Theorists

Obj. 4.03

Howard Gardner-Multiple Intelligences

Lesson Idea-'The Way Things Move'Word Smart- Read/Explore/Share Information books about different transport and discuss the different ways that cars, trucks, helicopters, hot air balloons, boats, scooters, bikes, etc, etc can move.Logic Smart- Make various types of things that move (ie: paper aeroplane, paper helicopter, parachute, etc) and measure how far you can get them to move.Picture Smart- Draw all the things that you can think of that can move (have a time limit there are a lot, one of my students even came up with a clock, because the hands move around it).Body Smart- Demonstrate a variety of different ways (ie: silly walks) of moving to the music.Music Smart- Sing and learn transport/movement themed songs to perform to parents at the end of the term.People Smart- Work in groups to design the ultimate 'moving' machine. First decide if it goes on land, sea or air.Self Smart- Chose one thing that can move and ask the librarian to help you find a book about it to sit down and 'read' for yourself. (this one was an add on later) Nature Smart- Go outside and watch the birds flying, the clouds moving slowly, the trees moving in the wind, etc.

Abraham Maslow-Motivation

Lesson Idea

• Students: “Walking your talk is a

great way to motivate yourself. No one likes to live a lie. Be honest with yourself, and you will find the motivation to do what you advise others to do. “--Vince Poscente (Invinceable Principles)

YOU CAN BE WHATEVER YOU WANT TO BE

by Donna Levine There is inside you

all of the potential to be whatever you want to be all of the energy to do whatever you want to do.

Imagine yourself as you would like to be, doing what you want to do, and each day, take one step towards your dream.

And though at times it may seem too difficult to continue, hold on to your dream.

One morning you will awake to find that you are the person you dreamed of doing what you wanted to do simply because you had the courage to believe in your potential and to hold on to your dream.

Lev Vygotsky-Sociocultural

Lesson Ideas• The Role of Social

Interaction          According to Vygotsky, learners learn through social interaction. Socially interacting especially with knowledgeable adults like parents, teachers, older peers, etc, gives them the opportunity to acquire learning. The people that surrounds the learner contribute to learning because they are the ones who explain, model, assist, give directions and promote feedback to enrich learning. They also are the media in which learners learn the ways of thinking and behavior that make up culture.

• Zone of Proximal Development           Vygotsky advocates learning by doing. However, he added that learning by doing, together with social interaction will result to a more effective learning. In relation to this, the Zone of Proximal Development was introduced. This is the level at which a child finds a task too difficult to accomplish alone, but which he/she can complete with the assistance of an adult or older peer. To achieve this, scaffolding can be used. Scaffolding is the aid or assistance than enables learners to complete certain tasks that they cannot do on their own. However, scaffolding is not doing the task for the learners, rather the adult/instructor only serves as a tool for that adjusts the amount of guidance to fit the learners current level of performance. Example, if a child doesn't know how to tie his/her shoes, an adult can do scaffolding by tying the shoes half-done, then letting the child finish it.

Jean Piaget-Cognitive Dev.

Lesson Ideas• To apply Jean Piaget’s theories in the classroom, the

University of Arkansas suggests these six steps to structure preoperational development:

• 1. Use concrete props and visual aids whenever possible.• 2. Make instructions relatively short, using actions as well as words.• 3. Do not expect the students to consistently see the world from

someone else’s point of view.• 4. Be sensitive to the possibility that students may have different

meanings for the same word or different words for the same meaning. Students may also expect everyone to understand words they have invented.

• 5. Give children a great deal of hands-on practice with the skills that serve as building blocks for more complex skills like reading comprehension.

• 6. Provide a wide range of experiences in order to build a foundation for concept learning and language.

B.F. Skinner-Behavioralism

Lesson Ideas• Behaviorism is different from most other approaches because they view

people (and animals) as controlled by their environment and specifically that we are the result of what we have learned from our environment. Behaviorism is concerned with how environmental factors (called stimuli) affect observable behavior (called the response). The behaviorist approach proposes two main processes whereby people learn from their environment: namely classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves learning by association, and operant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of behavior.

• For example, if a therapist's goal is to teach an autistic child how to say "Mom," he might start on day one with a goal of the child saying "Mmmm." Every time the child makes the "mmm" sound on cue, she gets reinforced with something she likes (typically an opportunity to play for 30 seconds or a small piece of candy). Then once that goal has been consistently achieved the therapist no longer reinforces just the "mmmm," he now only reinforces a "maa" sound. In situations like this, if the child reverts back to a prior step, such as saying "mmm" after she has already said "maa" several times, punishment consists of a lack of reinforcement coupled with the therapist looking away and ignoring the child for 10 seconds.

Erik Erikson-Psychosocial