Source: Reuters

IND

UST

RY

NEW

S

Pratik Gurnani, Research Analyst, Markets & Markets

Feed Phytogenics- A revolution in the feed industry

MARKET PROJECTION Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

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24

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

eeding natural feed to livestock

Fhas been a common practice

since prehistoric times. However,

the forms and types of natural feed and

the use of feed additives have changed

significantly over time. The ban on the

use of antibiotics in feed in developed

regions such as Europe and North

America has triggered the popularity of

feed phytogenics as favorable

alternatives to antibiotic growth

promoters. Based on industry research

on livestock nutrition and customer

requirements, feed formulators

emphasize the importance and benefits

of feed phytogenics in animal nutrition.

So what exactly are feed phytogenics?

Phytogenics are non-antibiotic feed

additives derived from plant sources

such as leaves, roots, tubers, or fruits,

herbs & spices (predominantly used in

animal feed) and are added to the feed

in order to improve animal

performance.They are available in solid,

dried, or ground form; as extracts; or as

essential oils.

Benefits of Feed Phytogenics:

Phytogenics help in improving the taste and aroma of

feed, thereby increasing feed intake and accelerating

digestion activity in livestock, ultimately improving

livestock growthand development.

Phytogenics mitigate ammonia gas emission from

livestock litter and are thus favored for sustainable

livestock production.

Feed phytogenics have other benefits as well: such as

antimicrobial action, enhancement of immune system,

stimulation of gastric juices, reduction of gut bacteria,

and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Technological Advancement in Feed Phytogenics

Industry

Feed phytogenic additives have positive effects on

livestock health but are often difficult to process in the

feed. Many sources of phytogenics, especially essential

oils, are sensitive substances that lose their efficacy and

efficiency, owing to their vulnerability to high

temperatures, pungent odor, and oxidative and volatile

properties. Emergence of new technologies such as

encapsulation can extend the shelf life of phytogenics

which allows essential oils to have a longer shelf life by

protecting them from environmental changes by keeping

the liquid, gaseous, or solid substance packed ina tiny

millimetric capsule. Along with protection from extreme

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

environmental factors, encapsulation

also results in enhancement of

palatability, stability in ration, and

improved digestion.

Key feed phytogenics players such as

Biomin Holding Gmbh (Austria) and

Kemin Industries (U.S.) are implementing

encapsulation to provide better quality

phytogenics. The encapsulation process

helps producers and animal growers to

overcome the problem of efficacy and

efficiency of livestock,which in turn is

driving the market for feed phytogenics,

globally.

Market Drivers for Feed Phytogenics

The increasing demand for animal

products such as meat, dairy, and eggs

has created significant pressure on

livestock farmers to improve the

productivity of livestock. On the other

hand, the increasing feed prices are

adding to the dilemma of optimizing

productivity by keeping expenses

minimal, for farmers. Feed phytogenics

are the best option available to minimize

dairy farm feed expenses by improving

feed digestion and feed conversion ratio.

The increasing commercialization of the

livestock sector, from feeding to

processing, has created significant

demand for feed phytogenics in the

global market. The growth of the retail

food sector due to increasing purchasing

power of consumers—as a result of

industrialization and globalization—is a key driver of the

demand for processed meat and dairy products.

Consumers around the world are becoming concerned

about the quality of food they are purchasing due to

increasing instances of E. coli and Salmonella traces in

meat and dairy products. Hence, they prefer processed

meat and dairy products since they are produced under

hygienic conditions. Thus, feeding livestock animals with

natural source-based feed additives has created massive

potential for feed phytogenics. Even though phytogenics

are a relatively young class of feed additives, they are

gaining interest within the livestock feed sector due to

R&D activities by manufacturers and related government

organizations.

Livestock producers in the European and North American

regions are switching to organic feed inputs for

sustainable livestock production. Feed additive

manufacturers in these regions are exploring potential

applications of phytogenics to adhere to stringent rules &

regulations laid down by the European Union and the

FDA (U.S.). Demand for feed phytogenics in these regions

is increasing and there are limited manufacturers

producing these niche feed additives.

