The 1995 IChemE Research Event —

First European Conference for YoungResearchers in Chemical Engineering

A two-day symposium held at the University of Edinburgh, 5-6 January 1995.

Organising Committee

D.H. Glass (Chairman) University of EdinburghR.W.K. Allen AEA Harwell

J.W. Ponton University of EdinburghE.A. Foumeny University of Leeds

P.A. Shamlou University College London

IChemE would like to thank the conveners of the 1995 event for their hard work in putting together the

technical programme.

Copyright© 1995 Institution of Chemical EngineersA Registered Charity

ISBN 0 85295 359 3

Published by:Institution of Chemical Engineers165-189 Railway Terrace

RUGBY

Warwickshire

CV21 3HQ, UK

Printed in the UK by Chameleon Press Ltd, 5-25 Burr Road, Wandsworth, London SW18 4SG

UB/TIB Hannover 89

112 043 348.

Contents — Volume 1

Process design

1. A computer code for assessing individual and societal risk from road transportof dangerous substances.

R. Fiore, P. Leonelli and G. Spadoni (University of Bologna, Italy) 1

2. A mass/heat exchange hyperstructure model for the synthesis of separation processes.K.P. Papalexandri and E.N. Pistikopoulos (Imperial College London, UK) 4

3. A mathematical programming approach to safety verification of chemical processes.V.D. Dimitriadis, N. Shah and C.C. Pantelides (Imperial College London, UK) 7

4. A new concept for bridging both thermodynamic and mathematical programmingapproaches in HEN synthesis.X.X.Zhu (UMIST, UK) 10

5. A static semantics for the ASCEND modelling language.G.H. Ballinger and S.O. Anderson (University of Edinburgh, UK) 13

6. Activities and time usage in hazard and operability studies.M. Jefferson, A.G. Rushton, (University ofLoughborough, UK) and J.T. Illidge(ICI Engineering, UK) 16

7. An advanced cascade control framework for process control applications.I. Eker, M.A. Johnson and M.J. Grimble (University of Strathclyde, UK) 19

8. An approach to using general ised rate equations for state estimation in

chemical reactions systems.L.F.M. Zorzetto and J.A. Wilson (University ofNottingham, UK) 22

9. An experimental evaluation of a fault detection and identification schemein a chemical process.J.A.A.M. Castro and P.A.F.N.A. Afonso (University of Coimbra, Portugal) 25

10. Control of product quality by self-adaptive optimization of a semi-batch operation.Ph. Salaun, J. Villermaux and J.L. Houzelot (CNRS ENSIC, France) 28

11. Design of reactor networks using rigorous models.

E.M.B. Smith and C.C. Pantelides (ImperialCollege London, UK) 31

12. Design specifications for multicomponent distillation.

J. Ponton and E. McCarthy (University of Edinburgh, UK) 34

13. Designing for two-phase relief: is that the answer?

ST. Arnold (Shell Research BV, The Netherlands) and J.S. Duffield

(Joint Research Centre, Italy) 37

14. Developing a relational fuzzy model based controller for an industrial process.H. Bremner and B. Postlethwaite (University of Strathclyde, UK) 40

15. Formal specification of procedural controllers for chemical processes.A. Sanchez and S. Macchietto (Imperial College London, UK) 43

16. gBSS — An integrated software system for multipurpose plant optimisation.N. Shah, C.C. Pantelides, L.G. Papageorgiou, L. Liberis, P. Riminucci and

K. Kuriyan (Imperial College London, UK) 46

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17. General purpose simulation for food manufacturing processes.R.J. Best, E.O. Bewaji, H.O. Kassim and M.A. Raman (South Bank University, UK)

18. Hazop studies in hierarchical design.J.M. Black and E.C. Marsh (University of Edinburgh, UK)

19. Improved control of batch reaction and distillation processes based on

composition estimates generated by Kalman filtering.C.L.M. Martinez and J.A. Wilson (University of Nottingham, UK)

20. Incorporation of flexibility and controllability in optimal design of distillation columns.M.J. Mohideen, J.D. Perkins and E.N. Pistikopoulos (Imperial College London, UK)

21. Inherent safety assessment of chemical process routes.

D.W. Edwards and D. Lawrence (Loughborough University of Technology, UK)

22. Integrated design of distributed chemical manufacturing facilities.

D.A. Rowe, J.D. Perkins and S.P. Walsh (Imperial College London, UK)

23. Integrated planning-scheduling and operation of multipurpose batch plants.E.S. Chuaand S. Macchietto (Imperial College London, UK)

