Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin D. Roosevelt: Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin D. Roosevelt: Leaders Who Built a Superpower and theLeaders Who Built a Superpower and the

Modern American PresidencyModern American Presidency

Alexander ZachosAlexander ZachosFall 2006Fall 2006

Political Science CapstonePolitical Science Capstone

Men of ActionMen of Action

American Presidency can often be a frustrating office:American Presidency can often be a frustrating office: Rigid institutions partisan fights, re-election.Rigid institutions partisan fights, re-election. Many presidents do not make an impactMany presidents do not make an impact TR and FDR left a long-lasting legacies on the presidency and TR and FDR left a long-lasting legacies on the presidency and

the country.the country. Each president came into office during very crucial periods of Each president came into office during very crucial periods of

social upheaval and political change.social upheaval and political change. Both had upper-class origins, confidence, and natural Both had upper-class origins, confidence, and natural

leadership ability combined with Progressive Roots.leadership ability combined with Progressive Roots. They can be politically analyzed, compared, and They can be politically analyzed, compared, and

contrasted in several different traditional political contrasted in several different traditional political arenasarenas..

Their most important similarity:Their most important similarity: They did not allow their decisions to be governed by fear of They did not allow their decisions to be governed by fear of

change.change.

ThesisThesis TR and FDR were both presidents for whom TR and FDR were both presidents for whom

actions spoke louder than words. They both came actions spoke louder than words. They both came to office during times of great political change and to office during times of great political change and crisis. They acted within the Progressive theme of crisis. They acted within the Progressive theme of the early 20the early 20thth century but furthermore, it was their century but furthermore, it was their bold action during these times that eventually led bold action during these times that eventually led to the creation of the modern American to the creation of the modern American presidency and an American superpower. presidency and an American superpower.

In accomplishing these endeavors both presidents In accomplishing these endeavors both presidents created and strengthened the presidential roles created and strengthened the presidential roles of: chief of party, chief legislator, chief policy of: chief of party, chief legislator, chief policy maker, chief administrator, commander-in chief, maker, chief administrator, commander-in chief, and chief diplomat. and chief diplomat.

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

TR ChildhoodTR Childhood Upper-class parents: both sidesUpper-class parents: both sides Not an ordinary child for 2 reasons one social and one Not an ordinary child for 2 reasons one social and one

intellectual: intellectual: WealthyWealthy Gifted mind and memoryGifted mind and memory

Childhood dark side: sicknessChildhood dark side: sickness Severe Asthma, near-sighted, and a nervous digestive system.Severe Asthma, near-sighted, and a nervous digestive system. Overcoming of sickness creates his sense of heroismOvercoming of sickness creates his sense of heroism Considers himself a “self-created character”Considers himself a “self-created character” Metamorphosis from thin sickly boy to model for masculinity.Metamorphosis from thin sickly boy to model for masculinity. Commitment to politics and most important views Commitment to politics and most important views

emerged from his youthful struggles.emerged from his youthful struggles. Obsession with physical prowess showed main insecurity, his Obsession with physical prowess showed main insecurity, his

youthfulness.youthfulness. ““For Theodore Roosevelt even more than for most people, the For Theodore Roosevelt even more than for most people, the

child was the father of the man.”child was the father of the man.”

Early Political CareerEarly Political Career

First position was nominated for a Republican seat First position was nominated for a Republican seat in the New York Assembly: 1882in the New York Assembly: 1882

Police Commissioner of New York: 1880s-1890sPolice Commissioner of New York: 1880s-1890s Assistant Secretary to the Navy: 1890sAssistant Secretary to the Navy: 1890s Governor of New York: 1898Governor of New York: 1898 Vice-President of United States: 1900Vice-President of United States: 1900 Other careers:Other careers:

Historian (War of 1812) (Winning of the West)Historian (War of 1812) (Winning of the West) Dakota Rancher and CattlemanDakota Rancher and Cattleman Colonel of the Rough Riders: Answered his prayers and Colonel of the Rough Riders: Answered his prayers and

brought him the fame necessary to win the Vice-brought him the fame necessary to win the Vice-Presidency.Presidency.