Increasing concerns related to side effects as a result of

prolonged use of chemical feed additives is another

major driving factor for feed phytogenics. The market for

feed additives is highly regulated in the European and

Image source: linkedin

Pratik Gurnani, Research Analyst, Markets & Markets

Feed Phytogenics- A revolution in the feed industry

MARKET PROJECTION Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

ww

w.thin

kgra

inth

inkf

ee

d.c

o.in

24

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

eeding natural feed to livestock

Fhas been a common practice

since prehistoric times. However,

the forms and types of natural feed and

the use of feed additives have changed

significantly over time. The ban on the

use of antibiotics in feed in developed

regions such as Europe and North

America has triggered the popularity of

feed phytogenics as favorable

alternatives to antibiotic growth

promoters. Based on industry research

on livestock nutrition and customer

requirements, feed formulators

emphasize the importance and benefits

of feed phytogenics in animal nutrition.

So what exactly are feed phytogenics?

Phytogenics are non-antibiotic feed

additives derived from plant sources

such as leaves, roots, tubers, or fruits,

herbs & spices (predominantly used in

animal feed) and are added to the feed

in order to improve animal

performance.They are available in solid,

dried, or ground form; as extracts; or as

essential oils.

Benefits of Feed Phytogenics:

Phytogenics help in improving the taste and aroma of

feed, thereby increasing feed intake and accelerating

digestion activity in livestock, ultimately improving

livestock growthand development.

Phytogenics mitigate ammonia gas emission from

livestock litter and are thus favored for sustainable

livestock production.

Feed phytogenics have other benefits as well: such as

antimicrobial action, enhancement of immune system,

stimulation of gastric juices, reduction of gut bacteria,

and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Technological Advancement in Feed Phytogenics

Industry

Feed phytogenic additives have positive effects on

livestock health but are often difficult to process in the

feed. Many sources of phytogenics, especially essential

oils, are sensitive substances that lose their efficacy and

efficiency, owing to their vulnerability to high

temperatures, pungent odor, and oxidative and volatile

properties. Emergence of new technologies such as

encapsulation can extend the shelf life of phytogenics

which allows essential oils to have a longer shelf life by

protecting them from environmental changes by keeping

the liquid, gaseous, or solid substance packed ina tiny

millimetric capsule. Along with protection from extreme

ww

w.b

enis

onm

ed

ia.c

om

25

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

environmental factors, encapsulation

also results in enhancement of

palatability, stability in ration, and

improved digestion.

Key feed phytogenics players such as

Biomin Holding Gmbh (Austria) and

Kemin Industries (U.S.) are implementing

encapsulation to provide better quality

phytogenics. The encapsulation process

helps producers and animal growers to

overcome the problem of efficacy and

efficiency of livestock,which in turn is

driving the market for feed phytogenics,

globally.

Market Drivers for Feed Phytogenics

The increasing demand for animal

products such as meat, dairy, and eggs

has created significant pressure on

livestock farmers to improve the

productivity of livestock. On the other

hand, the increasing feed prices are

adding to the dilemma of optimizing

productivity by keeping expenses

minimal, for farmers. Feed phytogenics

are the best option available to minimize

dairy farm feed expenses by improving

feed digestion and feed conversion ratio.

The increasing commercialization of the

livestock sector, from feeding to

processing, has created significant

demand for feed phytogenics in the

global market. The growth of the retail

food sector due to increasing purchasing

power of consumers—as a result of

industrialization and globalization—is a key driver of the

demand for processed meat and dairy products.

Consumers around the world are becoming concerned

about the quality of food they are purchasing due to

increasing instances of E. coli and Salmonella traces in

meat and dairy products. Hence, they prefer processed

meat and dairy products since they are produced under

hygienic conditions. Thus, feeding livestock animals with

natural source-based feed additives has created massive

potential for feed phytogenics. Even though phytogenics

are a relatively young class of feed additives, they are

gaining interest within the livestock feed sector due to

R&D activities by manufacturers and related government

organizations.

Livestock producers in the European and North American

regions are switching to organic feed inputs for

sustainable livestock production. Feed additive

manufacturers in these regions are exploring potential

applications of phytogenics to adhere to stringent rules &

regulations laid down by the European Union and the

FDA (U.S.). Demand for feed phytogenics in these regions

is increasing and there are limited manufacturers

producing these niche feed additives.

Increasing concerns related to side effects as a result of

prolonged use of chemical feed additives is another

major driving factor for feed phytogenics. The market for

feed additives is highly regulated in the European and

Image source: linkedin

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016MARKET PROJECTION INDUSTRY NEWSNorth American regions. The European

Union has stringent regulations related

to the use of chemical feed additives.