24. Integration of targeting and stochastic optimization for heat exchangernetwork synthesis.F-U. Muller and A.C. Kokossis (UMIST, UK)

25. Measurement and prediction of temperature rise following sudden compression in ahigh-pressure pipe line.

L. Pan, S.A. Fisher, S. Jayanti and G.F. Hewitt (Imperial College London, UK)

26. Measurement-independent test thresholds in statistical process analysis.N.F. Thornhill (University College London, UK)

27. New multivariate rational functions for process vessel costing.J. Brass and A.M. Gerrard (University of Teesside, UK)

28. Nonideal distillation in automated synthesis.T.R. Senos Matias, E.S. Fraga and J.W. Ponton (University of Edinburgh, UK)

29. Optimal maintenance policies for single unit systems.IT. Dedopoulos and N. Shah (Imperial College London, UK)

30. Optimal periodic scheduling of maintenance and production in multipurpose plants.IT. Dedopoulos and N. Shah (Imperial College London, UK)

31. Optimization of PSA systems-studies on cyclic steady state convergence.H.M. Kvamsdal and T. Hertzberg (University of Trondheim, Norway)

32. Optimization of unit operating conditions for heat integrated processes usinggenetic algorithms.C. Stair and E.S. Fraga (University of Edinburgh, UK)

33. Partitioning in interval methods for global optimisation.R.P. Byrne and I.D.L. Bogle (University College London, UK)

34. Process data manipulation using object editors.

M.W. Spenceley and J.W. Ponton (University of Edinburgh, UK)

35. Process pathways analysis applied to the design of polymerization processes.S.F. Bush and O.K. Ademosu (UMIST, UK)

36. Qualitative modelling of distributed parameters systems.R.F. Vianna and C. McGreavy (University of Leeds, UK)

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37. Qualitative reasoning digraphs for complex chemical process.E. Veloso, S. Yang, X. Wang and C. McGreavy (University of Leeds, UK) 110

38. Reactor network synthesis using stochastic optimization methods.E. Marcoulaki and A.C. Kokossis (UMIST, UK) 113

39. Representation of process data using extensible templates.M.W. Spenceley, G.H. Ballinger, R. Bafiares-Alcantara, D. Costello, E.S. Fraga,J. Krabbe, D.M. Liang, R.C. McKinnel, J.W. Ponton and N. Skilling

(University of Edinburgh, UK) 116

40. Review and analysis of a simulation tool for the muiticomponent distillation with

steady-state and dynamic concentration profiles.Ch. Kruse (Cognis GmbH, Germany), G. Fieg, L. Jeromin (Henkel KGaA, Germany)G. Wozny and S. Pelkon (Institut fur Frozen und Anlagentechnik, TU Berlin, Germany) 119

41. Robust regulatory feedforward-feedback control using ^optimisation.N.W. Jones, D.J.N. Limebeer and J.D. Perkins (Imperial College London, UK) 122

42. Scheduling and sequencing operations for the start-up of an evaporator plant.N. Alsop and S. Macchietto (Imperial College London, UK) 125

43. Separation of azeotropic mixtures by batch distillation using an entrainer.

R. Diissel and J. Stichlmair (Technical University of Munich, Germany) 128

44. Simulation and optimisation techniques for sterilisation system design.N. Shah and N.J. Samsatli (Imperial College London, UK) 131

45. Solvent design for liquid-liquid extraction using a molecular graphics system.A-H. Meniai (University of Constantine, Algeria) and D.M.T. Newsham (UMIST, UK) 134

46. Source reduction — steps towards reduced waste from chemical processes.S.W. Johnson and J.R. Flower (University of Leeds, UK) 137

47. Targeted transhipment model for heat exchanger network synthesis.V. Briones and A. Kokossis (UMIST, UK) 140

48. The basic structure of a recipe management system.

B.G. Wang, A.R. Wright and A.J. Morris (University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) 143

49. The development of accident and near miss incident risk evaluation criteria.

A.J. Brazier and J.M. Black (University of Edinburgh, UK) 146

50. The use of visual object programming for operator training front-ends.

A.C. Stawarz, B. Sowerby and A.D. Lockett (University ofBath, UK) 149

51. Using design history to support chemical plant design.J.M.P. King, R. Banares-Alcantara, G.H. Ballinger and R. Lakshmanan (University of

Edinburgh, UK) 152

52. Validation of CFD predictions of gas explosions.D.J. Freeman (Health and Safety Executive, UK) 155

53. Verification of operating procedures for chemical processes.G.E. Rotstein and S. Macchietto (Imperial College London, UK) 158