Analysis of TR’s Political ViewsAnalysis of TR’s Political Views New Imperialism: fight for colonies is now based on industrial New Imperialism: fight for colonies is now based on industrial

rivalries and economic interdependence.rivalries and economic interdependence. Militarism: affected by father’s failureMilitarism: affected by father’s failure Rejection of Materialism and calling upon the people to Rejection of Materialism and calling upon the people to

aspire for a higher purpose (paradox: wealth)aspire for a higher purpose (paradox: wealth) American Expansion and Necessary involvement in world American Expansion and Necessary involvement in world

affairs.affairs. Anglo-superiorityAnglo-superiority Expanded federal government to control big businessExpanded federal government to control big business Progressivism: Idea that society should make social progress Progressivism: Idea that society should make social progress

and that people’s lives could be improved sometimes at the and that people’s lives could be improved sometimes at the expense of businessmen.expense of businessmen.

Conservation of natural resourcesConservation of natural resources Trust-bustingTrust-busting Cultural AdvancementCultural Advancement

First Presidency (1901-1904)First Presidency (1901-1904) President McKinley assassinated September 1901.President McKinley assassinated September 1901. TR spends majority of presidency battling for control of his TR spends majority of presidency battling for control of his

party from factionalized party bosses.party from factionalized party bosses. Thus, actual policy achievement was limited during his first Thus, actual policy achievement was limited during his first

term with some exceptions.term with some exceptions. He campaigned for re-election in 1904, in control of his He campaigned for re-election in 1904, in control of his

party, promising America a “Square Deal”.party, promising America a “Square Deal”.

Second Presidency (1904-1908)Second Presidency (1904-1908) 1904 re-election, he asserted his proven political power 1904 re-election, he asserted his proven political power

with a rejuvenation of activity and the high point of his with a rejuvenation of activity and the high point of his presidency.presidency.

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe DoctrineRoosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Manipulated Congress using three tactics:Manipulated Congress using three tactics:

Great speeches to counter railway propagandaGreat speeches to counter railway propaganda Gained support of Capitol Hill by bargaining with the Old Guard Gained support of Capitol Hill by bargaining with the Old Guard

RepublicansRepublicans Played back and forth with the Senate among Progressives, Played back and forth with the Senate among Progressives,

moderates, and Democrats in order to achieve policy goalsmoderates, and Democrats in order to achieve policy goals He achieved greater success in domestic and foreign policy He achieved greater success in domestic and foreign policy

between 1904 and 1907, but was stymied by his party, between 1904 and 1907, but was stymied by his party, congress, and the courts during the last two years of his congress, and the courts during the last two years of his presidency.presidency.

TR leaves important legacy and TR leaves important legacy and affects FDRaffects FDR

His greatest legacy did not come from his policy successes.His greatest legacy did not come from his policy successes. He was a strong, influential, and bold leader.He was a strong, influential, and bold leader. Experienced and confident politician who brought new dynamics to the Experienced and confident politician who brought new dynamics to the

presidency:presidency: Instead he pursued social advancement and deeper national loyalty.Instead he pursued social advancement and deeper national loyalty. He fought class divisions and appealed to minority ethnic and social He fought class divisions and appealed to minority ethnic and social

classes.classes. He used the “whole government of the United States” to mitigate harsh He used the “whole government of the United States” to mitigate harsh

social and economic conditions of his time. social and economic conditions of his time. The most important task of a political leader is to educate the public and The most important task of a political leader is to educate the public and

create a demand for change.create a demand for change. His legacy left an important imprint on the later Roosevelt His legacy left an important imprint on the later Roosevelt

President :Franklin D. Roosevelt.President :Franklin D. Roosevelt. Young FDR mimicked his kinsman’s path: Assembly, Ass. Secretary of the Young FDR mimicked his kinsman’s path: Assembly, Ass. Secretary of the

Navy, Governor of NY, then presidencyNavy, Governor of NY, then presidency FDR had talent, wealth, and the experiences of his fifth cousin (“Uncle FDR had talent, wealth, and the experiences of his fifth cousin (“Uncle

Teddy”)Teddy”)

Atmosphere prior to FDR’s election Atmosphere prior to FDR’s election in 1932in 1932

1929 Stock Market Crash causes the Great Depression1929 Stock Market Crash causes the Great Depression Besides the Civil War, it is considered to be the worst crisis in Besides the Civil War, it is considered to be the worst crisis in

American History.American History. Who is to blame? Obviously the big-businessmen.Who is to blame? Obviously the big-businessmen. The Great Depression turns focus of America “homeward”The Great Depression turns focus of America “homeward”