Producers of feed phytogenics are

required to adhere to strict regulations

related to regional and national health

and safety for product approvals in

developed nations; which ultimately

affects the cost of the final product.

Market Potential of Feed Phytogenics

Considering the increasing demand for

livestock products in the future, the

demand for phytogenics is projected to

increase significantly.The European

region is estimated to account for the

largest share in the feed phytogenics

market at USD 138.40 million in 2015.

This market is projected to grow at a

CAGR of 8.2% during the forecast

period. Increased awareness about

meat quality among consumers and

increased meat consumption across the

globe are expected to provide more

scope for market expansion. Factors

such as high demand for nutritive feed

and sustainable animal nutrition

products, increasing livestock

population, and management of feed

operating cost are also driving the growth of the feed

phytogenics market.

North America is the second-largest market for feed

phytogenics after the European region. It is projected to

grow at a CAGR of 6.4% during the forecast period. The

Southeast Asia-Pacific market is projected to grow at a

CAGR of 6.9% from 2015 to 2020. The demand for feed

phytogenics has been augmented by the practice of

selective breeding in the region.

The key players in this market have been developing a

range of innovative products to target specific animal

needs. Thus, the feed phytogenics market is gaining

more global presence and acceptance among

customers. Key participants in the feed phytogenics

market include Cargill, Inc. (U.S.), E. I. du Pont de

Nemours and Company (U.S.), BIOMIN Holding GmbH

(Austria.), Delacon Biotechnik GmbH (Austria), and

Phytobiotics Futterzusatzstoffe GmbH (Germany). These

players have been implementing different strategies to

achieve growth in the feed phytogenics market.

Through strategies such as new product developments,

research agreements, expansions, and acquisitions,

companies have been expanding their global presence

and boosting their technological & operational

capabilities in the market. Manufacturers have excellent

opportunities to diversify their product portfolio,

incorporating feed phytogenics, in these regions.

In pursuance of Federal Government's

diversification goal, a Chinese firm,

Wuhan Longfecund Agricultural

Development Company Ltd., has

concluded plans to set up a feed mill

and maize farm in Nigeria.

"I am happy to be in Calabar and indeed,

Nigeria, to set up a feedmill and a maize

farm. Cross River State and China share

same topography and land fit for such

production," said Yongsheng Cao,

Chairman of the Company.

Explaining that Wuhan province has the

largest farm and a major maize grower in

China, the Chairman said the company's

preference will be on sweet corn as it is

going to grow well in the state.

He applauded the existing relationship

between Cross River and China, pointing

out that he would invest $8 million in the

project before extending it, to other

parts of the country.

"Cross River State is expanding the

horizon in agriculture and taking a leap

into agricultural phase to ensure a

New Feed Mill & Maize Farm in Nigeria

leading direction. We don't come in as

traditional farmers but industrial

standard and as the benchmark," said

Governor Ayade in his remarks who

urged the Chinese firm to swing into

action with the establishment of the

maize farm.

The governor explained that as

government, "we must focus on maize

because other than producing feeds, one

of the particular species we are going to

grow here which is sweet corn, is to

provide Gluck syrup."

According to Ayade, "what you will see

here is a true reproduction of the true

history of the natural wealth that Nigeria

has in agriculture as we are going to

have maize for export, sweet corn for

salads, Gluck syrup for our industries and

the feed mills to produce feeds for our

poultry and other related products."

Affirming that parts of Akamkpa,

Uyanga, Obubra and Yala were suitable

areas for maize farming based on soil

studies earlier conducted, Ayade

reasoned that "the partnership between

the Cross River State government and

the maize centre in China will provide

the state with a first class knowledge,

first class technology, first class farming

and first class mill, as all sweet corns

used in our salads were imported."

Source: Allafrica

Cargill's expands canola research facility

with $3.5 million investment in new

equipment and technology in

Aberdeen, Saskatchewan. It is poised to

lead the way in specialty canola seed

breeding.

Improvements to the facility include a

14,000 sq/ft expansion, expanded

pathology lab, new state-of-the-art

Quality Assurance lab, ventilated seed

prep room and high efficiency LED

lighting throughout the facility, with UV

repelling windows.

