The Young RepublicThe Young Republic

Growth and DivisionGrowth and Division1816-18321816-1832

Chapter 7Chapter 7

American NationalismAmerican Nationalism

Era of Good FeelingEra of Good Feeling

President Monroe 5President Monroe 5thth

President James Monroe 5President James Monroe 5thth

““Era of Good Feeling”- Era of Good Feeling”- is what the Columbian is what the Columbian

Sentinel, a Boston Newspaper, called the time period after the War of Sentinel, a Boston Newspaper, called the time period after the War of 1812.1812.

New National identity after the war.New National identity after the war. Federalist Party had lost power and their influence.Federalist Party had lost power and their influence. The War of 1812 taught people Republican leaders were stronger than The War of 1812 taught people Republican leaders were stronger than

the Federalist Leaders. the Federalist Leaders. There were new roads and a new National Bank. There were new roads and a new National Bank.

(1816) John C. Calhoun (SC)(1816) John C. Calhoun (SC)

Passed a bill to start Passed a bill to start the Second National the Second National Bank. Supported by Bank. Supported by Henry Clay of (KY) and Henry Clay of (KY) and Daniel Webster (MA). Daniel Webster (MA).

This controlled all the This controlled all the state banks, and it state banks, and it gave a national gave a national currency.currency.

John “Butt Ugly” CalhounJohn “Butt Ugly” Calhoun

Henry ClayHenry Clay Daniel Webster Daniel Webster

""The Devil and Daniel WebsterThe Devil and Daniel Webster""

""The Devil and Daniel WebsterThe Devil and Daniel Webster" is a " is a short storyshort story by by Stephen Vincent Stephen Vincent BenétBenét. This retelling of the . This retelling of the classic classic GermanGerman FaustFaust tale is based on the short tale is based on the short story "story "The Devil and Tom WalkerThe Devil and Tom Walker", written by ", written by Washington IrvingWashington Irving. Benet's version of the story . Benet's version of the story centers on a centers on a New HampshireNew Hampshire farmer who farmer who sells his soulsells his soul to to the Devilthe Devil and is defended by and is defended by Daniel WebsterDaniel Webster, a fictional version of the famous , a fictional version of the famous lawyer and orator.lawyer and orator.

After the War of 1812After the War of 1812

After the War of 1812 the U.S.A. could now After the War of 1812 the U.S.A. could now buy British goods again. The embargo had buy British goods again. The embargo had been ended. New British goods flowed into been ended. New British goods flowed into America.America.

This could put American companies out of This could put American companies out of business.business.

Tariff of 1816Tariff of 1816

Tariff of 1816- Tariff of 1816- This was a This was a Protective TariffProtective Tariff and not a and not a Revenue TariffRevenue Tariff..

Protective Tariffs Protective Tariffs nurture American nurture American manufactures by taxing imports to make manufactures by taxing imports to make prices go up on foreign goods.prices go up on foreign goods.

TransportationTransportation

(1816) John C. Calhoun (SC)- sponsored a (1816) John C. Calhoun (SC)- sponsored a plan to improve transportation in America. plan to improve transportation in America.

Judicial NationalismJudicial Nationalism

John Marshall-John Marshall- Chief Justice of the Supreme Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.Court.

Between 1816 and 1824 Marshall had three Between 1816 and 1824 Marshall had three major Supreme Court Cases.major Supreme Court Cases.

1. Martin v. Hunter Lessee (1816)1. Martin v. Hunter Lessee (1816) 2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) 3. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)3. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

1. Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816)1. Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816)

Martin tried to sell some of his land in Virginia that he had Martin tried to sell some of his land in Virginia that he had gotten from his gotten from his Uncle Lord FairfaxUncle Lord Fairfax. Lord Fairfax had been a . Lord Fairfax had been a Loyalist during the American Revolution . Loyalist during the American Revolution .