Apathy towards world affairs, despite Wilson’s warningsApathy towards world affairs, despite Wilson’s warnings Isolationism characterizes American sentiments from 1929-1938Isolationism characterizes American sentiments from 1929-1938

FDR was Governor of NY and promises not to forget “the FDR was Governor of NY and promises not to forget “the forgotten man at the bottom of the economic pyramid”forgotten man at the bottom of the economic pyramid”

The Nation is in need of bold action, expanded government for The Nation is in need of bold action, expanded government for relief, and a leader to offer inspiration and strengthrelief, and a leader to offer inspiration and strength

FDR rejects all systems and dedicates himself to providing FDR rejects all systems and dedicates himself to providing hope and relief for the American working man and American hope and relief for the American working man and American morale.morale.

The Great DepressionThe Great Depression

Analysis of FDR’s Political ViewsAnalysis of FDR’s Political Views

He had a keen ability to reject rigid political systems He had a keen ability to reject rigid political systems whenever necessary.whenever necessary.

His technique for liberal government was pragmatism. His technique for liberal government was pragmatism. He respected clear ideas, accepted them, and used them He respected clear ideas, accepted them, and used them

but was always skeptical about their relationship to reality.but was always skeptical about their relationship to reality. The battle between New Nationalism versus New Freedom The battle between New Nationalism versus New Freedom

divided American Liberalism:divided American Liberalism: FDR’s New Deal had elements of bothFDR’s New Deal had elements of both

Schlesinger quoted, “He had no philosophy save Schlesinger quoted, “He had no philosophy save experiment, which was a technique; constitutionalism, experiment, which was a technique; constitutionalism, which was a procedure; and humanity, which was a faith.”which was a procedure; and humanity, which was a faith.”

People began to believe in the free, welfare state, with People began to believe in the free, welfare state, with economic stability, and social justice.economic stability, and social justice.

Franklin D. RooseveltFranklin D. Roosevelt

First Phase of FDR’s PresidenciesFirst Phase of FDR’s Presidencies FDR’s four presidencies can be divided into two major phases of FDR’s four presidencies can be divided into two major phases of

different emphasis: one domestic and one foreigndifferent emphasis: one domestic and one foreign His first phase from 1932 to around 1937 was characterized by a His first phase from 1932 to around 1937 was characterized by a

desperate need for action on the domestic front:desperate need for action on the domestic front: First New Deal and First Hundred DaysFirst New Deal and First Hundred Days

Characterized by a high rate of activity, although courts struck down Characterized by a high rate of activity, although courts struck down most of the legislation, the social effects of the New Deal are most of the legislation, the social effects of the New Deal are immeasurable.immeasurable.

Later New DealLater New Deal Social Security Act of 1935Social Security Act of 1935

FDR versus the Courts and CongressFDR versus the Courts and Congress Conservative strict-constructionist Supreme Court largely undid most of Conservative strict-constructionist Supreme Court largely undid most of

the New Deal’s policythe New Deal’s policy Republican resurgence in Congress in the 1938 elections, primarily Republican resurgence in Congress in the 1938 elections, primarily

blocked his reform attempts and this brought an end to his New Deal blocked his reform attempts and this brought an end to his New Deal and the First Phase of his Presidency.and the First Phase of his Presidency.

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy Isolation is the wordIsolation is the word

Second Phase of FDR’s Second Phase of FDR’s PresidenciesPresidencies

Rise of Fascism in Europe: Hitler and Mussolini rise up to Rise of Fascism in Europe: Hitler and Mussolini rise up to power in Germany and Italy during a time of American power in Germany and Italy during a time of American Isolation.Isolation.

By 1938, Hitler had taken over most of Europe without firing By 1938, Hitler had taken over most of Europe without firing a shot.a shot.

FDR.FDR. Shift away from isolationism between 1938 and 1941 is Shift away from isolationism between 1938 and 1941 is

gradual.gradual. PanayPanay crisis crisis Increased armamentsIncreased armaments Britain put on the defensive, new emphasis on America’s roleBritain put on the defensive, new emphasis on America’s role Revision of the Neutrality act.Revision of the Neutrality act.

It was indeed Pearl Harbor that completely blew Americans It was indeed Pearl Harbor that completely blew Americans out of complacency, on December 7, 1941.out of complacency, on December 7, 1941.