“The new facility will also allow Cargill

to showcase the research and

innovations within our specialty canola

business,” says Mark Christiansen,

Managing Director, Cargill Global Edible

Oil Solutions. “Latest innovations such

as a new low saturated high oleic

canola oil are driven by victory yield

platform, which is currently best-of-

class for Roundup Ready hybrids, in

addition to best-of-class Blackleg

resistance.”

Expansion of canola research facility in CargillSaskatchewan continues to be an

important province for Cargill to invest

in – we have 26% of our Canadian

investment in the province, and over

the past five years have continued to

increase our footprint with over $300

million in capital investments.

Recent expansions in Cargill

A $8.5 million animal nutrition

plant in Vietnam that provides

animal feed for livestock and has a

total capacity of 66,000 tonnes per

year.

Company would also extend its

production capabilities in Spain

with a new production line which is

expected to be operational in the

third quarter of 2017.

A wet corn milling plant in

Davangere, Karnataka, India, that

included a $100 million investment

that has a capacity to mill 800

tonnes of corn daily.

A new Technology Application

Center (TAC) in Yakapınar, Izmir,

Turkey, to help dairy and poultry

customers in the Middle East,

Turkey and Africa leverage and

apply the best possible feed

technologies to grow their

businesses.

Largest feed mill in Pyeongtaek,

South Korea, is a 2,610-square-

meter facility that produces

poultry, ruminant, swine and pet

food products for animal

producers with a capacity of

870,000 tonnes.

Source: Cargill

Image source: alvanblanchgroup

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016MARKET PROJECTION INDUSTRY NEWSNorth American regions. The European

Union has stringent regulations related

to the use of chemical feed additives.

Producers of feed phytogenics are

required to adhere to strict regulations

related to regional and national health

and safety for product approvals in

developed nations; which ultimately

affects the cost of the final product.

Market Potential of Feed Phytogenics

Considering the increasing demand for

livestock products in the future, the

demand for phytogenics is projected to

increase significantly.The European

region is estimated to account for the

largest share in the feed phytogenics

market at USD 138.40 million in 2015.

This market is projected to grow at a

CAGR of 8.2% during the forecast

period. Increased awareness about

meat quality among consumers and

increased meat consumption across the

globe are expected to provide more

scope for market expansion. Factors

such as high demand for nutritive feed

and sustainable animal nutrition

products, increasing livestock

population, and management of feed

operating cost are also driving the growth of the feed

phytogenics market.

North America is the second-largest market for feed

phytogenics after the European region. It is projected to

grow at a CAGR of 6.4% during the forecast period. The

Southeast Asia-Pacific market is projected to grow at a

CAGR of 6.9% from 2015 to 2020. The demand for feed

phytogenics has been augmented by the practice of

selective breeding in the region.

The key players in this market have been developing a

range of innovative products to target specific animal

needs. Thus, the feed phytogenics market is gaining

more global presence and acceptance among

customers. Key participants in the feed phytogenics

market include Cargill, Inc. (U.S.), E. I. du Pont de

Nemours and Company (U.S.), BIOMIN Holding GmbH

(Austria.), Delacon Biotechnik GmbH (Austria), and

Phytobiotics Futterzusatzstoffe GmbH (Germany). These

players have been implementing different strategies to

achieve growth in the feed phytogenics market.

Through strategies such as new product developments,

research agreements, expansions, and acquisitions,

companies have been expanding their global presence

and boosting their technological & operational

capabilities in the market. Manufacturers have excellent

opportunities to diversify their product portfolio,

incorporating feed phytogenics, in these regions.

In pursuance of Federal Government's

diversification goal, a Chinese firm,

Wuhan Longfecund Agricultural

Development Company Ltd., has

concluded plans to set up a feed mill

and maize farm in Nigeria.

"I am happy to be in Calabar and indeed,

Nigeria, to set up a feedmill and a maize

farm. Cross River State and China share

same topography and land fit for such

production," said Yongsheng Cao,

Chairman of the Company.

Explaining that Wuhan province has the

largest farm and a major maize grower in

China, the Chairman said the company's

preference will be on sweet corn as it is

going to grow well in the state.

He applauded the existing relationship

between Cross River and China, pointing

out that he would invest $8 million in the

project before extending it, to other

parts of the country.

