The 1995 IChemE Research Event —

First European Conference for YoungResearchers in Chemical Engineering

A two-day symposium held at the University of Edinburgh, 5-6 January 1995.

Organising Committee

D.H. Glass (Chairman) University of EdinburghR.W.K. Allen AEA Harwell

J.W. Ponton University of EdinburghE.A. Foumeny University of Leeds

P.A. Shamlou University College London

IChemE would like to thank the conveners of the 1995 event for their hard work in putting together the

technical programme.

Copyright © 1995 Institution of Chemical EngineersA Registered Charity

ISBN 0 85295 359 3

Published by:Institution of Chemical Engineers165-189 Railway Terrace r\CRUGBY TO^1Warwickshire

CV21 3HQ, UK

Printed In the UK by Chameleon Press Ltd, 5-25 Burr Road, Wandsworth, London SW18 4SG

UB/TIB Hannover 89

Contents — Volume 2

Solid and fluid processing

204. A comparison of time-resolved, angle-resolved and ensemble-averaged LDA

measurements in stirred reactors.

K.C. Lee, K. Rutherford and M. Yianneskis (Kings College London, UK) 617

205. A correlation of foaming behaviour with surface properties.H. Grunnet-Jepsen, R.C. Darton and P.B. Whalley (University of Oxford, UK) 620

206. A fundamental study of the heating effect of 2.45 GHz microwave radiationon minerals.

P.C. Harrison and N.A. Rowson (University ofBirmingham, UK) 623

207. Activated carbon in a continuous multi-staged fluidized bed pilot plantwith downcomers.

A. Marcilla, I. Martin-Gullon, R. Font and M. Asensio (University ofAlicante, Spain) 626

208. An experimental study of convective mass transfer from a rotating horizontalcircular cylinder exposed to a slot air jet flow of air.T. Pekdemir and T.W. Davies (University of Exeter, UK) 629

209. Bifurcation of incompressible flow in a cascade of plane symmetric channel

expansions.E.A. Foumeny, D.B. Ingham and A.J. Walker (University ofLeeds, UK) 632

210. Boundary element modelling of property improvement in short fiber composites.T.D. Papathanasiou (Imperial College London, UK) and M.S. Ingber(University of New Mexico, USA) 635

211. Bubble interactions in gas discharge from two orifices submerged in a fluidized bed.

J.G. Yates, K-T. Wu and D.J. Cheesman (University College London, UK) 638

212. Bubble to slug flow pattern transition in gas-liquid vertical flow.

H. Cheng, J.H. Hills and BJ. Azzopardi (University of Nottingham, UK) 641

213. Characteristics of the processing vortex core, and a method of prevention.PA Yazdabadi, A.J. Griffiths and N. Syred (University of Wales, UK) 644

214. Circulation time studies using a flow follower technique.R. Schmitz, C.R. Thomas and CM. McFarlane (University of Birmingham, UK) 647

215. Coalescence rates of sunflower oil/water dispersions containing polyethylene particles.R. Franklin and I.P.T. Moore (University of Birmingham, UK) 650

216. Co-axial jet mixers: aspects of turbulence.

N. Dombrowski, E.A. Foumeny and S.O. Holiday (University ofLeeds, UK) 653

217. Compact two phase heat exchangers.A.J. Holt, B.J. Azzopardi and M.W. Biddulph (Nottingham University, UK) 656

218. Computational modelling of the mixing characteristics in stirred tanks.

E.A. Foumeny and K.S. Sandhu (University of Leeds, UK) 659

219. Cutting of ceramic pastes.S. Blackburn and H. Bohm (University of Birmingham, UK) 662

XVII

220. Determining the charge of a fibre from an electrically active filter material.

D.C. Walsh, J.I.T. Stenhouse, G.D. Campbell and R.D. Wickins

(Loughborough University of Technology, UK) 668

221. Determining the effect of boiler conditions on particle flow patterns in a top-feed

shell boiler.

D.A. Cowburn, J.L. Stroud, A.R. Butt and G.J. Cox (CRE, UK) 668

222. Development and characterisation of a new impeller.

N.G. Ozcan-Taskin, R.B. Badham, K.N. Dyster, Z. Jaworski, I.P.T. Moore,

A.W. Nienow, M. Wyszynsnkir (University ofBirmingham, UK) and

J. McKemmie (A VP Baker Ltd, UK) 671

223. Development of a prototype aerosol generator.

S. Zhou, E.S. Garbett and R.F. Boucher (University of Sheffield, UK) 674

224. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis: a method for assessing the thermoformability

of plastic sheeting.N. Macauley, E. Harkin-Jones and W.R. Murphy (Queen's University of Belfast, UK) 677

225. Dynamic stress-strain behaviour of cohesive particulate materials subject

to vibration.