VII

Energy, the environment and fundamental research

54. A decision support system that evaluates integrated biomass to electricity systems.

A.J. Toft and A.V. Bridgwater (Aston University, UK) 161

55. A framework for minimizing environmental impact of industrial processes.

S.K. Stefanis, A.G. Livingston and E.N. Pistikopoulos (Imperial College London, UK) 164

56. A method of quantifying the effectiveness of distillation packings.M.W. Biddulph and S.J. Proctor (University ofNottingham, UK) 167

57. A numerical model for reactive pollutants in groundwater under equilibrium and

nonequilibrium conditions.

C. Gallo and C. Paniconi (CRS4, Italy) 170

58. A stochastic design procedure to describe the structure and performance of

knitted wire mesh demisters.

E. Wilcock and G.A. Davies (UMIST, UK) 173

59. A study of the photo-oxidation of lindane in dilute solution using the combination

of ozone and ultraviolet light in a falling film reactor.

D.W. McHugh, P.N. Sharratt (UMIST, UK) and J. Hutchinson (EA Technology, UK) 176

60. Adsorption equilibrium in porous solids.

V. Gusev, J.A. O'Brien (Yale University, USA), A. Gomez, D. Herrmann,C.R.C. Jensen and N.A. Seaton (University of Cambridge, UK) 179

61. Adsorption and transport of lead in a natural porous medium.

L. Muscas (CRS4, Italy), S. Melis, S. Franzone and G. Cao (Universita di Cagliari, Italy) 182

62. Adsorption of Cu (II) and Zn (II) onto a natural zeolite.F. Mirada, J. Garcia, 0. Leyenda and C. Lodares (Compultense University, Spain) 185

63. Air cycle refrigeration and heat pump pilot plant.T. Brown (University of Bristol, UK) 188

64. An investigation into the problems incurred in industrial sized distillation columns

due to gas distribution.

B.R. Daly, G.L. Quarini (University of Bristol, UK), S. Chambers and

K.E. Porter (Aston University, UK) 191

65. An investigation into sensitivity of predicted plate efficiencies to variations in

major model parameters using a two-dimensional fluid mechanical model.

A.G. Walton, J.P. Fletcher and K.E. Porter (Aston University UK) 195

66. An open refrigeration cycle process for natural gas liquids recovery.S.D. White (University of Paisley, UK) 198

67. Analysis of the performance of porous polymeric membranes; structure, fluxand filtration characteristics.

N.M. Jackson, D.J. Bell and G.A. Davies (UMIST, UK) 201

68. Autoxidation reaction fouling in heat exchangers.D.I. Wilson (University of Cambridge, UK) and A.P. Watkinson (University ofBritish Columbia, Canada) 204

69. CFD model of the periodic heat plumes created by an inductivity heated impeller.A.J. Manning, R. Mann (UMIST, UK) and M. Colley (EA Technology, UK) 207

70. Characterisation of hydropyroloysis chars by TGA, SEM and FT-ir spectroscopy.A.V. Quell, H-Y. Cai, J-Y. Lim, I.N. Chatzakis, D.R. Dugwell and R. Kandiyoti(Imperial College London, UK) 210

VIII

71. Column studies of metal removal by immobilised biomass.J.M. Brady and J.M. Tobin (Dublin City University, Ireland) 213

72. Condensation of vapour-air mixtures in a vertical tube under unsteady conditions.T.W. Botsch, K. Stephan (Universitat Stuttgart, Germany) and D.R. Webb (UMIST, UK) 216

73. Costing water treatment plants.M.J. Davenport and A.M. Gerrard (University of Teesside, UK) 219

74. Crossflow microfiltration of secondary sewage effluent using extruded

polymeric membranes.

S. Till, S. Judd (Cranfield University, UK) and B. McLoughlin (ScimatLtd, UK) 222

75. Decolourisation of effluent by adsorption onto lignite in fixed beds.M. Murray and S.J. Allen (Queens University of Belfast, UK) 225

76. Degradation of chlorinated methanes by Acetobacterium woodii.

K. Williamson, T. Manfaat and V.F. Larsen (University of Strathclyde, UK) 228

77. Demonstration of seeded ultrafiltration on an active pilot plant.S.A. Boler (AEA Technology, UK) and D.J. Hebditch (Nuclear Electricpic, UK) 231

78. Design and analysis of split-loop absorber-stripper systems for acid-gas removal.H.K. Shethna and G.P. Towler (UMIST, UK) 234

79. Design and testing of a mobile pilot plant for organic radwaste treatment

by wet oxidation.

