Theoretical Foundation
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Transcript of Theoretical Foundation
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Theoretical Foundation
Instructional Media
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
• Educational technology is any technology that is used to support teaching and learning
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Educational Technology
• ISTE’s NETS-T and NETS-S standards articulate that educators must acquire a broad range of methods and skills to enhance teaching and support learning with technology effectively
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
What is learning?
• Learning Theories:– Theory into Practice (TIP)– http://tip.psychology.org
• Check your learning style: http://www.engr.ncsu.edu/learningstyles/ilsweb.html
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
About Learning
• Variety of theories explain how we learn
• Each theory offers a different perspective or view as to how learning occurs
• Some theories may be contradictory• Teachers must decide on theory for
themselves
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Learning Theories
Learning as Communication
• Knowledge is transferred from sender to receiver
• Receiver returns feedback to sender
• Sender receives feedback
• Variables may alter intended meaning.
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Learning Theories
Learning as Communication
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Learning Theories
FactorsAffectionCommunication
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Learning Theories
Environmental Factors• Any factor that may cause a learner to
lose focus• Can block communications• Lighting, movement, temperature may
interfere with communications
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Psychological Factors• Individual differences that define and
impact communicated information• Emotional state may interfere with
message reception• Learning styles may interfere with
transmission
Learning Theories
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Personal Filters• Individual’s values, heritage, and belief
system• May include attitudes, cultural differences,
and opinions• Filters are present in both sender and
receiver
Learning Theories
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Learning Theories
Learning Theories Overview
• Behaviorism
• Cognitivism
• Constructivism
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Behaviorist’s Perspective• All behavior is a response to external
stimuli• Students learn in response to rewards and
punishments• Learning is a passive response to the
environment
Learning Theories
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Cognitivist’s Perspective• Focus is on learning as a mental operation• Information enters through senses
Learning is explained by how one thinks• Believe learning is more complex than
behaviorist responses
Learning Theories
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Constructivist’s Perspective• Knowledge is constructed as a result of
the learning process • Learning occurs when knowledge is
assimilated or accommodated (Piaget)• Knowledge may be constructed best in a
social context
Learning Theories
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Cognitive Styles• Manner in which one thinks and interprets
the environment• Myers-Briggs helps determine cognitive
preferences• Understanding cognitive styles helps
teachers create supportive environments
Learning Theories
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Learning Theories
Myers-BriggsCognitive Types
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Learning Styles• Conditions under which one learns best• Relates to individual sensory dominance• Auditory learners learn best by listening• Visual learners learn best by seeing• Kinesthetic/Tactile learners learn best by
doing and touching
Learning Theories
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
The Learner
Intelligence• Inherent capabilities to learn and
understand• Standford-Binet tests emphasize
logical/mathematical and verbal capabilities
• Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences emphasizes multiple capabilities
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
• Verbal-Linguistic• Mathematical-
Logical• Visual-Spatial• Bodily-Kinesthetic
• Interpersonal• Intrapersonal• Naturalistic• Existential • Musical
Multiple Intelligences
The Learner
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Multiple Intelligences
The Learner
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
• Teaching = a systematic, planned sequence of events – A process that communicates
ideas/skills– Takes into account individual and
environmental factors– Aware of learning theories & learner
characteristics
Teaching and Learning
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
• Technology: a component of the teaching/learning process– Educational technology includes
resources that facilitate teaching/learning– This view of technology has evolved – It’s consistent with evolution of
learning theories
Teaching and Learning
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• Teaching and learning work together
• Holistic planning is the key to effective learning
• Educational technologies selected after planning completed to enhance instruction
Teaching and Learning
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Educational Technology
An Historical Overview
• Began in the early 1900s with movies
• Slides, radio, sound recordings were added in the 1920s-1930s
• Television drove audio-visuals in the 1950s
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
An Historical Overview• 1960s: A-V expanded to a broader
systems view • 1970s: educational technology
redefined and expanded further to include all technologies
• 1980s: educational technology entered the Digital Age
Educational Technology
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
• Educational Technology Time Chart
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Educational Technology
An Historical Overview
• Quill Pens and Slates
• Wall Charts
• Models
• Films
• Radio
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Educational Technology
An Historical Overview
• ITV
• Personal Computer
• CAI
• Computer Based Technology
• Virtual Reality
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Today• Holistic view
– All media and systems that support teaching/learning
• Teachers must decide how to best utilize technology
Educational Technology
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AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media
Reference
• McDonald, J. B. & Lever-Duffy, J. (2008). Teaching and learning with
technology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.