D. McGlinchey, A.J. Matchett and J.M. Coulthard (University of Teesside, UK) 680

226. Fibre cartridges: an account on filtration mechanisms.

A.M. Elia (Politecnico di Torino, Italy) 683

227. Flow field measurements around bluff bodies and artificial heart valves

in pulsatile flows.

A.K. Hind and J.R.E. Christy (University of Edinburgh, UK)

228. Flow regimes in gas-liquid reactors stirred with dual Rushton turbines.

F. Chiampo and R. Marotto (Politecnico di Torino, Italy) 689

229. Fluidized bed granulation of catalyst powder.R. Hellbauer and J.R. Walls (University of Bradford, UK) 692

230. Flux rate and deposit thickness during crossflow filtration of non-Newtonian

suspensions.R.G. Holdich, I.W. Cumming and B. Ismail (University of Loughborough, UK) 695

231. Hydrodynamic behaviour of stirred reactors with a hydrofoil and Rushton

impeller combination.

K. Rutherford and M. Yianneskis (Kings College London, UK) 698

232. Improved prediction of frictional pressure drop for two-phase flow in pipelines.C. Tribbe, H. Muller-Steinhagan (University of Surrey, UK) and

M. Jamialahmadi (University of Petroleum Industry, Iran) 701

233. Improved solid-liquid separation by application of radio frequency heatingto vacuum filtration.

P. Erskine (EA Technology Ltd, UK) 704

234. Influence of bed structure on mass dispersion characteristics of fixed beds.L. Bailey, E.A. Foumeny and A. Kulkarni (University of Leeds, UK) 707

235. Investigations into the performance of an independently driven dual impeller

proto-fermenter: mixing times.A.H. John, W. Bujalski and A.W. Nienow (University of Birmingham, UK) 710

236. Investigations into the viscoelastic behaviour of a model chocolate paste.A. McGinness, S. Blackburn (University of Birmingham, UK) andS.T. Beckett (Yorkreco, UK) 713

xviii

237. Liquid distribution and mass transfer on a 2.4 m diameter distillation tray.K.S. Fenwick and K.E. Porter (Aston University, UK) 716

238. Mass transfer investigation at the rotating helical and non-helical

platinium electrodes.I. Ceyhun, H. Sarac and S. Colak (Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey) 719

239. Mathematical modelling for push-pull ventilation.

M. Robinson and D.B. Ingham (University ofLeeds, UK) 722

240. Measurement of drop size distribution in concentrated liquid-liquid dispersions:video and capillary techniques.A.W. Pacek and A.W. Nienow (University of Birmingham, UK) 725

241. Measurement of fluidization dynamics in a fluidized bed using capacitance

tomography.S.J. Wang, T. Dyakowski (UM1ST, UK) and R.A. Williams

(Camborne School ofMines, UK) 728

242. Measurement of local solids flux in high temperature gas-particle suspensions.X.S, Wang, B.M. Gibbs (University ofLeeds, UK) and

M .J. Rhodes (University of Bradford, UK) 731

243. Measurement of velocity profiles for oscillatory flow in a baffled tube

using particle image velocimetry.X. Ni, S. Liu (University of Strathclyde, UK) and C.A. Greated

(University of Edinburgh, UK) 734

244. Mixing of masterbatch formulations into polymer melts.

H. Benkreira (University of Bradford, UK) 737

245. Modelling and simulation of the rotating disc contactor.

J.S. Ghalehchian, J.A. Grant, J. Talib and M.J. Slater (University ofBradford, UK) 739

246. Modelling transport and reaction in porous solids.

S.M. Loftier, S.P. Rigby and L.F. Gladden (University ofCambridge, UK) 742

247. Monitoring fouling in crude oil heaters.

A. Durrant, T.R. Bott (University ofBirmingham, UK) and

J. Campbell (Petrolite Ltd, UK) 745

248. Multiphase pressure-change phenomena as observed across a variable-angle

bifurcating horizontal pipe junction.W.J. McBride, G.F. Donnelly and P.L. Spedding (Queen's University of Belfast, UK) 748