M.A. Twissell, N.S. Holt (AEA Technology, UK) and D.J. Hebditch (Nuclear Electric pic, UK) 237

80. Design of micellar flooding experiments.S. Thomas, N.H. Thomas (University ofBirmingham, UK) and S.M. Farouq Ali(University ofAlberta, Canada) 240

81. Development and experimental validation of condenser design methods.

M.E. Fahrner, T. Botsch (University of Stuttgart, Germany) and D.R. Webb (UMIST, UK) 243

82. Development of a stabilised bubble reactor for environmental pollutioncontrol in the liquid phase.P.W, Collings and M. Streat (Loughborough University of Technology, UK) 246

83. Diffusion coefficients for the sorption of gases in the pore of adsorbents.

P.J. Heggs (UMIST, UK) and J.M. Bao (University ofBradford, UK) 249

84. Effect of reactor configuration on the yields and structures of bio-oils from the

pyrolysis/hydropyrolysis of biomass: a comparison between a shallow and a

deep fixed bed reactor.

R.V. Pindoria, J-Y. Lim, I.N. Chatzakis, A.A. Herod, D.R. Dugwell and

R. Kandiyoti (Imperial College London, UK) 252

85. Electrochemical ion exchange.H.H. Tantawy and I.W. Cumming (Loughborough University of Technology, UK) 255

86. Enhanced biological phosphate removal from wastewater.

M. Jones and T. Stephenson (Cranfield University, UK) 258

87. Environmental management tools in the process industries.

C.L. Riemann and P.N. Sharratt (UMIST, UK) 261

88. Equilibrium studies on the uses of various adsorbents for humic substance

removal from water.

J. O'Connor and L.R. Weatherley (Queens University of Belfast, UK) 264

IX

89. Experimental determination of the sorption properties of HFC134a on an

extruded carbon (Norit R1 EXTRA) using gravometric techniques.P.J. Heggs (UMIST, UK), A.J. Bryant and D.A. Ewen (University of Bradford, UK) 267

90. Experimental measurement of the transient behaviour of condensers.

J-L. Alcock, R.W. Stevenson, D.R. Webb (UMIST, UK) and E. Seid

(Universitat Stuttgart, Germany) 270

91. Extrography: a strong association between supercritical extraction

and chromatography.C. Zetzl, D. Chouchi, D. Barth and R.M. Nicoud (LTCA-ENSIC, France) 273

92. Flow and pressure distributions in a plate heat exchanger.P.D. Sanderson, P.J. Heggs (UMIST, UK) and D.B. Ingham (University ofLeeds, UK) 276

93. Flow visualisation of flooding in a scaled hot-leg system of a pressurizedwater reactor.

A.A.K. Tehrani, M.A. Patrick and A.A. Wragg (University of Exeter, UK) 279

94. Gas-liquid mass transfer in sparged, agitated reactors.

T. Martin, S. Leone, CM. McFarlane and A.W. Nienow (University ofBirmingham, UK) 282

95. Heat and mass transfer in sand moulds for engine castings.D.G. Thomas, D.J. Bell and G.A. Davies (UMIST, UK) 285

96. Heat transfer characteristics of packed beds.

E.A. Foumeny, N. Bansal and J. Ma (University ofLeeds, UK) 288

97. Heat transfer in hot press nips.R. Krook and S. Stenstrom (University of Lund, Sweden) 291

98. Heat transfer mechanisms within cylindrical sand packs under stream flood.D.C. Shallcross (University ofMelbourne, Australia) 294

99. Heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of organic pollutants in aqueous solutions.F.E. Thompson, P.N. Sharratt (UMIST, UK) and J. Hutchinson (EA Technology, UK) 297

100. Hydrodynamics of a plunging jet oxygenator for waste water treatment.G.D. Moppett, CD. Rielly and J.F. Davidson (Cambridge University, UK) 300

101. Improvements to direct coal liquefaction.J.P. Taylor and J.W. Patrick (Loughborough University of Technology, UK) 303

102. In situ combustion (ISC) of light oil using horizontal wells.O. Mahgoub, M. Ben Rahil and M. Greaves (University ofBath, UK) 306

103. Integrated crude distillation design.K. Liebmann and V.R. Dhole (UMIST, UK)

104. Interfaces between the optical components of metallurgical cokes —

their classification and relevance to coke properties.C. Barriocanal (INCAR, Spain), S. Hanson, J.W. Patrick and A. Walker(Loughborough University of Technology, UK) 312