The law said that no Enemy of America could inherit land.The law said that no Enemy of America could inherit land. The Supreme Court said that it conflicted with the The Supreme Court said that it conflicted with the Treaty of Treaty of

Paris (1783).Paris (1783). They said that even loyalist should get their land back. They said that even loyalist should get their land back. MartinMartin was able to sell land. was able to sell land. This helped the Supreme Court say that they had final This helped the Supreme Court say that they had final

appeal, helped Federal Government.appeal, helped Federal Government.

2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Maryland did not want to be taxed by the Second Maryland did not want to be taxed by the Second Bank of the U.S.A.Bank of the U.S.A.

John MarshallJohn Marshall said that the said that the Second National BankSecond National Bank did have the power to tax and regulate trade and did have the power to tax and regulate trade and commerce between the states. commerce between the states.

They were arguing about the amount of power the They were arguing about the amount of power the National Bank should have.National Bank should have.

The State Government (Maryland) cannot interfere The State Government (Maryland) cannot interfere with the Federal Government.with the Federal Government.

This would give Congress more flexibility to enact This would give Congress more flexibility to enact new legislation.new legislation.

3. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)3. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Petitioner: Petitioner: Gibbons Gibbons Respondent: Respondent: Ogden Ogden Heard By: Heard By:  Marshall Court (1823-1824) Marshall Court (1823-1824) Decided By: Decided By:  Marshall Court (1824-1826) Marshall Court (1824-1826) Opinion: Opinion:  22 U.S. 1 (1824) 22 U.S. 1 (1824) Argued: Argued:  Wednesday, February 4, 1824 Wednesday, February 4, 1824 Decided: Decided:  Tuesday, March 2, 1824 Tuesday, March 2, 1824

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Aaron Ogden had a license from the State Aaron Ogden had a license from the State of New York to navigate between New York of New York to navigate between New York City and the New Jersey Shore. City and the New Jersey Shore.

Ogden found himself competing with Ogden found himself competing with Thomas Gibbons, who had been given Thomas Gibbons, who had been given permission to use the waterways by the permission to use the waterways by the Federal Government. Federal Government.

After the State of New York denied Gibbons After the State of New York denied Gibbons access to the Hudson Bay, he sued Ogden.access to the Hudson Bay, he sued Ogden.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Said that Said that Thomas GibbonsThomas Gibbons had a Monopoly had a Monopoly on the Steamboat Industry in New York and on the Steamboat Industry in New York and New Jersey.New Jersey.

Supreme Court ruled that this was Supreme Court ruled that this was unconstitutional, and that the state unconstitutional, and that the state government had over stepped their power.government had over stepped their power.

If trade went across state lines, it would then If trade went across state lines, it would then become a federal government issue. become a federal government issue.

Robert Fulton 1807 Robert Fulton 1807 invention of the steamboatinvention of the steamboat

Supreme CourtSupreme Court

1. Martin v. Hunter Lessee (1816)1. Martin v. Hunter Lessee (1816) 2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) 3. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)3. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

All three cases made American Nationalism All three cases made American Nationalism Stronger, but most states government did Stronger, but most states government did not like what John Marshall had done.not like what John Marshall had done.

America on the World StageAmerica on the World Stage

President MonroePresident Monroe 55thth President President Republican Republican

Andrew Jackson in FloridaAndrew Jackson in Florida

Spanish controlled Florida Spanish controlled Florida was a major problem for was a major problem for the American in the South.the American in the South.

Many slaves would escape Many slaves would escape to the state of Florida. to the state of Florida. They knew that their They knew that their American owners could American owners could not go into Spanish not go into Spanish Territory. The American Territory. The American laws did not hold up in the laws did not hold up in the Spanish colonies of Spanish colonies of Florida.Florida.

Andrew Jackson in FloridaAndrew Jackson in Florida

Andrew Jackson in FloridaAndrew Jackson in Florida

Native Americans had moved to Florida because Native Americans had moved to Florida because white settlers had taken their land.white settlers had taken their land.