249. Non-invasive liquid foam structure analysis.P.D. Thomas, R.C. Darton and P.B. Whalley (University of Oxford, UK) 751

250. Numerical simulation of a heated cylinder in crossflow.

E.A. Foumeny and N. Saghatoleslami (University of Leeds, UK) 754

251. Oil-water flows in horizontal tubes.

A.P.A. Kurban, M.A. Mendes-Tatsis and G.F. Hewitt (Imperial College London, UK) 757

252. Papermaking: influence of stock characteristics on electrokinetic properties.

M.A. Blanco, J.I. Mateo and C. Negro (Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain) 760

253. Partially reaction-bonded alumina components fabricated by injection moulding.R.J. Huzzard and S, Blackburn (University of Birmingham, UK) 763

254. Particle mixing dynamics.T. Taylor (Unilever Research & Engineering, UK) and F.P. Torkan

(Ryerson Polytechnic University, Canada) 766

XIX

255. Particle mobility in bubbling fluidized beds and its consequences for prediction ofheat transfer.

S. Dietz (University of Erlangen, Germany) 769

256. Penetrative convection in a porous media with hot and cold spots.R. Bradean, D.B. Ingham (University of Leeds, UK), P.J. Heggs (UMIST, UK) and1. Pop (University of Cluj, Romania) 772

257. Performance indicators of particulate systems: effects of size variation.

E.A. Foumeny and P.M. Summers (University of Leeds, UK) 775

258. PIV studies of elutriation from gas-fluidised beds.S.J.L. Rix, D.H. Glass and C.A. Greated (University of Edinburgh, UK) 778

259. Predicting crystallization during the filling of cold cavities withfast-crystallizing polymers.T.D. Papathanasiou (Imperial College London, UK) 781

260. Prediction and validation of flow over a bluff body.N. Dombrowski, E.A. Foumeny, D.B. Ingham, J.H. Huang andM. Pourmahabadian (University ofLeeds, UK) 784

261. Prediction of the flow behaviour of a non-Newtonian model food usingcomputational fluid dynamics.G. M. Scott (Campden Food and Drink Research Association, UK) 787

262. Pressure drop characterisation of carbon in packed beds.A.J. Bryant, E.L.G. Ewen, N.D. Philips, K.C. Yau (University of Bradford, UK)and P.J. Heggs (UMIST, UK) 790

263. Randomly packed towers: statistical description of their structure.E.A. Foumeny, L. Bailey and S. Afandizadeh-Zargari (University ofLeeds, UK) 793

264. Removal of fine particles in a turbulent flow contactor.M. Zafar and D. Handley (University ofLeeds, UK) 796

265. Residence time distribution of a co-current spray dryer undergoing drying.R .A. Stafford (University of Edinburgh, UK) 799

266. Residence-time distribution of a mixed flow spray dryer undergoing evaporation.L.K. Everest (Napier University, UK) and R.A. Stafford (University ofEdinburgh, UK) 802

267. Scale-up in multiple impeller stirred reactors for gas-liquid systems.F. Chiampo and S. Ferrero (Politecnico di Torino, Italy) 805

268. Simulation of the flow in a circular sedimentation tank.T. Matko, T. Sharp (British Hydromechanics Research Group, Cranfield, UK)and T. Stephenson (Cranfield University, UK) 808

269. Single drop breakage and mass transfer in a Kuhni column.J.C. Godfrey, A. Mian, R. Patel and M.J. Slater (University of Bradford, UK) 811

270. Sintering of glass-ceramic matrix composites: an approach to theprocess optimisation.M. Montorsi, M. Ferraris, E. Verne and P. Lemoine (Politecnico di Torino, Italy) 814

271. Spray-dried particles: the variation of morphology with drying conditions.D.E. Waiton and C.J. Mumford (Aston University, UK) 817

272. Stable settling lengths for the measurement of two phase air and water flowparameters.G.F. Donnelly, W.J. McBride and P.L. Spedding (Queen's University of Belfast, UK) 820

xx

273. Study of adsorbed addictive-mediated thin oil films using X-rayabsorption spectroscopy.E.S. Ferrari, K.J. Roberts (University ofStrathclyde, UK) andD. Adams (Paramins Exxon Chemicals Ltd, UK) 823

274. Study of the effect of plasticizer type on PVC plastisols by ATR-FTIR.

M. Beltran, A. Marcilla, J.C. Garcia and D. Mang (University ofAlicante, Spain) 826

275. The application of a compartment model to a vessel stirred with eitherdual radialor duel axial flow impellers.N. Otomo, W. Bujalski and A.W. Nienow (University ofBirmingham, UK) 829

