Thermochemistry - A branch of thermodynamics which focuses on the study of heat given off or absorbed in a chemical reaction.Temperature - An intensive property of matter; a quantitative measurement of the degree to which an object is either "hot" or "cold".3 scales for measuring temperatureFahrenheit 32F is the normal freezing point temperature of water; 212F is the normal boiling point temperature of water.Celsius (centigrade) 0C is the normal freezing point temperature of water; 100C is the normal boiling point temperature of water.Kelvin 0 K is the temperature at which the volume and pressure of an ideal gas extrapolate to zero.Conversion Factors for TemperatureHeat (q) - A form of energy associated with the random motion of the elementary particles in matter.Heat capacity - The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a defined amount of a pure substance by one degree.Specific heat - The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by 1C (or 1 K)SI unit for specific heat is joules per gram-1 Kelvin-1 (J/g-K)Calorie - The specific heat of water = 4.184 J/g-KMolar heat capacity - The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of a substance by 1C (or 1 K)SI unit for molar heat capacity is joules per mole-1 Kelvin-1 (J/mol-K)Btu (British thermal unit) - The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 lb water by 1F.* The specific heat of water (4.184 J/g-K) is very large relative to other substances. The oceans (which cover over 70% of the earth) act as a giant "heat sink," moderating drastic changes in temperature. Our body temperatures are also controlled by water and its high specific heat. Perspiration is a form of evaporative cooling which keeps our body temperatures from getting too high.*Sensible heat - Heat that can be detected by a change in the temperature of a system.Latent heat - Heat that cannot be detected because there is no change in temperature of the system.2 forms of latent heat:Heat of fusion - The heat that must be absorbed to melt a mole of a solid.Heat of vaporization - The heat that must be absorbed to boil a mole of a liquid.Thehuman eyeis an organ which reacts to light for several purposes. As a conscioussense organ, themammalian eyeallowsvision.Rodandconecells in theretinaallow conscious light perception and vision including color differentiation and the perception of depth. The human eye can distinguish about 10 million colors.

Acamerais a device that recordsimagesthat can be stored directly, transmitted to another location, or both. These images may be stillphotographsor moving images such asvideosormovies. The termcameracomes from the wordcamera obscura(Latinfor "dark chamber"), an early mechanism for projecting images. The modern camera evolved from the camera obscura.

Amagnifying glass(called ahand lensin laboratory contexts) is aconvex lensthat is used to produce amagnifiedimageof an object. Thelensis usually mounted in a frame with a handle.

Amicroscopeis aninstrumentused to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is calledmicroscopy.Microscopicmeans invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.

Atelescopeis an instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collectingelectromagnetic radiation(such asvisible light). The first known practical telescopes were invented in theNetherlandsat the beginning of the 17th century, using glass lenses. They found use in terrestrial applications and astronomy.

Thermochemistry - branch of thermodynamics which focuses on the study of heat given off or absorbed in a chemical reaction.

Temperature - An intensive property of matter; a quantitative measurement of the degree to which an object is either "hot" or "cold".

Sensible heat - Heat that can be detected by a change in the temperature of a system.

Latent heat - Heat that cannot be detected because there is no change in temperature of the system.

Heat of fusion - The heat that must be absorbed to melt a mole of a solid.

Heat of vaporization - The heat that must be absorbed to boil a mole of a liquid.

Fahrenheit one of the 3 scales to measures temperatureFreezing point: 32F ; Boiling point: 212F

Celsius (centigrade) one of the 3 scales to measures temperature F.P.: 0C; B.P.: 100C

Kelvin oneof the 3 scales to measures temperature0 K is the temperature at which the volume and pressure of an ideal gas extrapolate to zero.

Heat (q) - A form of energy associated with the random motion of the elementary particles in matter.

Specific heat - The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by 1C (or 1 K)

Heat capacity - The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a defined amount of a pure substance by one degree.

Molar heat capacity - The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of a substance by 1C (or 1 K)

Calorie - The specific heat of water = 4.184 J/g-K

British thermal unit (BTU) - The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 lb water by 1F.