"Cross River State is expanding the

horizon in agriculture and taking a leap

into agricultural phase to ensure a

New Feed Mill & Maize Farm in Nigeria

leading direction. We don't come in as

traditional farmers but industrial

standard and as the benchmark," said

Governor Ayade in his remarks who

urged the Chinese firm to swing into

action with the establishment of the

maize farm.

The governor explained that as

government, "we must focus on maize

because other than producing feeds, one

of the particular species we are going to

grow here which is sweet corn, is to

provide Gluck syrup."

According to Ayade, "what you will see

here is a true reproduction of the true

history of the natural wealth that Nigeria

has in agriculture as we are going to

have maize for export, sweet corn for

salads, Gluck syrup for our industries and

the feed mills to produce feeds for our

poultry and other related products."

Affirming that parts of Akamkpa,

Uyanga, Obubra and Yala were suitable

areas for maize farming based on soil

studies earlier conducted, Ayade

reasoned that "the partnership between

the Cross River State government and

the maize centre in China will provide

the state with a first class knowledge,

first class technology, first class farming

and first class mill, as all sweet corns

used in our salads were imported."

Source: Allafrica

Cargill's expands canola research facility

with $3.5 million investment in new

equipment and technology in

Aberdeen, Saskatchewan. It is poised to

lead the way in specialty canola seed

breeding.

Improvements to the facility include a

14,000 sq/ft expansion, expanded

pathology lab, new state-of-the-art

Quality Assurance lab, ventilated seed

prep room and high efficiency LED

lighting throughout the facility, with UV

repelling windows.

“The new facility will also allow Cargill

to showcase the research and

innovations within our specialty canola

business,” says Mark Christiansen,

Managing Director, Cargill Global Edible

Oil Solutions. “Latest innovations such

as a new low saturated high oleic

canola oil are driven by victory yield

platform, which is currently best-of-

class for Roundup Ready hybrids, in

addition to best-of-class Blackleg

resistance.”

Expansion of canola research facility in CargillSaskatchewan continues to be an

important province for Cargill to invest

in – we have 26% of our Canadian

investment in the province, and over

the past five years have continued to

increase our footprint with over $300

million in capital investments.

Recent expansions in Cargill

A $8.5 million animal nutrition

plant in Vietnam that provides

animal feed for livestock and has a

total capacity of 66,000 tonnes per

year.

Company would also extend its

production capabilities in Spain

with a new production line which is

expected to be operational in the

third quarter of 2017.

A wet corn milling plant in

Davangere, Karnataka, India, that

included a $100 million investment

that has a capacity to mill 800

tonnes of corn daily.

A new Technology Application

Center (TAC) in Yakapınar, Izmir,

Turkey, to help dairy and poultry

customers in the Middle East,

Turkey and Africa leverage and

apply the best possible feed

technologies to grow their

businesses.

Largest feed mill in Pyeongtaek,

South Korea, is a 2,610-square-

meter facility that produces

poultry, ruminant, swine and pet

food products for animal

producers with a capacity of

870,000 tonnes.

Source: Cargill

Image source: alvanblanchgroup

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

Feed Tech Expo 2017Animal Feed Technology

Mark your Dates for India’s Only Exhibition for

Feed IndustryFeed Industry

23-24-25

www.feedtechexpo.com

23-24-25 February

Venue: New Grain Market, Karnal, India

As acreages under maize scale a new

high this kharif season aided by ample

rains, the prospects of a good harvest

have turned brighter this year.

However, the predictions of excess rains

in September by the Met could possibly

dent the output and quality of the

produce, experts and traders said.

Farmers across the country, lured by the

relatively higher prices ahead of the

kharif planting season, have sown an

additional area of close to one million

hectares (see table) under maize or

corn this year, while the late planting

was still going on in some areas.

States such as Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya

Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana and

Uttar Pradesh have clocked an increase

in area over last year. Both trade and

agri-experts are unanimous that the

crop size will be bigger than last year,

but it was too early to fix a size.

The USDA has projected that India's

total corn output including kharif and

rabi would expand by 2 million tonnes

(mt) this year to around 23 mt. The

USDA has pegged India's kharif corn

output this year at 15.5 mt.

Weather plays truant

The IMD has forecast surplus rainfall for

August-September with the

precipitation expected to be 107 per

cent of the long period average of 43.5

cm for these two months. In fact, the

global models have predicted that

September could be the wettest this

monsoon.