276. The distribution of fuel vapour in a full-cone spray.J.M. Maclnnes (University of Sheffield, UK) 832

277. The effect of inlet design on the horizontal pipeline flow of two immiscible liquids.E. Kocianova, I.P.T. Moore (University of Birmingham, UK) and

K. Carpenter (Zeneca Ltd, UK) 835

278. The effect of macro particle inclusions on the deagglomeration of

particulate pastes.R.D. Wildman, S. Blackburn (University of Birmingham, UK), M. Gee and

R. Morrell (National Physical Laboratory, UK) 838

279. The effect of particle anisotropy on suspension tomography by electrical

conductivity.R.G. Holdich and G. Butt (University of Technology, Loughborough, UK) 841

280. The effect of phase compositions and volume ratios on the settling time for

two aqueous-phase dispersions.H. Al-Anzi and I.P.T. Moore (University of Birmingham, UK) 844

281. The effect of pressure on flow pattern transition and pressure gradient on

two-phase horizontal slug flow.

I.G. Manolis, M.A. Mendes-Tatsis and G.F. Hewitt (Imperial College London, UK) 847

282. The effect of thermal pretreatment on the grindability and surface area of twoilmenite concentrates.

R.M. Kelly and N.A. Rowson (University ofBirmingham, UK) 850

283. The effects of size of bubble and particle for separating the mixed plastics

by flotation.

M.W. Biddulph and P.S. Chow (University ofNottingham, UK) 853

284. The elastic and cohesive properties of packed beds of particulate material subjectto vibration.

S.J. Alsop, A.J. Matchett and J.M. Coulthard (University of Teesside, UK) 856

285. The influence of plate-like particles on the rheology and mechanical properties

of particulate pastes.N. El-Bakhbakhi and S. Blackburn (University of Birmingham, UK) 859

286. The influence of the gas relative humidity on the mixing and segregation in

gas-solid fluidised beds.G.P. Hartholt, A.C. Hoffmann and L.P.B.M. Janssen

(University of Groningen, Netherlands) 862

287. The loading of an electrically active filter material: 2D modelling and

experimental results.D.C. Walsh and J.IT. Stenhouse (Loughborough University of Technology, UK) 865

xxi

The mixing of liquids with a large viscosity difference in constricted pipe flow.

A.J. Moreira da Silva and CD. Rielly (University of Cambridge, UK) 868

The role of unsteady flow structures on particle distribution in two-phase flows

around cylinders.A.E. Bayly and CD. Rielly (University of Cambridge, UK) 871

Thermally assisted comminution.

J. Pocock and T.J. Veasey (University of Birmingham, UK) 874

Two phase flow pattern similarity in the horizontal configuration.G.F. Donnelly, W.J. McBride and P.L. Spedding (Queen's University ofBelfast, UK) 877

Two phase flow regime maps.G.S. Woods and P.L. Spedding (Queen's University ofBelfast, UK) 880

Understanding filter cake formation through electrical impedance measurements.

E.S. Tarleton, R.G. Holdich and S.A. Willmer (Loughborough University of

Technology, UK) 883

Variation of temperature gradient according to material width in convective drying.A.A. Almubarak and C.J. Mumford (Aston University, UK) 886

Yield stress measurement for starch-based foods using constant rate vane rheometry.G.S. Tucker (Campden Food and Drink Research Association, UK) and

P.R. Williams (University College of Swansea, UK) 889

xxii

Biotechnology, bioprocessfng and food processing296. A comparison between the renaturation yield of denatured native and recombinant

lysozyme.B. Batas, A. Guise and J.B. Chaudhuri (University of Bath, UK) 893

297. A comparison of two electrophoretic methods for analysing recombinant proteinglycoforms.M.A. Goldman, A.P. Ison (University College London, UK), AT. Bull, D.C. James

and N. Jenkins (University of Kent, UK) 896

298. A microfiltration based system for the recovery of periplasmic proteins from

Escherichia coli.