Example: The Creek IndiansExample: The Creek Indians In Florida that gave themselves a new name. In Florida that gave themselves a new name.

“Seminole” means “Runaway” or “Separatist.” “Seminole” means “Runaway” or “Separatist.” They used Florida as a base to stage raids on They used Florida as a base to stage raids on

American settlers in Georgia.American settlers in Georgia. These settlers ask the Federal Government for These settlers ask the Federal Government for

help.help.

SeminoleSeminole

SeminoleSeminole Andrew Jackson in FloridaAndrew Jackson in Florida

KinacheKinache- a Seminole leader warded the United - a Seminole leader warded the United States to stay out of Florida.States to stay out of Florida.

John CalhounJohn Calhoun (SC) 1818 is now the Secretary of (SC) 1818 is now the Secretary of War. He sends War. He sends Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson to Florida. to Florida.

Jackson attacked Seminole Villages. He took Jackson attacked Seminole Villages. He took control of control of St. MarksSt. Marks, and , and PensacolaPensacola. Jackson . Jackson removed the Spanish Governor of Florida.removed the Spanish Governor of Florida.

The Spanish and the Seminole were very, very The Spanish and the Seminole were very, very mad!!!mad!!!

KinacheKinache

Andrew Jackson in FloridaAndrew Jackson in Florida

Andrew Jackson in FloridaAndrew Jackson in Florida

Jackson had done this and disobeyed his Jackson had done this and disobeyed his orders. orders.

President MonroePresident Monroe was mad at first. was mad at first. However, Secretary of State However, Secretary of State John Quincy John Quincy AdamsAdams used this turmoil to pressure the used this turmoil to pressure the Spanish into border negotiations with the Spanish into border negotiations with the United States.United States.

John Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams

John Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams

Andrew Jackson in FloridaAndrew Jackson in Florida

At this time the Spanish had a great deal of At this time the Spanish had a great deal of other problems to deal with. They were other problems to deal with. They were losing control of some of their Latin losing control of some of their Latin American Countries.American Countries.

Spain gave the state of Florida to American Spain gave the state of Florida to American in 1819. This is known as the in 1819. This is known as the Adams-Onis Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)Treaty (1819)

Luis de Onis (Spanish)Luis de Onis (Spanish) John Quincy Adams (American)John Quincy Adams (American)

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

Finalized the western border of the Finalized the western border of the Louisiana Purchase.Louisiana Purchase.

AlabamaAlabama will become a state 1819. will become a state 1819.

The The Adams-Otis or Transcontinental Adams-Otis or Transcontinental Treaty of 1819 Treaty of 1819 addressed two major addressed two major problems (1) the concerns of the problems (1) the concerns of the southwestern boundary and the Louisiana southwestern boundary and the Louisiana Purchase and (2) the southern border of Purchase and (2) the southern border of Oregon at the 42nd parallel. Oregon at the 42nd parallel. (Secretary of State, John Adams and (Secretary of State, John Adams and Spanish foreign minister Luis de Onis.)Spanish foreign minister Luis de Onis.)

Jackson-”I do what I want!”Jackson-”I do what I want!”

The Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine

By 1824 all of Spanish controlled land on By 1824 all of Spanish controlled land on the U.S. mainland was under the control by the U.S. mainland was under the control by the United States.the United States.

Spain still had Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Spain still had Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Santa Domingo.Santa Domingo.

The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine

In Europe there was a new In Europe there was a new Quadruple AllianceQuadruple Alliance. . The British, The British, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and later France would join.)Austria, Prussia, Russia, and later France would join.)

This was an effort to suppress an movements against the This was an effort to suppress an movements against the monarchies in Europe.monarchies in Europe.

They had talked about helping the Spanish regain their They had talked about helping the Spanish regain their lands in North and South America. This took place in 1822.lands in North and South America. This took place in 1822.