“The sentiment is of higher production

for corn on increase in acreages,” said

Tejinder Narang, a grains trade analyst.

But the actual production would

Guarded Optimism on Maize, Despite

Rise in Acreage

depend on various factors, including

the weather in the months ahead.

Net imports

From a net exporter, India had turned a

net importer of corn this year on

decline in domestic output and rising

consumption.

So far, the imports into the country this

year were estimated at around two lakh

tonnes. “Though India is headed for a

bumper crop, its re-entry into the world

corn market would largely depend on

the parity in prices,” said Rajiv Yadav,

Vice-President, COFCO Agri.

Less risk crop

“However, the domestic consumers —

the poultry feed and starch makers —

will have a good time in the year ahead.

Also the forecast of an extended

monsoon this year could possibly raise

some issues on the quality front,” Yadav

added.

“It is a relatively easy crop and the risk

factors are less compared to others,” a

trader said. Corn prices, which moved

up from the levels of Rs. 1,300 a quintal

in April to around Rs. 1,700 in July, have

eased a bit in recent days. Trade

expects the prices to stay volatile ahead

of the harvest that's expected to

commence in September.

Acreage under hybrids

“If everything goes well, there could be

a 7-8 per cent increase in kharif yields

on increasing area under hybrids and

better rains,” said Sain Dass, former

director of Directorate of Maize

Research under ICAR. Kharif yields of

maize have been less than two tonnes

per hectare.

The sowing is still on in some States

including Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,

Maharashtra, Haryana and Bihar and

the overall acreage could be higher

than 8.1 million hectares, Dass added.

He also admitted that rains during the

September may pose a challenge.

Source : Business Line

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28

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016

Feed Tech Expo 2017Animal Feed Technology

Mark your Dates for India’s Only Exhibition for

Feed IndustryFeed Industry

23-24-25

www.feedtechexpo.com

23-24-25 February

Venue: New Grain Market, Karnal, India

As acreages under maize scale a new

high this kharif season aided by ample

rains, the prospects of a good harvest

have turned brighter this year.

However, the predictions of excess rains

in September by the Met could possibly

dent the output and quality of the

produce, experts and traders said.

Farmers across the country, lured by the

relatively higher prices ahead of the

kharif planting season, have sown an

additional area of close to one million

hectares (see table) under maize or

corn this year, while the late planting

was still going on in some areas.

States such as Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya

Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana and

Uttar Pradesh have clocked an increase

in area over last year. Both trade and

agri-experts are unanimous that the

crop size will be bigger than last year,

but it was too early to fix a size.

The USDA has projected that India's

total corn output including kharif and

rabi would expand by 2 million tonnes

(mt) this year to around 23 mt. The

USDA has pegged India's kharif corn

output this year at 15.5 mt.

Weather plays truant

The IMD has forecast surplus rainfall for

August-September with the

precipitation expected to be 107 per

cent of the long period average of 43.5

cm for these two months. In fact, the

global models have predicted that

September could be the wettest this

monsoon.

“The sentiment is of higher production

for corn on increase in acreages,” said

Tejinder Narang, a grains trade analyst.

But the actual production would

Guarded Optimism on Maize, Despite

Rise in Acreage

depend on various factors, including

the weather in the months ahead.

Net imports

From a net exporter, India had turned a

net importer of corn this year on

decline in domestic output and rising

consumption.

So far, the imports into the country this

year were estimated at around two lakh

tonnes. “Though India is headed for a

bumper crop, its re-entry into the world

corn market would largely depend on

the parity in prices,” said Rajiv Yadav,

Vice-President, COFCO Agri.

Less risk crop

“However, the domestic consumers —

the poultry feed and starch makers —

will have a good time in the year ahead.

Also the forecast of an extended

monsoon this year could possibly raise

some issues on the quality front,” Yadav

added.

“It is a relatively easy crop and the risk

factors are less compared to others,” a

trader said. Corn prices, which moved

up from the levels of Rs. 1,300 a quintal

in April to around Rs. 1,700 in July, have

eased a bit in recent days. Trade

expects the prices to stay volatile ahead

of the harvest that's expected to

commence in September.

Acreage under hybrids

“If everything goes well, there could be

a 7-8 per cent increase in kharif yields

on increasing area under hybrids and

better rains,” said Sain Dass, former

director of Directorate of Maize

Research under ICAR. Kharif yields of

maize have been less than two tonnes

per hectare.