E.J. Fischer, J.A. Levesley, M. Hoare (University College London, UK)and W. Kofod Nielsen (AVP Pasilac, Denmark) 899

299. A novel membrane bioreactor for continuous biotransformations.

A.T. Boam, D.J. Leak, A.G. Livingston and D.C Stuckey (Imperial College London, UK) 902

300. A polymerase chain reaction method for the selective measurement of geneticallymodified micro-organisms released from bioprocesses.M. Noble, L.E. Ferris, M.K. Turner and E. Keshavarez-Moore

(University College London, UK) 905

301. A study of the use of fractionation diagrams to describe the performance of complete

bioprocess sequences.A.C. Bird and N.J. Titchener-Hooker (University College London, UK) 908

302. Acid dye bio-sorption on activated carbon.

G. Walker, L.R. Weatherley and B. Al-Duri (Queen's University ofBelfast, UK) 911

303. Affinity separations using perfluorocarbon emulsions.

R.O. Owen, G.E. McCreath and H.A. Chase (University of Cambridge, UK) 914

304. Agitation resistance of Chinese hamster ovary cells.

A. OToole, P. Meleady and M. Clynes (Dublin City University, Ireland) 917

305. Air drying of potato cylinders by convective heating.W.A.M. McMinn and T.R.A. Magee (Queen's University of Belfast, UK) 920

306. Anaerobic digestion of the municipal solid waste of Pakistan.

S. Aftab and D.J. Martin (University of Nottingham, UK) 923

307. Analysis of variability in bioprocess laboratory assays.N.F. Thornhill, M. Bulmer, K.M. Stone, F.W. Roche (University College London, UK)and M. Dehghani (Imperial College London, UK) 926

308. Application of aqueous two phase partition for the large scale processing of tissue

homogenates.

CJ. Dale, S.G. Walker, C. Percy and A. Lyddiatt (University of Birmingham, UK) 929

309. Application of aqueous two-phase systems to the enzymatic synthesisof oligosaccharides by the 'reversed' activity of glycosidases.S. Baria, T. Keshavarz and C Bucke (University of Westminster, UK) 932

310. Assessment of the wear degradation of total hip joint replacement materials.

W.J. McBride, W.J. Keag, G.F. Donnelly, G.M. McNally, P.L. Spedding,

J. Grimshaw, J.T. Grimshaw (Queen's University of Belfast, UK), J.M. Duffy and

R.A.B. Mollan (Musgrave Park Hospital, Belfast, UK) 935

311. Bioprocess intensification using zonal centrifugation.S.J. Setford and P.E. Barker (Aston University, UK) 938

xxiii

312. Biotreatment of chicken egg-shell waste.M.G. Healy, C Devine, A. Healy (Queen's University of Belfast, UK) and

S.E. Solomon (University of Glasgow, UK) 941

313. Comparison of commercial and custom-assembled solid phases for proteinadsorption in liquid fluidised beds.G.R. Gilchrist and A. Lyddiatt (University ofBirmingham, UK) 944

314. Denaturation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the extractive fermentation system

yeast/ethanol/ water/ tri-njxityl phosphate.C McCarthy and L.R. Weatherley (Queen's University Belfast, UK) 947

315. Determination of milk clot deposition rates ultrasonic imaging.J.R.E. Christy and K.W. Marosek (University of Edinburgh, UK) 950

316. Direct steam injection for continuous sterilisation of biological media:an investigation of flow regimes and heat transfer.M.A. Couch, D.L. Pyle, K. Niranjan, J. Varley and R. Patel (University of Reading, UK) 953

317. Dynamic modelling of immobilised viable cell systems.F. Heinzelmann and G.A. Dervakos (UMIST, UK) 956

318. Dynamic simulation of wastewater treatment plants.J. Vaxelaire, N. Roche, M.N. Pons, L. Pereira, O. Potier and

C Prost (CNRS-ENSIC-INPL, France) 959

319. Effect of agitation conditions on the morphology of Penicillium chrysogenum.P. Justen, G.C. Paul, A.W. Nienow and CR. Thomas (University of Birmingham, UK) 962

320. Effect of air temperature combined with microwave power on the drying kineticsof potato slices.

M.A.M. Khraisheh, T.R.A. Magee and T.J.R. Cooper (Queen's University ofBelfast, UK) 965

321. Effect of cell concentration on the rheology of glucoamylase fermentation broth.R. Wang and C Webb (UMIST, UK) 968

322. Effect of dilution rate on tol plasmid stability in Pseudomonas putida inchemostat culture.

M. Karbasi, G. Saunders and T. Keshavarz (University of Westminster, UK) 971

323. Effect of fermentation medium on the morphology of Penicillium chrysogenumin submerged fermentation.G.C. Paul and CR. Thomas (University of Birmingham, UK) 974