This made the United States and Great Britain both very This made the United States and Great Britain both very mad.mad.

It could take new lands away from them, and it mainly It could take new lands away from them, and it mainly would hurt trade with the Latin American Countries. would hurt trade with the Latin American Countries.

The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine

The The Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine was President Monroe and was President Monroe and John Quincy Adam'sJohn Quincy Adam's greatest achievement. greatest achievement.

1.) It was created to protect the United States and 1.) It was created to protect the United States and the Western Hemisphere from European conflicts. the Western Hemisphere from European conflicts. Monroe supported Adam's idea. Monroe supported Adam's idea.

2.)The doctrine called for non-colonization of the 2.)The doctrine called for non-colonization of the Western Hemisphere if either side was occupied. Western Hemisphere if either side was occupied.

3.) Additionally, the United States could not get 3.) Additionally, the United States could not get involved in European affairs.  involved in European affairs.  

The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine

President Monroe said to the European Countries, President Monroe said to the European Countries, “say out of America, this is our land!!!”“say out of America, this is our land!!!”

The idea was to keep the big European Countries The idea was to keep the big European Countries from interfering with Latin American political from interfering with Latin American political affairs, and to keep the United States from getting affairs, and to keep the United States from getting involved in Europe.involved in Europe.

This was a long term policy.This was a long term policy. America Had the responsibility to America Had the responsibility to POLICE THE POLICE THE

WESTERN HEMISPHERE!!!WESTERN HEMISPHERE!!!

Early Industry

Chapter 7 Section 2

Transportation Revolution

Erie Canal 1825

The National Road

First East to West Highway It was founded by the Federal

Government. By 1818 it went from the Potomac

River to the Ohio River. By 1821 4,000 miles of road had been

built. They mainly connected the eastern cities.

Steamboat (1807)

Rivers and waterways were a much faster way to travel.

Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston create the first usable steamboat called the Clermont.

The Railroad “The Iron Horse” The first railroads appeared in the early

1800s. Peter Cooper- built America’s first

locomotive in 1830. Based around the ones that were used in Great Britain.

The Tom Thumb was a small train that pulled the first load of passengers. 40 people at the speed of 10 miles per hour down a 13 mile track between Baltimore, and Ellicott City, Maryland.

The Tom Thumb even raced a horse. This was the beginning of the Railroad Era.

Peter Cooper

Tom Thumb

Mixed Opinions about the Train Some said the Locomotive was, “The

Devil’s own invention,” and “ a compounded of fire, smoke, soot, and dirt, spreading its infernal poison throughout the fair countryside.”

Others said it was a great new achievement for America.

Henry David Thoreau wrote about the Train.

What did the Locomotive do for American Industry? It made transportation cheaper. Increased the demand for Iron and steal. It

also increased the need for coal. Between 1830 and 1861 the U.S.A. built

over 30,000 miles of railroad. Needed 60,000 miles of iron for railroad

track. This made the need for coal go up. Coal production went from 50,000 tons a

year in 1820, to 14 million tons of coal in 1860.

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution had happened in Europe during the mid-1700s.

New industry opened up new jobs in America.

America Industrial Revolution

America Industrial Revolution

Free Enterprise- companies in competition with one another.

In the Northeastern part of America Industrialization happens very fast.

North was home to many entrepreneurs and merchants.

Francis C. Lowell-entrepreneur Lowell opened a series

of mills in Northeast Massachusetts in 1814. Textile mills. He mass produced cotton cloth in America.

He had thousands of workers. Mainly women and children because he could pay them less.

Technology New Inventions

Eli Whitney- He came up with the way for machines to have interchangeable parts.

Gun making was much easier. One-by-one process became a factory job.

Making guns on an assembly line. Later Whitney makes the Cotton Gin.

Cotton Gin

Samuel F.B. Morse 1832 He began work

on the telegraph. He developed the Morse code.

1844 the first long distance telegraph connected Washington D.C. and Baltimore.