Sharp criticism for “the architect of victory”, along with high Sharp criticism for “the architect of victory”, along with high complimentcompliment

FDR’s Domestic and Foreign FDR’s Domestic and Foreign LegaciesLegacies

Unlike Theodore Roosevelt, FDR has many pivotal policy Unlike Theodore Roosevelt, FDR has many pivotal policy legacies that are worth noting:legacies that are worth noting:

Domestic:Domestic: PluralismPluralism- intellectual idea emerged in 1920s to influence - intellectual idea emerged in 1920s to influence

approaches to organization and problem solving. It favored approaches to organization and problem solving. It favored widespread decision-making and constant improvisation. He widespread decision-making and constant improvisation. He wanted a flexible and democratic federal branch, best fitted to wanted a flexible and democratic federal branch, best fitted to solve social problemssolve social problems

Foreign:Foreign: ““Principally influenced by Pearl Harbor, which destroyed Principally influenced by Pearl Harbor, which destroyed

isolationist contentions about American invulnerability to isolationist contentions about American invulnerability to attack, and by the country’s emergence as the world’s attack, and by the country’s emergence as the world’s foremost Power, the nation ended the war ready to shoulder foremost Power, the nation ended the war ready to shoulder substantial responsibilities in foreign affairs.”-Robert Dalleksubstantial responsibilities in foreign affairs.”-Robert Dallek

Evident by bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki:Evident by bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki: FDR tried to show the world, by action, that the United States FDR tried to show the world, by action, that the United States

would be the hegemonic leader in a New World Order.would be the hegemonic leader in a New World Order.

Analysis of TR and FDR as Analysis of TR and FDR as “Chief of Party”“Chief of Party”

TR was a progressive Republican who had to wrestle control of TR was a progressive Republican who had to wrestle control of his party from Old-Guard Republican bosses like Mark Hanna his party from Old-Guard Republican bosses like Mark Hanna of Ohio.of Ohio.

He never really united the party, but he achieved some of his He never really united the party, but he achieved some of his goals through manipulation of Old Guard Congressmen.goals through manipulation of Old Guard Congressmen.

After he announced that he would not run for a third term in After he announced that he would not run for a third term in 1908, his party treated him as a lame duck and his relations 1908, his party treated him as a lame duck and his relations with them soared to the point of open hostility.with them soared to the point of open hostility.

FDR, on the other hand, united his party and created a new FDR, on the other hand, united his party and created a new Democratic constituency made up of Northern industrial Democratic constituency made up of Northern industrial workers, ethnic minorities, and the farm bloc. workers, ethnic minorities, and the farm bloc.

Cooper says, “ The international crisis at the end of the 1930s, Cooper says, “ The international crisis at the end of the 1930s, which renewed his lease on the Theodore Rooseveltian role of which renewed his lease on the Theodore Rooseveltian role of transcendent national leader, was what furnished (FDR’s) transcendent national leader, was what furnished (FDR’s) opportunity to fulfill the Wilsonian role of party leader.”opportunity to fulfill the Wilsonian role of party leader.”

Analysis as “Progressives”Analysis as “Progressives” It is clear that FDR was affected by TR and Wilson’s It is clear that FDR was affected by TR and Wilson’s

Progressivism.Progressivism. TR’s social and economic Progressivism was characterized TR’s social and economic Progressivism was characterized

by moral advancement of society.by moral advancement of society. Pure Food and Drug Act (Upton Sinclair Pure Food and Drug Act (Upton Sinclair The JungleThe Jungle ) ) FDR’s New Dealers were not concerned with the moral FDR’s New Dealers were not concerned with the moral

advancement of society, but rather economic progress.advancement of society, but rather economic progress. Both presidents came into office during times that Both presidents came into office during times that

necessitated change. necessitated change. The movement following the Industrial Revolution was The movement following the Industrial Revolution was

named the Progressive Movement:named the Progressive Movement: Government regulation of big-businessGovernment regulation of big-business Labor reforms and consumer protectionLabor reforms and consumer protection

FDR’s Progressivism was classified by the need for:FDR’s Progressivism was classified by the need for: Worker’s economic reliefWorker’s economic relief Government’s control of economicsGovernment’s control of economics

Opposition: TR versus Congress Opposition: TR versus Congress and Partyand Party

TR and Congress were destined to be opposedTR and Congress were destined to be opposed He came into office when decades of legislative supremacy He came into office when decades of legislative supremacy

were ending.were ending. The decline in legislative strength did not please elders on The decline in legislative strength did not please elders on

Capitol Hill.Capitol Hill. They would have resisted the increase of presidential power They would have resisted the increase of presidential power

under any president. under any president. He played delicate games of cat and mouse to achieve his He played delicate games of cat and mouse to achieve his

goals.goals. TR usually won the battle for public opinion versus TR usually won the battle for public opinion versus

Congress; however, this was achieved at some cost to his Congress; however, this was achieved at some cost to his legislative record later on.legislative record later on.