324. Effect of micro-mixing on fermentation performance.S. Adams and V.F. Larsen (University of Strathclyde, UK) 977

325. Effect of spore inoculum concentration on the morphology of

Streptomyces clavuligerus.K.R. Paul, G.C. Paul and CR. Thomas (University of Birmingham, UK) 980

326. Effect of viscosity on gas holdup and liquid circulation rate in airlift devices.J. Rajarajan, O. Djezvedjian and P.A. Shamlou (University College London, UK) 983

327. Effects of growth medium salt concentration upon the spore germination and

colony growth characteristics of Aspergillus nidulans.P.W. Cox, CR. Thomas (University ofBirmingham, UK), N.J.W. Clipsonand P. Hooley (University of Wolverhampton, UK) 986

328. Enzyme hydrolysis in a magnetically stabilised fluidised bed reactor (MSFBR).G. Moffat, R.A. Williams, C. Webb (UMIST, UK) and R. Stirling(EA Technology, UK) 989

xxiv

329. Enzyme thermal deactivation with non-first order kinetics.G. Toscano and G. Greco (Universita degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy) 992

330. Expression and recovery of recombinant periplasmically secreted amylase derivedfrom Streptomyces thermoviolaceus.H. Brannon, J.J. Pierce, P. Dunnill and E. Keshavarez-Moore

(University College London, UK) 995

331. Extractive fermentation and the spinning cone column: preliminary studies.A.J. Wright and D.L. Pyle (University of Reading, UK) 998

332. Fluidized bed adsorbants with potential for extractive biotransformation.M. Burns and A. Lyddiatt (University ofBirmingham, UK) 1001

333. Fluoresence microscopy imaging of multiple redox modified horseradish peroxidase.K.A. Caridis and A.E.G. Cass (Imperial College London, UK) 1004

334. Glucose production in a magnetically stabilised fluidised bed with immobilised

glucoamylase.H. Kang, C Webb and R.A. Williams (UMIST, UK) 1007

335. High performance agarose-based size exclusion media as multi-functional

chromatographic supports.C.J. Dale, S.G. Walker and A. Lyddiatt (University of Birmingham, UK) 1010

336. Immobilization of p-galactosidase from Kluyveromices fragilis:a comparison of different methods.J. Herrero, M. Ladero, A. Santos and F. Garcia-Ochoa

(Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain) 1013

337. Improved arsenic and iron bacterial leach rates from arsenic-rich

sulphide concentrates.

N.P.E. Tidy and F.D. Pooley (University of Wales College of Cardiff, UK) 1016

338. Influence of process parameters on water sorption of dried potato spheres.CP. McLaughlin and T.R. Magee (Queen's University of Belfast, UK) 1019

339. Influence of the non-Newtonian viscosity of blood on pulsatile flow.

N. Dombrowski, E.A. Foumeny and A. Riza (University of Leeds, UK) 1022

340. Interactions between surface material and finish and biofouling and

cleanability of fermentation equipment.S.I. Fletcher and R. Millar (National Engineering Laboratory, East Kilbride, UK) 1025

341. Kinetics of continuous oxidation of ferrous sulphate in a packed-bed bioreactor.M. Nemati and C. Webb (UMIST, UK) 1028

342. Lignin degradation of bovine livestock wastes fermented by white-rot fungi.B. Lopez Perez, E. Guardiola, L. Naval and D. Gonzalez Hinojo(Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain) 1031

343. Linear optimization in metabolic pathway networks: stoichiometric limits for

L-lysine production.J. Palimetakis, A. Boppert and G.A. Dervakos (UMIST, UK) 1034

344. Lipase catalysed hydrolysis of beef tallow in a packed-bed reactor.S.E. McNerlan, P.M. Bailie, W.R. Murphy (Queen's University of Belfast, UK)and E. Robinson (QDM Laboratories, Belfast) 1037

345. Microbial extraction of chitin from prawn shell waste: screening of

proteolytic microorganisms.R.O. Bustos and M.G. Healy (Queen's University of Belfast, UK) 1040

xxv

346. Minimization of excess biomass production in an extractive membrane bioreactor.

L.F. Strachan, D.J. Leak and A.G. Livingston (Imperial College London, UK) 1043

347. Mixed integer non-linear programming in metabolic pathway engineering.

J.P. Dean and G.A. Dervakos (UMIST, UK) 1046

348. Modelling for control of poorly-mixed bioreactors.

N.H. Abraham, CA. Kent and S.M. Satti (University of Birmingham, UK) 1049

349. Modelling issues in on-line monitoring and optimisation of bioprocesses.

L. Chen, CA. Kent, J.P. Norton, T.D. Alves (University of Birmingham, UK)

and M ,T. Tham (University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) 1052

350. Modelling of pollutant removal efficiency in an extractive membrane bioreactor.

P. Pavasant, L.M. Freitas dos Santos, E.N. Pistikopoulous and

A.G. Livingston (Imperial College London, UK) 1055

351. Molecular genetics as a tool to study the physiology of Penicillium chrysogenum

grown in fermenters.