By 1860 50,000 miles of telegraph wire connected most of the country.

Rise of Large Cities in America

Industrialization of the United States brought more people to the bigger cities.

In 1820 only one city had 100,000 people. By 1860, 8 different cities had 100,000 people.

In 1820 New York City had 123,706 people.

New Education

Many new jobs in America. Printers and Publishers were a few of the new jobs that Americans could have.

By 1840, 75% of the American population could read. Over 90% of the white population could read.

The newspaper and book publishing industry grow to new levels.

Education for Women

Many woman were educated and became literacy figures, writers, and publishers.

Factory Workers

The Industrial Boom made a new kind of laborer. The Factory Worker.

By 1860 there were 1.3 million factory workers in America.

There were problems between the workers and owners of the factories.

Labor Unions Working conditions in

the factories were bad. The workers were paid very bad wages.

Children of young ages worked in bad conditions and were paid very little. People worked long hours, and many people were injured in the factors and often killed by machinery.

Labor Unions By the late 1820s and early 1830s around

300,000 men and women belonged to a workers union.

Unions pushed for changes like higher wages and a shorter 10-hour work day.

During this time unions had very little success. They did not have much power or money.

They could not support strikes. In 1840, President Martin Van Buren

supported labor unions by passing a 10 hour work day for federal employees.

The Land of Cotton

Chapter 7 section 3

The Land of Cotton

The Southern Economy Upper South -Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky,

and Tennessee. (Tobacco) Coastal South- South Carolina, North Carolina,

and Georgia. (Rice) Southwest- Eastern Texas, and Louisiana

(Sugarcane) Deep South- Inland Georgia and South

Carolina, Alabama, and Mississippi. (Cotton)

The Land of Cotton

Eli Whitney- comes to the south in 1793. Whitney was good with small machines so he invented a machine that could pick the seeds from balls of cotton. This machine was called the cotton gin. It only took him 10 days to create the machine.

“Gin”- short for engine. Before the Cotton Gin, (1792) the south produced around 6,000 bales of cotton. In (1801) production reached 100,000 bales of cotton.

Cotton is King

By the end of the 1840s the south was producing more than two million bales annually. By 1860 it was four million. In 1860 Europeans bought $191 million in cotton.

The demand for cotton made the demand for slave labor go up a great deal.

From 1820 to 1850 the number of enslaved people in the deep south rose from about 1.5 million to around 4 million people.

South did not Industrialize as fast as the North.

The South was agricultural.The North was Industrial.

South

South had some industry. Coal, iron, salt, and copper mines. Also,

ironworks and textile mills.They depended on the North for clothes,

carriages, saddles, hats, shoes, flour, potatoes, and much more.

(1860) 16% of manufacturing in the USA came from the south.

Planters- Upper Class

1850- Census

Southern White population was over 6 Million. 347,725 were slave holders. 37,000 of them were planters. (Owned more than 20

slaves.) Less than 8,000 planters held 50 or more slaves Only 11 planters held 500 or more slaves. Small percentage of slaveholders lived in big

plantations. Cotton helped many become wealthy. Lawyers, Doctors, and other professionals- Smallest

Group

Yeoman-Middle Class

Vast majority of the southern white population.

Rural Poor- Lower Class

Bottom of the social ladder. Lived on land to poor for good farming.

Less than 10% of the white population in the south.

Hunted and fished. Grow small gardens.

African Americans- lowest class

93% of the blacks in the south were enslaved.

3.6 million African Americans in the southern states. 37% of the southern population.

Some southern states had more slaves than others. South Carolina had a great deal of slaves. North Carolina did not.

SLAVERY

Plantation. task system- workers (Slaves) were given a

specific set of jobs to accomplish everyday and worked until they are finished.

Gang System- enslaved people were organized into gangs that labored everyday.

Driver- director of a work gang. Enslaved person themselves.

SLAVERY

Frederick Douglass

Wrote about his bad experiences as a slave.