TR was always fighting and manipulating the Conservative TR was always fighting and manipulating the Conservative Republicans for control of his own party, and it was they Republicans for control of his own party, and it was they who blocked most of his important objectives.who blocked most of his important objectives.

Opposition:Opposition:FDR versus the Supreme CourtFDR versus the Supreme Court

Conservative Supreme Court strikes down the NIRA, the Conservative Supreme Court strikes down the NIRA, the AAA, and the repudiation of the gold clause.AAA, and the repudiation of the gold clause.

FDR decides to retaliate in 1936 by “packing the court”FDR decides to retaliate in 1936 by “packing the court” He claimed the overworked and overage judges were a He claimed the overworked and overage judges were a

detriment and proposed to be able to appoint as many as detriment and proposed to be able to appoint as many as six new judges.six new judges.

This measure failed and lost him support in his party and This measure failed and lost him support in his party and Congress.Congress.

While they were able to defeat the large part of his New While they were able to defeat the large part of his New Deal, FDR was responsible for the famous “switch in time Deal, FDR was responsible for the famous “switch in time that saved nine”.that saved nine”. FDR was able to nearly replace every justice on the Supreme FDR was able to nearly replace every justice on the Supreme

Court during his four terms.Court during his four terms. He drastically affected the future of the Supreme Court.He drastically affected the future of the Supreme Court.

FDR and TR with the MediaFDR and TR with the Media TR’s popularity came from his love affair with the media TR’s popularity came from his love affair with the media

and the American people. and the American people. First presidential career to be conducted within the era of First presidential career to be conducted within the era of

the “modern journalistic press”the “modern journalistic press” Rough Rider publicityRough Rider publicity TR used the journalistic media to strengthen his office, and TR used the journalistic media to strengthen his office, and

began to build a power base apart from party organizationsbegan to build a power base apart from party organizations

FDR used the press to achieve his goals:FDR used the press to achieve his goals: He learned reporters’ names, read their stories, and created He learned reporters’ names, read their stories, and created

news for themnews for them FDR and the Press ConferenceFDR and the Press Conference

Held weekly press conferences that allowed him to speak for Held weekly press conferences that allowed him to speak for himself and somewhat control public opinionhimself and somewhat control public opinion

FDR press policy fit the democratic ideal of an informed FDR press policy fit the democratic ideal of an informed public.public.

Policy AnalysisPolicy AnalysisTheodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

TR: Domestic PolicyTR: Domestic Policy 1902, 1902, Northern Securities prosecution-Northern Securities prosecution- sought strict federal regulation over sought strict federal regulation over

private business.private business. Bureau of Corporations-Bureau of Corporations- Provided needed information about structure, Provided needed information about structure,

operations, and work conditions in America’s corporations.operations, and work conditions in America’s corporations. Bureau of Labor-Bureau of Labor- Provided similar information about Labor and its Provided similar information about Labor and its

organization.organization. TR: Foreign PolicyTR: Foreign Policy

Venezuela Crisis 1902-Venezuela Crisis 1902- Acts boldly but uses great diplomacy in dealing with Acts boldly but uses great diplomacy in dealing with Wilhelm IIWilhelm II

Creation of the Panama Canal-Creation of the Panama Canal- very important for trade routes very important for trade routes Arbitration of the Russo-Japanese War-Wins the Nobel Peace PrizeArbitration of the Russo-Japanese War-Wins the Nobel Peace Prize Jamaica Incident of 1907 and Anglo-American Relations-Jamaica Incident of 1907 and Anglo-American Relations- Upholds the Upholds the

honor of America, while realizing that Anglo-American relations would be honor of America, while realizing that Anglo-American relations would be important in the near future.important in the near future.