Y.W. Chu, T. Keshavarz, T. Vichitsoonthonkul (University of Westminster, UK),

D. Renno and G. Saunders (Xenova Ltd, UK) 1058

352. Morphological characteristics of the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus vat marxianus

NRRLy24l5 immobilised in calcium alginate gel beads.

D.G. O'Shea and P.K. Walsh (Dublin City University, Ireland) 1061

353. NMR pulsed field gradient studies of food processing.

A.G.F. Stapley, J.A. Sousa GonCalves, L.F. Gladden and P.J. Fryer

(University of Cambridge, UK) 1064

354. Oleuropein hydrolysis by immobilized ji-glucosidase.M. Maremonti, G. Greco, L. Gianfreda and R. Capasso

(University degli studi di Napoli, Federico II, Naples, Italy) 1067

355. On the equilibrium sorption of amino acids by a cation exchange resin.S. Melis, J. Markos, G. Cao (Universita di Cagliari, Italy) and

M. Morbidelli (Politecnico di Milano, Italy) 1070

356. Optimisation of a synthetic medium for Candida bombicola growth.S. Garcia, J.A. Casas and F. Garcia-Ochoa (Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain) 1073

357. Optimisation of wheat-based fermentations.

C.S. Hunter, V.F. Larsen, C.J. Schaschke (University of Strathclyde, UK)and A.J. Murray (William Grant & Sons Distillers Ltd, Girvan, UK) 1076

358. Optimisation of whey protein removal from microfiltration membranes.

M. Bartlett, M. Bird and J. Howell (University of Bath, UK) 1079

359. Phaffia rhodozyma as a source of the red pigment astaxanthin for farmed salmon.

D. Harvey and V.F. Larsen (University of Strathclyde, UK) 1082

360. Physical aspects of biochemical reaction and separation in batch

chromatographic columns.CM. West, P.E. Barker, E.L, Smith and M.T.Shieh (Aston University. UK) 1085

361. Preliminary modelling of animal cell disruption in a closed stirred tank.M. Al-Rubeai, Z. Zhang and CR, Thomas (University of Birmingham, UK) 1088

362. Process equipment standardisation for the quantification of microbial release.T. Stanislaus and E. Keshavarz-Moore (University College London, UK) 1091

XXVI

363. Radio frequency pasteurisation of ready meals — a new process for the food industryto improve product quality and reduce process times.P. Erskine (EA Technology Ltd, UK) 1094

364. Rapid fermentation monitoring with an optical biosensor.A. Gill, J. Harrison, M. Hoare (University College London, UK) and P.A. Lowe(Fisons Applied Sensor Technology, Cambridge, UK) 1097

365. Recovery of proteins using colloidal gas aphrons (CGA-5).P. Jauregi and J. Varley (Reading University, UK) 1100

366. Reduction of Acetobacter aceti viability by oxygen deficiency in acetic fermentationprocess.

M.M. Mesa, I. Caro and D. Cantero (University of Cadiz, Spain) 1103

367. Relationship between mammalian cell physiology and mechanical properties.J.P. Welsh, Z. Zhang, M. Al-Rubeai and CR. Thomas (University of Birmingham, UK) 1106

368. Scale-down for the rapid scale-up of fermentations.

S.U. Khan, P. Mohan, A.P. Ison and E. Keshavarz-Moore (University College London, UK) 1109

369. Selective production of chemicals by biomass fast pyrolysis using two differentreactors.

G.V.C. Peacocke, R.A. Hague and A.V. Bridgwater (Aston University, UK) 1112

370. Solids mixing in two phase fluidised bed bioreactors.K. Copeland and V.F. Larsen (University of Strathclyde, UK) 1115

371. Solubilisation of denatured lysozyme using reverse micelles: use of mixed

surfactant systems.S. Mall, J.B. Chaudhuri (University of Bath, UK) and J.E. Fritton

(Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, UK) 1118

372. Solvent design for extractive biotransformations.C.G. Karakatsoulis, G.A. Dervakos and D.M.T. Newsham (UMIST, UK) 1121

373. Strategies for the improved recovery and purification of virus-like particles from yeastcell homogenate.S. Tsoka, 0. Ciniawskyj, M. Hoare, N. Titchener-Hooker (University College London, UK),C Lewis (British Biotechnology Ltd, Oxford, UK) and J. Brookman (UMIST, UK) 1124

374. Studies into the identification of the fouling mechanism in the crossflow filtration of

yeast fermentation broths.