105. Initial activity and pore structure of a commercial liquefaction catalyst.A. Belghazi and M. Cloke (University ofNottingham, UK) 315

106. Limitations of the polynomial-fitting method of determining binary gas-mixtureadsorption equilibria.M.J. Heslop, B.A. Buffham and G. Mason (Loughborough University of Technology, UK) 318

107. Liquid-liquid-solid equilibria of the quaternary system water-ethanol-1-butanol-sodium chloride at 25°C

M.M. Olaya, A. Marcilla and F. Ruiz (University ofAlicante, Spain) 321

x

108. Low-pressure dynamically-formed membranes for the treatment of dyeing effluents.V. Correia, S. Judd and T. Stephenson, (Cranfield University, UK) 324

109. Mass transfer in a partially obstructed electrochemical flow cell.C.F. Oduoza, M.A. Patrick and A.A. Wragg (University of Exeter, UK) 327

110. Measurement of microbially evolved di-nitrogen gas from aerobic treated pig slurry.J.M. Greatorex and CH. Burton (Silsoe Research Institute, UK) 330

111. Measurement of multi-media depth filtration performance.M.P. Brown, C.S.B. Fitzpatrick (Cranfield University, UK) andJ. Murrer (Anglian Water, UK) 333

112. Mechanistic and kinetic studies of catalytic wet oxidation of organic molecules.R. Hellenbrand, D. Mantzanvinos, A.G. Livingston andI.S. Metcalfe (Imperial College London, UK) 336

113. Modelling of particulate emission from heavy fuel oil spray combustion in a

cylindrical combustor.

E.A. Foumeny, T. Mahmud and A.S.A.K. Sharifah (University of Leeds, UK) 339

114. Natural convection mass transfer measurement in air using the swollen

polymer technique with holographic interferometry.J.J. Nebrensky, N. Macleod and W.J. Hossack (University of Edinburgh, UK) 342

115. Numerical simulation of atmospheric CO2 dispersion in a free air fumigation system.Z.G. Xu and P.J. Walklate (Silsoe Research Institute, UK) 345

116. On the use of photocatalysts in flue gas cleaning.S. Lopp, M. Koster and D. Hesse (Institut fur Technische Chemie Der

Universitat Hannover, Germany) 348

117. On thermal interaction between an Antartic glacier and the ocean.

M. Minale (University ofNaples, Italy) 351

118. Phase data relevant to supercritical extraction operations: the CO2/H2O system.D.R. Butler, T. Lu and M.B. King (University of Birmingham, UK) 354

119. Prediction of multicomponent adsorption equilibria by means of the spreading-

pressure-dependent (SPD) equation.A.E.W. Kroll and L. Marcussen (Technical University of Denmark, Denmark) 357

120. Prediction of solubility of gases in liquids using a generalized london potential.A-L B. Jensen, A.I. Kakhu, J. McCoubrey, J.D. Jenkins, K.E. Porter and

J. Homer (Aston University, UK) 360

121. Quaternary ammonium cation exchanged smectites for the absorption and

separation of phenols.M.A.M. Lawrence and W.R. McWhinnie (Aston University, UK) 363

122. Recovery of carboxylic acids from waste blood fermentation.

A. Rashad, P.N. Sharratt and C.J. Banks (UMIST, UK) 366

123. Removal of chlorinated hydrocarbons from aqueous effluent streams using

hydrophobic zeolite molecular sieves.

J.A, Hampson and L.F. Gladden (University of Cambridge, UK) 369

124. Study and simulation of coal pyrolysis in a rotary kiln.

E. Lebas, D. Ablitzer (Ecole des Mines de Nancy, France), J.L. Houzelot

(CNRS ENSIC, France) and F. Hanrot (Centre de Pyrolyse de Marienau, France) 372

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125. Study of adsorption of heavy metals on lignite and its derived carbons.

