Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
description
Transcript of Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
Equations of State
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
2
Thermodynamic quantities
Internal energy (U): the energy of atoms or molecules that does not give macroscopic motion.
Temperature (T): a measure of the internal energy of a system.
Heat (Q): a way to change internal energy, besides work. (Energy in transit.)
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
3
Laws of Thermodynamics
First law: đQ – đW = dU
Q – W = U Energy is conserved
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
4
Work done by a gas
f
i
V
VPdVW
PdVdW
AdsAFdW
FdsdW
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
5
Work done by a gas
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
6
Work done by a gas
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
7
Configuration Work
Product of intensive variable times corresponding extensive variable:
đW = xdYGas, Liquid, Solid: PdVMagnetic Material: BdMDielectric Material: EdP
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
8
Equation of State
For an ideal gas: PV = nRTP = pressure (N/m²)(or Pa)V = volume (m³)n = number of molesT = temperature (K)R = gas constant (8.31 J/(K·mole))
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
9
Ideal gas law
Ideal gas law:PV = nRT
In terms of molar volume, v = V/n, this becomes:
Pv = RT, or P = RT/v
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
10
Real Substance
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
11
Real Substance
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
12
van der Waals equation of state
v cannot be decreased indefinitely, so replace v by v – b. Then,
Next account for intermolecular attraction which will reduce pressure as molecules are forced closer together. This term is proportional to v-2
bvRTP
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
13
van der Waals equation of state
RTbvvaP
va
bvRTP
2
2 or , Then,
This equation has a critical value of T which suggests a phase change. The next slide shows graphs for several values of T .
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
14
van der Waals equation of state
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
15
Critical Values
227
278
3
baP
RbaT
bv
C
C
C
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
16
van der Waals equation of state
'38
31'
'3'
Then,' ,' ,'
2 Tvv
P
TTTPPPvvv CCC
This can be expressed in term of dimensionlesscoordinates, P', v', and T ' with the following Substitutions:
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
17
van der Waals equation of state
This can also be written,
2'3
1'3'8'
vvTP
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
18
Thermal Expansion
Expansivity or Coefficient of Volume Expansion, .
TVTTVV
PTTv
vTV
V
P
PP
),(
11
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
19
Thermal Expansion
Usually, is positive. An exception is water in the temperature range between 0° C and 4° C.Range of is about: 10-3 for gasses. 10-5 for solids.
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
20
Linear Expansion
Coefficient of Linear Expansion, .
TXTTXX
pTTX
X
P
P
),(
1
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
21
Relationship Between and
3
)31()1(
)1()1()1('
)1('
3
TVTXYZ
TZTYTXVXYZV
TVTVVVVV
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
22
Compressibility
Volume also depends on pressure.Isothermal Compressibility:
PVPPVV
PTPV
V
T
T
),( 1
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
23
Bulk Modulus
TVPV
1 ModulusBulk
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
24
A Little Calculus
0
0 const, If,
),( Consider,
VT
VP
TP
dPPVdT
TV
dVV
dPPVdT
TVdV
PTV
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
25
Cyclical Relation
1
0
PVT
VTP
VTP
VT
TP
PV
TP
PV
TV
TP
PV
TV
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
26
Application
Suppose you need:VT
P
1
PVT VT
TP
PV
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 2
27
Application
T
P
T
P
PT
V
PV
V
TV
V
PVTV
VT
PVT
P1
11