R.C. Lake and D.B.F. Faraday (University of Surrey, UK) 1127

375. Studies on ribonuclease-a activity during reverse micellar extraction.

G. Spirovska and J.B. Chaudhuri (University of Bath, UK) 1130

376. Study of the concentration polarization layer in ultrafiltration using a microscopic

holographic interferometry technique.M.J. Fernandez Torres, J. Fernandez Sempere and F. Ruiz Bevia

(University ofAlicante, Spain) 1133

377. The binding of the serum protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) onto laboratory and

commercial prepared chitosans in a series of batch chromatography systems.T. Myers, M.G. Healy and W. R. Murphy (Queen's University of Belfast, UK) 1136

378. The effect of biomass concentration on interfacial tension in a whole-broth

liquid-liquid extraction system.D. Hamilton and L.R. Weatherley (Queen's University of Belfast, UK) 1139

XXVII

379. The effect of sugar as a limiting substrate on the growth of Candida utilis.

M.N. Ahmad and CR. Holland (Queen's University ofBelfast, UK) 1142

380. The filtration characteristics of proteins in conventional and sparged

crossflow ultrafiltration.

K.I.T. Wright, Z.F. Cui (University of Edinburgh, UK; and D. Pepper

(Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, UK) 1145

381. The flow behaviour of solid-liquid food mixtures in vertical flow.

C Lareo, P.J. Fryer (University of Cambridge, UK) and CA. Branch

(University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK) 1148

382. The impact of cell disruption upon integrated processes of protein recovery from

yeast.M. Rito-Palomares, J.G. Huddlestone and A. Lyddiatt

(University of Birmingham, UK) 1151

383. The influence of processing on the rheological properties of fresh acid-curd cheese.

C.A.F. Dupont and P.J. Fryer (University of Cambridge, UK) 1154

384. The kinetics of starch removal from hard surfaces using chemical cleaning agents.R.A. Din and M.R. Bird (University of Bath, UK) 1157

385. The optimisation of biochemical processes involving protein refolding with competing

proteolysis.A.P.J. Middelberg, N. Kotlarski and B.K. O'Neill (University of Adelaide, Australia) 1160

386. The optimisation of biofilm coated activated carbon for metal adsorption.D.L. Rowe and J. Ashley Scott (University of Bath, UK) 1163

387. The use of stainless steel mesh as a solid support for microbial immobilization in a

three phase bioreactor.

S.D. Goldfarb and H.A. Chase (University of Cambridge, UK) 1166

388. The visualisation of local oxygen transfer in bioreactor systems by dye oxidation.D.E. Cairns, R.B. Cousins, R. Johnstone and R. Miller (University of Strathclyde, UK) 1169

389. Thermal processing of particulate foodstuffs using simulants.B.P. Kelly, T.R.A. Magee and M.N. Ahmad (Queen's University of Belfast, UK) 1172

390. Using the cell cycle to enhance the performance of a continuous bioreactor.D.B.F. Faraday, B.O. Underwood, K. Jorgensen and S. Serck-Hanssen

(University of Surrey, UK) 1175

391. Whole cell enzymatic epoxidation: synthesis of phenyl glycidyl ether byMycobacterium cells in a membrane recycle bioreactor.K.A. Caridis, D.C. Stuckey and D.J. Leak (Imperial College London, UK) 1178

392. Xanthomonas campestris growth: nitrogen as limitant nutrient.V.E. Santos, A. Alcon and F. Garcia-Ochoa (Universidad Complutense,Madrid, Spain) 1

Plenary papers

393. Funding of chemical and process engineering research by the Engineering and PhysicalSciences Research Council (EPSRC).R. Brook (Chief Executive, EPSRC) 1182

394. Future challenges in chemical engineering research.J. Villermaux (CNRS-ENSIC, France)

395. Title to be confi rmed.

R.J. Margetts (ICI, UK)

*

Not available at time of printing

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