Role as Chief Diplomat- Role as Chief Diplomat- perhaps the first president to truly represent this role.perhaps the first president to truly represent this role. Failures: Stemmed from Several SourcesFailures: Stemmed from Several Sources

Boasted he had dissolved a PlutocracyBoasted he had dissolved a Plutocracy Spoke against materialism “Swimming against the strongest tide in American Spoke against materialism “Swimming against the strongest tide in American

Politics”Politics” Announcement in 1904, that he would not run again in 1908Announcement in 1904, that he would not run again in 1908

Even if he intended not to run, he could have delayed the announcement to achieve Even if he intended not to run, he could have delayed the announcement to achieve the illusion of future power.the illusion of future power.

FDR :FDR :Domestic Policy AnalysisDomestic Policy Analysis

FDR Domestic PolicyFDR Domestic Policy:: First New Deal and First Hundred DaysFirst New Deal and First Hundred Days

Banking Reform-Banking Reform- Holiday is a term that comforts everyone “Banking Holiday is a term that comforts everyone “Banking Holiday”Holiday”

AAA and Wallace’s Farm bill-AAA and Wallace’s Farm bill- aimed to deal with depressed prices and aimed to deal with depressed prices and great surpluses.great surpluses.

NIRANIRA- Industrial recovery is key. Put people back to work. - Industrial recovery is key. Put people back to work. Hugh JohnsonHugh Johnson negotiates codes with major industries. negotiates codes with major industries. It was to raise purchasing power of labor and elevate labor standards.It was to raise purchasing power of labor and elevate labor standards. Sources of trouble were shortage of working capital and demand.Sources of trouble were shortage of working capital and demand. Important legacy is social and psychological rather than economic or political.Important legacy is social and psychological rather than economic or political. Social Security Act 1935- withstood court purging.Social Security Act 1935- withstood court purging.

Failures: Complex explanations:Failures: Complex explanations: ““Court Packing” incidentCourt Packing” incident Last Republican Redoubt- 1938Last Republican Redoubt- 1938 Too much control of NIRA codes was given to private business Too much control of NIRA codes was given to private business

rather than the government.rather than the government.

FDR Foreign Policy AnalysisFDR Foreign Policy Analysis Isolation due to American paradigm in 1930sIsolation due to American paradigm in 1930s FDR Foreign PolicyFDR Foreign Policy::

Panay Panay Incident- Incident- FDR and nation are upset, war is averted due to FDR and nation are upset, war is averted due to Japan’s willingness to apologize.Japan’s willingness to apologize.

WWIIWWII- “architect of victory” for the Allied Nations- “architect of victory” for the Allied Nations YaltaYalta- toward the end of his life, slightly criticized for giving too much - toward the end of his life, slightly criticized for giving too much

concession to Stalinconcession to Stalin Hiroshima and Nagasaki-Hiroshima and Nagasaki- Truman carries out FDR’s initiative: to Truman carries out FDR’s initiative: to

avoid a “conditional” surrender of Japan, and to show the world that avoid a “conditional” surrender of Japan, and to show the world that America will be the new superpower.America will be the new superpower.

FDR role as Chief Diplomat: FDR role as Chief Diplomat: He exemplified this traditional He exemplified this traditional conception.conception.

Criticisms: Criticisms: Neutrality during the 1930s, misjudgment in :Neutrality during the 1930s, misjudgment in : Nazi victories: 1938-1941Nazi victories: 1938-1941 Caution toward the genocide of European JewsCaution toward the genocide of European Jews American Wartime containment of Japanese-AmericansAmerican Wartime containment of Japanese-Americans

““Trust Busting” versus NIRATrust Busting” versus NIRA TR and FDR differed in their approach and intentions toward big-TR and FDR differed in their approach and intentions toward big-

business.business. While both personally despised big business men, each had a While both personally despised big business men, each had a

different approach for dealing with them:different approach for dealing with them: TR prosecutes Northern Securities and many other trustsTR prosecutes Northern Securities and many other trusts His goal is government regulation and consumer protection at the His goal is government regulation and consumer protection at the

expense of large private businessmen.expense of large private businessmen. FDR, in the wake of the Depression, seeks to revive big businessFDR, in the wake of the Depression, seeks to revive big business

NIRA NIRA He believes that involving private business in the grand economic He believes that involving private business in the grand economic

scheme is a major objective to restore the economy.scheme is a major objective to restore the economy.

TR perhaps sought to regulate too much private business; TR perhaps sought to regulate too much private business; however, FDR’s Hugh Johnson did not put enough regulation on however, FDR’s Hugh Johnson did not put enough regulation on NIRA codes and this was a primary cause of their failure.NIRA codes and this was a primary cause of their failure.