S.J. Allen and M. Chowdhury (Queens University of Belfast, UK) 375

126. Targeting and control of NOx emissions.

M.M. Abu-Khader and A.C. Kokossis (UMIST, UK) 378

127. Ternary VLE from binary data.

M.F.L. Ferreira, I.M.A. Fonseca and L.Q. Lobo (Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal) 381

128. The biological denitrification of spent ion-exchange regenerant brine.

E. Woobey, S. Taig, S. Adams and V.F. Larsen (University of Strathclyde, UK) 384

129. The biological performance of floating and sunken media biological aerated filters.

A. Mann, C. Fitzpatrick and T. Stephenson (Cranfield University, UK) 387

130. The biological rehabilitation of metal bearing waste water.

C.J. Hewitt, L.E. Macaskie, M. Paterson, J.F. Kennedy (University of Birmingham, UK),M. Diaz, T. Manzano and M.G. Roig (University of Salamanca, Spain) 390

131. The development of a model to predict temperatures in a solidifying steel strand and

its application to spray system design.D.J. Scoones and B. Barber (British Steel Technical, UK) 393

132. The development of an in situ combustion simulator for enhanced oil recovery.J.S. Oklany, R. Hughes, D. Price and S. Amini (University of Salford, UK) 396

133. The effect of blended coal on liquefaction product distributions.

A. Pickering, A. Belgahzi, M. Cloke and E. Lester (University of Nottingham, UK) 399

134. The experimental measurement of the emissivity of a catalyst surface.

G.J. Griffen and D.G. Wood (University of Melbourne, Australia) 402

135. The numerical simulation of heat transfer and laminar flow in corrugated ducts.

C. Adderley (Rolls Royce, UK), E.A. Foumeny and H.E. Griffin (University of Leeds, UK) 405

136. The performance of biomass-derived ultracarbofluids in standard diesel engines.M. Anwar, C.J. Mumford and R.G. Temple (Aston University, UK) 408

137. The resuspension of particles in a fracture.

I. Miskin, L. Elliott, D. Ingham (University of Leeds, UK) and

P. Hammond (Schlumber Cambridge Research Ltd, UK) 411

138. Thermodynamic modelling of a waste smelting process.J.M.N, van Kasteren (University of Technology Eindhoven, The Netherlands) 414

139. Treatment and recovery of cutting oils: coagulation and flocculationof oil-water emulsions.

G. Rios, B. Gutierrez, C. Pazos and J. Coca (University ofOviedo, Spain) 417

140. Treatment and recovery of cutting oils: ultrafiltration of oil-water emulsions.

J.M. Benito, B. Gutierrez, C Pazos and J. Coca (University of Oviedo, Spain) 420

141. Treatment of exhausted pickling baths ion exchange resins.

F. Alonso, F. Suarez, E. Maranon and H. Sastre (UniversityofOviedo, Spain) 423

142. VOC stripping from aqueous solution with modern packings.B. Anvaripour, N. Ashton, A. Arrowsmith (University of Birmingham, UK)and A. Capel (Universitat de Catalunya, Spain) 426

143. Whole system modelling and life cycle assessment.

A. Azapagic and R. Gift (University of Surrey, UK) 429

XII

Process technology and reaction engineering144. A comparative study on NOx emissions from coal burning fluidised-bed combustors.

B. Bayat, X.S. Wang, N.A. Akhtar, B.M. Gibbs (University ofLeeds, UK) andM.J. Rhodes (University of Bradford, UK) 432

145. A new model to design structured packing columns absorption of inorganic acid gases.E. Viviani, A. Paglianti and G. Nardini (University of Pisa, Italy) 435

146. A new process for the production of pigment grade titanium dioxide.

J. Besida, T.K. Pong, T.A. O'Donnell and D.G. Wood (University of Melbourne, Australia) 438

147. A probabilistic method for evaluating the effects of shields and battles in

electrodeposition cells.A.F. Averill and A. Anisi (South Bank University, UK) 441

148. A protocol for determining oil based removal kinetics.

S.W. P. Espig and M. R. Bird (University of Bath, UK) 444

149. A reduced mechanism for ozone decomposition kinetics.A. Virdis, A. Viola and G. Cao (Universita di Cagliari, Italy) 447

150. An account on circulating fluidized bed reactor experimentation and modelling.L. Marmo (Politecnico di Torino, Italy) 450

151. An original approach to spray tower design: application on VOCs removal.

M. Meyer, M. Hendou and M. Prevost (ENSIGC, France) 453

152. Analysis of catalytic membrane reactor operation in a coupled reaction system.E. Gobina, K. Hou and R. Hughes (University of Salford, UK) 456

153. Application of the cocurrent downflow bubble column contactor (CDC) for use in the

photocatalytic oxidation of aqueous organic pollutants.AT. Sulidis, A.P. Boyes, S. Raymahasay and J.M. Winterbottom

(University ofBirmingham, UK) 459

154. Benzoate adsorption onto activated carbons from Northern Ireland lignite.S.J. Allen and V. Balasundaram (Queens University of Belfast, UK) 462

155. Catalytic combustion of solvent containing air on base metal catalysts.K. Wittstock and H-G. Lintz (Universitat Karlsruhe, Germany) 466

156. Colour removal from a waste effluent by combined use of Fe(ll) lime

and bone charcoal.