The sowing is still on in some States

including Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,

Maharashtra, Haryana and Bihar and

the overall acreage could be higher

than 8.1 million hectares, Dass added.

He also admitted that rains during the

September may pose a challenge.

Source : Business Line

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016CALENDAR OF EVENTS w

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30

2016-17

To list any industry event related to Grain & Feed industry please write us at

editor@benisonmedia.com

AGRENA 2016

Date: 6-8 October 2016

Venue: Cairo International Conference Center, Egypt

Email: info@agrena.net

Web: www.agrena.net

Layer Feed Quality Conference

Date: 17-18 October 2016

Venue: Jakarta, Indonesia

Email: events@asian-agribiz.com

Web: www.asian-agribiz.com

Vietstock

Date: 19-21 October 2016

Venue: Saigon Exhibition & Convention Center (SECC,

HCMC, Vietnam

Email: vietstock@ubm.com

Web: www.vietstock.org

OCTOBER

Oilseed and Grain Trade Summit

Date: 14-16 November 2016

Venue: Hyatt Regency, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.

Email: ogts-info@highquestgroup.com

Web: www.oilseedandgrain.com

EuroTier

Date: 15-18 November 2016

Venue: Hanover, Germany

Email: expo@dlg.org

Web: www.eurotier.com

Poultry India

Date: 23-25 November 2016

Venue: HITEX, Exhibition Centre, Hyderabad, India

Email: info@poultryindia.co.in

Web: www.poultryindia.co.in

NOVEMBER

International Feed Expo

Date: 31 Jan - 2 Feb 2017

Venue: Georgia World Congress Center, 285 Andrew

Young International Blvd NW, Atlanta, Georgia USA

Email: info@ippexpo.org

Web: www.ippexpo.com

JANUARY

Feed Tech Expo

Date: 23-25 February 2017

Venue: New Grain Market, Karnal, India

Email: feedtechexpo@gmail.com

Web: www.feedtechexpo.com

FEBRUARY

Aqua Aquaria India

Date: 21-23 April 2017

Venue: Andhra Loyola College Campus, Vijayawada,

India

Email: traduciruso@gmail.com

Web: www.aquaaquaria.com

MARCH

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 11 | September 2016CALENDAR OF EVENTS

ww

w.thin

kgra

inth

inkf

ee

d.c

o.in

30

2016-17

To list any industry event related to Grain & Feed industry please write us at

editor@benisonmedia.com

AGRENA 2016

Date: 6-8 October 2016

Venue: Cairo International Conference Center, Egypt

Email: info@agrena.net

Web: www.agrena.net

Layer Feed Quality Conference

Date: 17-18 October 2016

Venue: Jakarta, Indonesia

Email: events@asian-agribiz.com

Web: www.asian-agribiz.com

Vietstock

Date: 19-21 October 2016

Venue: Saigon Exhibition & Convention Center (SECC,

HCMC, Vietnam

Email: vietstock@ubm.com

Web: www.vietstock.org

OCTOBER

Oilseed and Grain Trade Summit

Date: 14-16 November 2016

Venue: Hyatt Regency, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.

Email: ogts-info@highquestgroup.com

Web: www.oilseedandgrain.com

EuroTier

Date: 15-18 November 2016

Venue: Hanover, Germany

Email: expo@dlg.org

Web: www.eurotier.com

Poultry India

Date: 23-25 November 2016

Venue: HITEX, Exhibition Centre, Hyderabad, India

Email: info@poultryindia.co.in

Web: www.poultryindia.co.in

NOVEMBER

International Feed Expo

Date: 31 Jan - 2 Feb 2017

Venue: Georgia World Congress Center, 285 Andrew

Young International Blvd NW, Atlanta, Georgia USA

Email: info@ippexpo.org

Web: www.ippexpo.com

JANUARY

Feed Tech Expo

Date: 23-25 February 2017

Venue: New Grain Market, Karnal, India

Email: feedtechexpo@gmail.com

Web: www.feedtechexpo.com

FEBRUARY

Aqua Aquaria India

Date: 21-23 April 2017

Venue: Andhra Loyola College Campus, Vijayawada,

India

Email: traduciruso@gmail.com

Web: www.aquaaquaria.com

MARCH