Slave Codes

Slave Codes said that enslaved men and women from owning property or leaving the slaveholder’s home without permission.

Not allowed to read or write.

Viewed as property not as a person.

Free Blacks

1850 225,000 free blacks in the south. Most in the upper southern states.

Some free blacks in Charleston and New Orleans.

Some free blacks even owned slaves themselves.

In the North there were 196,000 free blacks.

Free Blacks

Black Churches

Slave Rebellion

In 1822 Denmark Vesey was accused of planning a slave revolt to free the slaves in the Charleston area.

We do not know if he did or not, but he was tried and then hung for the crime.

Nat Turner

August 22 1831 Nat Turner, an enslaved minister lead a revolt.

He said that God told him to do it. Like Moses leading his people out of Egypt,

Turner would lead his people out of slavery in the south.

Killed more than 50 white men, women, and children.

Turner was caught and hung.

Growing Sectionalism

The Missouri Compromise

• 1819- 11 Free states, 11 Slave states• Maine- 1820 Free• Missouri- 1820 Slave• The senate did The Missouri Compromise.

Maine was free, and Missouri was a slave state. • It allowed slavery to expand into the Arkansas

Territory south of Missouri, but keep slavery out of the rest of the land that was part of the Louisiana Purchase.

The Missouri Compromise

• Many thought that the Missouri Compromise was pro-slave state, because they thought that the land north of Missouri was not good for farming.

• Temporary fix to the problem dealing with slave and free states.

The Election of 1824 This campaign showed that the Republican Party was

having a few sectional differences. 4 candidates ran for president “Favorite Sons” Two in the west 1. Henry Clay (KY) 2. Andrew Jackson (TN) Northeast 3. John Quincy Adams (MASS.) South 4. William Crawford (Georgia)

The Election of 1824

• 1. Henry Clay (KY) • 2. Andrew Jackson (TN)

The Election of 1824

• 3. John Quincy Adams(MASS.) • 4. William Crawford (Georgia)

The Election of 1824

Jackson beats Clay in the west. Jackson and Clay hated one another. Feb. 9th 1825 representatives met. Clay supported Adams. This helped. Adams 13 votes Jackson 7 votes Crawford 4 votes.

John Quincy Adams 1825 John Quincy Adams becomes the

President. He made Henry Clay his Sec. of State. Jacksons supporters said there was fowl

play. Became know as the “corrupt bargain” This split the Republican party. Jackson supporters became Democrats. Adams party now called the National

Republicans.

Results of the Results of the 1824 Election1824 ElectionResults of the Results of the 1824 Election1824 ElectionAA

““Corrupt Corrupt BargainBargain

?”?”

AA

““Corrupt Corrupt BargainBargain

?”?”

John Quincy Adams

John Quincy Adams

John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was the sixth President of the United States from 1825 to 1829.

Term 6th President of the United States (1825–1829)

Born July 11, 1767, Braintree (now Quincy), Massachusetts

Nickname “Old Man Eloquent”

Education Harvard College (graduated 1787)

Religion Unitarian

Marriage July 26, 1797, to Louisa Catherine Johnson (1775–1852)

Children George Washington (1801–1829), John (1803–1834), Charles Francis

(1807–1886), Louisa Catherine (1811–1812)

The Election of 1828 In 1828 Andrew Jackson (Old Hickory) beats John Q.

Adams. In was a hard fought and dirty campaign. Mudslinging-

They criticized each other personalities and morals. Jackson said that he was the common man’s

president. Called Adams corrupt. Used his popularity from the Battle of New Orleans to help him win.

Jackson won 56 % of the popular vote. Jackson 178 of the 261 electoral votes. “Old Hickory” won

Essential Essential Question:Question:Essential Essential Question:Question:

Champion of Champion of the the

“Common “Common Man”?Man”?

““King”King”Andrew?Andrew?OROR

THE HERMITAGE