X. Shen (Xian Medical University, P.R. China), A. Bousher and

R.G.J. Edyvean (University of Leeds, UK) 469

157. Comparison of mass transfer coefficients obtained for the catalytic hydrogenation of

2-butyne-1,4-diol in a reactor of high mass transfer capabilities (CDCR) with those

obtained in a small tank reactor.

Z. Khan, A.P. Boyes, S. Raymahasay, S. Sharma and J.M. Winterbottom

(University ofBirmingham, UK) 472

158. Computational modelling of a gas fired steel reheating furnace.

M.A. Byrnes, I. Chester, E.A. Foumeny and T. Mahmud (University of Leeds, UK) 475

159. Design of a new equipment for studying secondary reactions in pyrolysis

of organic wastes.

J.A. Conesa, J.A. Caballero, R. Font, A. Marcilla and A.N. Garcia

(University ofAlicante, Spain) 478

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160. Desulphurisation of coal in hydrocyclones.D.A. Butcher, R.J. Freeman and N.A. Rowson (University of Birmingham, UK) 481

161. Determination of reaction kinetic parameters from temperature behaviour

in batch reactors.

J.M. Mansfield, R.A. Pulley and J.A. Wilson (Nottingham University, UK) 484

162. Dynamics of laboratory reactors for the hydrogenation of a-methylstyrene to cumene.L. Manna and S. Ferrero (Politecnico di Torino, Italy) 487

163. Gas production and kinetics of the flash pyrolysis of municipal solid waste.

A.N. Garcia, R. Font, A. Marcilla, J.A. Caballero and J.A. Conesa

(University of Alicante, Spain) 490

164. Gas/liquid hollow fibre membrane.H.B. Al-Saffar, J.S. Okalny, B. Ozturk and R. Hughes (University ofSalford, UK) 493

165. High gradient magnetic cleaning of pulverised coal.S. Zhou, E.S. Garbett and R.F. Boucher (Sheffield University, UK) 496

166. High temperature microbialiy enhanced corrosion.

G. Mclachlan, T. Stephenson and M. Robinson (Cranfield University, UK) 499

167. Hydrolysis of sucrose by conventional and microwave heating in stirred tank reactor.I. Plazl, S. Leskovsek and T. Koloini (University of Ljubljana, Slovenia) 502

168. Improving the efficiency of metal electrowinning.M. Manning, K. Scott and C. Ramshaw (University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) 505

169. Influence of the carbonization heating rate in the physical properties ofactivated carbons.

A. Marcilla, M. Asensio and I. Martin-Gullon (University ofAlicante, Spain) 508

170. Intraparticle diffusion effects on the kinetics of SO2 oxidation in slurries ofactivated carbon and H2SO4 solution.

X. Py (CNRS-ENSIC, France) 511

171. Kinetics of the selective oxidation of isobutylene over supported andunsupported bismuth molybdate catalysts.F. Benyahia (University of Teesside, UK) and A.M. Mearns

(University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) 514

172. Low temperature reaction of metal oxides, carbonates and basic carbonateswith hydrogen sulphide and carbonyl sulphide.J.M. Davidson and K. Sohail (University of Edinburgh, UK) 517

173. Measurements of droplet size distribution in sprays from swirl atomisers in thepresence of hot gas.A. Ahmad, J.Z. Ahmed, N. Dombrowski, E.A. Foumeny, T. Mahmud andS. Talaee (University ofLeeds, UK) 520

174. Methanol synthesis from CO2/H2 over Pd-promoted Cu/ZnO/Al203 catalysts.M. Sahibzada, D. Chadwick and I.S. Metcalfe (Imperial College London, UK) 523

175. Mixing and dispersion of polymer solutions in a pulsed baffled reactor.X. Ni, S. Gao (University of Strathclyde, UK) and R.H. Cumming(University of Teesside, UK) 526

176. Modelling of a low NOx, lean, blue flame Coanda burner.M.M. Vahdati and P. O'Nions (University ofSheffield, UK) 529

xiv

177. New high-temperative dehydrogenation processes using equilibriumshifting with CO2.A.P. Boiarsky and G.P. Towler (UMIST, UK) 532