Imperialism versus IsolationismImperialism versus Isolationism The mood toward foreign affairs was much different in TR’s America than The mood toward foreign affairs was much different in TR’s America than

it was in FDR’s America.it was in FDR’s America.

TR in the wake of the Spanish American WarTR in the wake of the Spanish American War Writings of historians affected the mood of people who begin to believe in Writings of historians affected the mood of people who begin to believe in

American imperialism and a future superpowerAmerican imperialism and a future superpower Frederick Jackson Turner (frontier)Frederick Jackson Turner (frontier) Henry Adams and Brooks Adams( Anglo-superiority)Henry Adams and Brooks Adams( Anglo-superiority)

FDR in the wake of WWI, the corrupt 1920s, and the Stock Market FDR in the wake of WWI, the corrupt 1920s, and the Stock Market Crash.Crash.

National mood is centered on domestic recovery of the economyNational mood is centered on domestic recovery of the economy Americans sit idly and watch fascism spread over EuropeAmericans sit idly and watch fascism spread over Europe Until around 1938-1939, Americans and Congress will hear nothing of Until around 1938-1939, Americans and Congress will hear nothing of

international involvement.international involvement. Hitler takes Europe without firing a shotHitler takes Europe without firing a shot Many see his demands as justified (Unified German nation and “living space”Many see his demands as justified (Unified German nation and “living space”

FDR knows better, but is handcuffed by Congress and the public opinionFDR knows better, but is handcuffed by Congress and the public opinion

Unhealthy Adult versus Unhealthy Unhealthy Adult versus Unhealthy ChildChild

Each man’s character was strengthened by overcoming of Each man’s character was strengthened by overcoming of physical disability.physical disability.

TR’s frail, sickly youth led him to seek heroism in every TR’s frail, sickly youth led him to seek heroism in every encounterencounter

FDR paradoxically, was struck down by polio at the age of FDR paradoxically, was struck down by polio at the age of 39 and paralyzed.39 and paralyzed.

Strength of character led to a certain arrogance and yearn Strength of character led to a certain arrogance and yearn for power.for power.

TR became the model for masculinity with his “bully pulpit” TR became the model for masculinity with his “bully pulpit” and “big stick diplomacy”and “big stick diplomacy”

FDR led the nation through the Great Depression and World FDR led the nation through the Great Depression and World War II while being paralyzed from the waist down.War II while being paralyzed from the waist down.

Having become strong men, it was natural for both to Having become strong men, it was natural for both to become strong presidents and create a strong nation.become strong presidents and create a strong nation.

Creation of the Modern PresidencyCreation of the Modern Presidency

Long history of Leadership TheoryLong history of Leadership Theory PlatoPlato MachiavelliMachiavelli

Modern American Presidential Theory is made up of several Modern American Presidential Theory is made up of several components:components:

Imperial Presidency (Arthur Schlesinger)Imperial Presidency (Arthur Schlesinger) ““Especially in the twentieth century, the circumstances of an Especially in the twentieth century, the circumstances of an

increasingly perilous world as well as of an increasingly increasingly perilous world as well as of an increasingly interdependent economy and society seemed to compel a interdependent economy and society seemed to compel a larger concentration of authority in the presidency.”larger concentration of authority in the presidency.”

Rhetorical Presidency (Jeffrey Tulis)Rhetorical Presidency (Jeffrey Tulis) Tulis believes that beginning with Theodore Roosevelt, the use Tulis believes that beginning with Theodore Roosevelt, the use

of rhetoric has formed a crucial tool for modern presidents.of rhetoric has formed a crucial tool for modern presidents. Post-Modern Presidency (Richard Rose)Post-Modern Presidency (Richard Rose)

The modern presidency was created by TR and FDR as an The modern presidency was created by TR and FDR as an “active” president. However, the post-modern president is an “active” president. However, the post-modern president is an active president who can no longer dominate the international active president who can no longer dominate the international system. Other nations can now affect the White House.system. Other nations can now affect the White House.

TR and the Modern PresidencyTR and the Modern Presidency Right Place and Right TimeRight Place and Right Time

Period of Congressional Supremacy ending.Period of Congressional Supremacy ending. The worldwide rise of New Imperialism led to a need for a The worldwide rise of New Imperialism led to a need for a

powerful leader, capable of responding to a increasingly powerful leader, capable of responding to a increasingly perilous world.perilous world.

