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!,

ABSTRACT

This thes i s surveys th ree p r inc ipa l Scandinavianac t i v i t i e s during the per iod from 700 to 1100 - those ofs ett lem en t, t ra de and mi l i t a ry ac t iv i ty - in the reg ions eas tof the Bal t ic Sea. As secondary sources debate the or ig inand e thnic i ty of the people known as the RUB mentioned by theprimary l i t e ra ry sources and i den t i f i ed with Swedish Vikings,the ph i lo log ica l arguments fo r th e der iva t ion of the name andthe source mater i a l .support ing th e Scandinavian i den t i t y ofthe Rus are i n i t i a l l y d i scussed . In examining colonis ingac t iv i t i e s , much a t t en t ion has been paid to th earchaeologica l evidence (supported by l i t e r a ry sources)ind ica t ing Scandinavian s et t leme nt in the region of NorthRussia . This i s e ss en tia lly an e xam in atio n o f bu r i a l s i t e sand Norse b u ria l p ra ct ic es and r i t u a l s . The t r ad i t i on of th efoundat ion of the f i r s t Russian Sta te by Varangian warr iorscen t red i n i t i a l l y a t Novgorod and sh i f t i ng to Kiev in thenin th century i s also discussed . The development of commercefrom the pre-Vik ing p erio d de als with t r ade - rou te s , wares andmodes of t r ave l . There i s a div i s ion along the l ines oft rade with the Muslims and t ha t with the Byzant ines . To someextent , th i s is div ided by the source mate r ia l , numismaticevidence fo r Muslim commerce and l i t e r a ry fo r t r ade with th eByzant ines . My f i na l chap te r examines the Norse warr iort r ad i t ion , t h e i r weapons and t a c t i c s . A discuss ion of thegrea t ra ids on Constan t inople and in the Caspian region basedprimari ly on the wri t ten accounts of Byzantine and Muslimauthors forms the bas i s of th e l a s t chapter . A b r i e f account

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of th e development of th e Varangian Guard and some of th epe r sona l i t i e s assoc ia ted with it completes t h a t chap te r . Myove ra l l conclus ions then fo l low.

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