178. New methods for the determination of OH content of coals:

microwave driven stannylation.H. Manak and W.R. McWhinnie (Aston University, UK) 535

179. On non-plug compressible chemically reacting flow in fixed beds.E.A. Foumeny and J. Ma (University of Leeds, UK) 538

180. On the selectivity to N2 in NO decomposition on Cu over-exchanged ZSM-5.

P. Ciambelli (Universita di Salerno, Italy), R. Pirone and G. Russo

(Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy) 541

181. Partial oxidation of isobutene to methacrolein on BiW/FeCoMoK mixed oxide catalysts.S. Breiter and H-G. Lintz (Universitat Karlsruhe, Germany) 544

182. Patchy cleaning of filter cakes and its influence on dry scrubbing of acid gases— a simulation.

W. Duo, N.F. Kirkby, R. Clift (University of Surrey, UK) and

J.P.K. Seville (University of Birmingham, UK) 547

183. Photocatalytic oxidation against phenolic compounds in wastewaters from

oil shale treatment.

S. Preis (Tallinn Technical University, Estonia) and J. Kallas

(Lappeenrants University, Finland) 550

184. Preparation of coatings via self-propagating high temperature synthesis in thefield of centrifugal forces.

R. Orru, G. Cao and P.F. Virdis (Universita degli Studidi Cagliari, Italy) 553

185. Process intensification: spinning disc polyrneriser.R.J.J. Jachuck and C. Ramshaw (University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) 556

186. Processing of multi-component biodegradable polymer blends.

M. Yasin, A.J. Amass and B.J. Tighe (Aston University, UK) 559

187. Scrubbing of SO2 and NOx using a Ce(IV) containing solution: a kinetic investigation.M. Aurousseau and F. Lapicque (CNRS-ENSIC, France) 562

188. Selective enhancement of specific reaction pathways using microwave energy.

S.F. Bush and J.M. Methven (UMIST, UK) 565

189. Separation of close boiling isomers using dissociation extraction.

A.S. Arif, M.M. Anwar and D.W. Pritchard (University of Teesside, UK) 568

190. Study of the mechanism of CO oxidation over Lao.sSro.sMnOa-

P.D. Petrolekas and I.S. Metcalfe (Imperial College London, UK) 571

191. Surface immobilisation of palladium catalyst in an intermeshing

co-rotating twin-screw extruder.

S.F. Orchard and J.M. Winterbottom (University of Birmingham, UK) 574

192. The contrasting behaviour of ring strained cyclic ethers in catonic ring

opening polymerization and copolymerization.F. Gouarderes and A. Amass (Aston University, UK) 577

193. The desulphurisation of coal using microwave energy.D.A. Butcher and N.A. Rowson (University of Birmingham, UK) 580

194. The effect of morphology on the electrocatalytic behaviour of Pt.

R.J. C. Luke and I .S. M etcalfe (Imperial College London, UK) 583

xv

195. The effect of sample dimensions on the drying behaviour and physical

properties of extruded boehmite gels.I. P. Kilbride and A.J. Barker (University of Birmingham, UK) 586

196. The fate of nitrogen and sulphur in coal gasifilation.S.P. Middleton, J.W. Patrick and A. Walker

(Loughborough University of Technology, UK) 589

197. The influence of hydrodynamics on the performance of an interconnected

fluidized bed system for regenerative desulfurization.

O.C Snip, R. Korbee, J.C. Schouten and CM. van den Bleek

(Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands) 592

198. The influence of inlet concentration variation on adsorber performance.D. Kamugasha and P.N. Sharratt (UMIST, UK) 595

199. The multi-gravity separator as a tool for the reprocessing of metalliferous spoil.M. Thomhill and K.P. Williams (University of Wales, UK) 598

199a. The self-alkylation of fatty primary amines to symmetric secondary amines.

J.R. Walls and S. Zhou (University of Bradford, UK) 601

200. The synthesis of biodegradable polymers.K. N'Goala and A.J. Amass (Aston University, UK) 604

201. The use of large-pore catalysts in fixed bed reactors: effect on the yieldof complex reactions.C. Almeida Costa, R.M. Quinta Ferreira and A.E. Rodrigues(University of Coimbra, Portugal) 607

202. Tin (IV) oxide supported platinum catalysts for the carbon monoxide

at low temperatures.K. Grass and H-G. Lintz (Universitat Karlsruhe, Germany) 610

203. Use of coal-tar pitch in processing of carbon/carbon composites.P.D. Matzinos, J.W. Patrick and A. Walker (Loughborough University of Technology, UK) 613

XVI