Presidential pre-occupation with foreign affairs (George W. Presidential pre-occupation with foreign affairs (George W. Bush), during times of international instability.Bush), during times of international instability.

Domestically, TR expanded the Federal Branch and created Domestically, TR expanded the Federal Branch and created legislation to organize the new institution.legislation to organize the new institution.

““Bully pulpit”- used the presidency to achieve his agenda Bully pulpit”- used the presidency to achieve his agenda and ensured that he expanded the presidency so that it and ensured that he expanded the presidency so that it was capable for other presidents to do the same.was capable for other presidents to do the same.

Demanded that the president be responsible to the people, Demanded that the president be responsible to the people, in the tradition of Andrew Jackson and Abraham Lincoln.in the tradition of Andrew Jackson and Abraham Lincoln.

FDR and the Modern PresidencyFDR and the Modern Presidency

Founder of the Modern American PresidencyFounder of the Modern American Presidency Wilsonian Model of party leader, and united the Democratic Wilsonian Model of party leader, and united the Democratic

Party.Party. New coalition of people who had been traditionally ignored.New coalition of people who had been traditionally ignored.

Introduced Pluralism in government.Introduced Pluralism in government. Demanding times called for pragmatism and not rigidity.Demanding times called for pragmatism and not rigidity.

Leadership became facilitative rather than directive.Leadership became facilitative rather than directive. Press Conference and “Fireside chats”Press Conference and “Fireside chats”

People felt as if they knew him personally.People felt as if they knew him personally. Followed TR as “transcendent national leader”Followed TR as “transcendent national leader” Increased the Executive branch more than any other Increased the Executive branch more than any other

presidentpresident President should use the Federal government to directly help President should use the Federal government to directly help

people’s lives.people’s lives. President as the wartime leader.President as the wartime leader.

Roosevelt Presidents Created An Roosevelt Presidents Created An American SuperpowerAmerican Superpower

During TR’s presidency, a young industrial American nation During TR’s presidency, a young industrial American nation flexed its muscles around the world.flexed its muscles around the world.

TR and FDR contrasted many of the traditional roles of the TR and FDR contrasted many of the traditional roles of the modern president, but shared one theme in common:modern president, but shared one theme in common: Expansive use of office and liberal use of power Expansive use of office and liberal use of power

U.S. emerges from WWII as the greatest superpower in the U.S. emerges from WWII as the greatest superpower in the world.world.

Both national leaders sought to create a balance of power Both national leaders sought to create a balance of power among the leading nations of the world.among the leading nations of the world.

Both presidents created the modern idea that the United Both presidents created the modern idea that the United States had to play a pivotal role in world affairs.States had to play a pivotal role in world affairs.

““Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency strengthened the office Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency strengthened the office and the nation, and it was this that enabled Franklin D. and the nation, and it was this that enabled Franklin D. Roosevelt to convert an economic and industrial Roosevelt to convert an economic and industrial superpower into a political and military one also.”-Al superpower into a political and military one also.”-Al

ConclusionConclusion ““Fortune favors the bold.”- VirgilFortune favors the bold.”- Virgil

““It is not the critic who counts . . .the credit belongs to the man who is It is not the critic who counts . . .the credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena . . .who at the best knows, in the end, the triumph of actually in the arena . . .who at the best knows, in the end, the triumph of high achievement, and who, at the worst, if he fails, atleast he fails while high achievement, and who, at the worst, if he fails, atleast he fails while daring greatly so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls daring greatly so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who know neither victory nor defeat.”- Theodore Rooseveltwho know neither victory nor defeat.”- Theodore Roosevelt

“ “. . .the only thing we have to fear, is fear itself.”- Franklin Delano Roosevelt.. . .the only thing we have to fear, is fear itself.”- Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

TR and FDR were men who did not fear change, and a leader who expanded TR and FDR were men who did not fear change, and a leader who expanded the political power of the presidency, and the international bargaining power the political power of the presidency, and the international bargaining power of the United States. of the United States.

They did so operating within many similar themes, but contrasted their use of They did so operating within many similar themes, but contrasted their use of the traditional roles of the president. Though certain of their methods and the traditional roles of the president. Though certain of their methods and roles may be different, their goals were similar:roles may be different, their goals were similar:

Achieve personal political powerAchieve personal political power Expand the role of the Presidency and Federal GovernmentExpand the role of the Presidency and Federal Government Create an International superpower.Create an International superpower.

THE ENDTHE END