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THE USE OF INOTROPIC DRUGS IN CARDIAC SURGERY

PRESENTED BY

THIERRY YUNISHE

TUESDAY, JUNE 4 th, 2013

BTech, ADN, HND, RNCCN,

INTENSIVE CARE NURSE.

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INTRODUCTION

The body produces catechlolamines which are a group physiological important substance including adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine. They have different roles but mainly as neurotransmitters in the functioning of the sympathetic and central nervous system. The occur naturally within the body.

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DEFINITION

An inotrope is an agent which increases or decreases the force of muscular contraction of the heart. It acts on the alpha and beta (ᵝ1,ᵝ2) receptors.Alpha : peripheral vasoconstriction

increased systemic vascular resistance beta 1: increased the heart rate increased AV conductivity velocity increased ventricular contractility beta 2: peripheral vasodilatation bronchodilatation

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Inotropes and their reaction

Drug Alpha Beta 1 Beta 2 CommentsDobutamine ++ + Can be

given peripherally

Dopamine + ++ +Adrenaline ++ +++ + Can be

given peripherally if desperate

Noradrenaline

+++ +

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Types of inotropesPositive inotropes; known as sympathomimetic drugs. They stimulate contraction directly affecting the heart rate, peripheral perfusion, blood pressure and urine out put. E.g. dopamine, dobutamine and adrenaline.Negative inotrope; block beta-adrenoreceptors in the heart, peripheral vessels, bronchi, pancreas and liver. E.g. propranololVasopressor; acts on alpha1-adrenergic receptors by increasing peripheral vascular tone and increasing systemic vascular resistance which lead to an elevation of blood pressure e.g. adrenaline and noradrenaline.

NB: In theory, inotropes treat impaired cardiac contractility and vasopressors treat peripheral vascular failure; most drugs used for cardiovascular support in cardiac surgery have both the inotropic and vasopressor activity.

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Aim of use of inotropes in cardiac surgery

To optimize the distribution of cardiac outputUse minimum effective dose to achieve the desired outcome and to wean and discontinue to avoid undesirable side effects.

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Adrenaline (Epinephrine) INDICATIONSCardiac arrest Symptomatic bradycardial unresponsive to ventilation and oxygen Poor systemic perfusion Hypotension with good CVP and stable rhythm Anaphylactic reactions Acute asthmatic attack Temporary relief of bronchospasm

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ACTION

Adrenaline acts directly on alpha and beta receptors with level changing according to the physiological status

Imitates most actions of SNS except for the face and sweat glands Strengthens myocardial contraction, increasing cardiac output and rate Increases systolic vascular resistance Increases coronary artery perfusion pressure, increasing myocardial oxygenation Increases systolic but may decrease diastolic blood pressure Causes bronchial smooth muscle relaxation Constricts bronchial arterioles and inhibits histamine release - this reduces congestion and

oedema, increasing tidal volume and vital capacity Constricts arterioles in the skin, mucous membranes and kidneys Dilates skeletal muscle blood vessels Raises blood sugar by promoting conversions of glycogen reserves in the liver to glucose and

inhibits insulin release in the pancreas

CNS stimulation believed to result form peripheral effects

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DOSE: arrest - 0.1ml/kg of 1:10 000 (0.01mg/kg)

Repeat as necessary IV: Single strength made up as 0.3mg/kg in 50mls 5%

glucose = 0.1 mcg/kg/min at 1ml/hr

Adjust rate until HR/BP or systemic perfusion reaches acceptable level Nebulizer: 1ml of 1:1000 adrenaline diluted with 3mls saline

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PRECAUTIONS /SIDE EFFECTS

Metabolic acidosis – may decrease effect so should be corrected Tachyarrhythmia’s Hypertension Hyperglycemia Increased myocardial oxygen demand Rates higher than 0.6mcg/kg/min cause profound vasoconstriction that can

compromise extremities and skin perfusionLower doses may decrease renal and hepatic blood flowInfiltration causes necrosis and ischemia Systemic reactions: nervousness, restlessness, anxiety, tremors, nausea,

sweating, vomiting, dyspnoea, weakness, dizzinessBronchial and pulmonary oedema Urinary retention

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NORADRENALIN

INDICATIONS

Restore blood pressure in acute hypotensive states, primarily used in shock Cardiac arrest Useful in hypercyanotic episodes like Fallots,

tricuspid atresia, to overcome peripheral vasodilation Useful in pulmonary vascular disease to overcome

peripheral systemic vasodilation Sepsis with significant vasodilation

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ACTIONActs directly on alpha adrenergic receptors Acts little on beta receptors except on the heart Main therapeutic effect: vasoconstriction and cardiac stimulation Reduces blood flow to the kidney, other vital organs, skeletal muscle Peripheral vasoconstriction Isotropic stimulation of the heart which causes an Increase in systolic and diastolic pressure Myocardial oxygenation Coronary artery blood flow Myocardial output

Cardiac output varies with systemic blood pressure Bradycardia Causes less CNS stimulation and less effect on metabolism than adrenaline Large doses can cause glycogenolysis and inhibits pancreatic release of insulin, so causing hyperglycemia

 

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DOSE 0.3mg/kg in 5% glucose at 1ml/hr = 1mcg/min 0.01-0/5mcgs/kg/hr

PRECAUTION / SIDE EFFECTS

Significantly increases myocardial workload Reduces peripheral tissue perfusion May cause hypoxia or hypercapnia Hypertension Bradycardia Respiratory difficulties Headache Tissue necrosis at infusion site CNS: tremors, dizziness, restlessness, anxiety, weakness Hyperglycemia use: plasma volume depletion

Oedema Haemorrhage Intestinal hepatic and renal necrosis

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Dopamine

INDICATIONS

Low cardiac output Hypotension Poor peripheral perfusion when adequate

intravascular volume and stable rhythm

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ACTION

2-5mcg/kg/min: increases renal blood flow (D receptors) Splanchic Coronary Cerebral blood flow 5-10mcg/kg/min: increase cardiac contractility without raising HR and BP

Increases cardiac output Direct stimulation of cardiac B 1 adrenergic receptors Indirect cardiac stimulation thorough the release of noradrenalin stored

In cardiac sympathetic nerves May cause a recution in cardiac output in neonates 10-20mcg/kg/min: vasoconstriction

Increases vascular resistance Tachycardia

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DOSAGE 3mg/kg in 50mls 5% glucose at 1ml/hr = 1mcg/kg/min single strength 2-10mcg/kg/min

PRECAUTION / SIDE EFFECTS

TachycardiaIncreased oxygen demand from myocardiumArrhythmias especially SVT & VT Hypertension 20mcgs/kg/min or more: vasoconstriction peripherally and ischaemia in the shocked child Central infusion only if more than 5mcgs/kg/minLocal ischaemia and necrosis if extravasation of peripheral (IV) Inactivated in alkaline solutions

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DOBUTAMINE

INDICATIONHypoperfusion if associated with increased

systemic vascular resistance Severe congestive cardiac failureCardiogenic shock- especially if caused by

cardiomyopathy as it decreases peripheral vascular resistance

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ACTION

Synthetic catecholamineActs directly on B-adrenegic receptors not dependent on

noradrenaline storesIncreases cardiac contractility Improves cardiac output Increased heart rate with mild peripheral dilation of vascular bed Increases cardiac output s in cardiogenic shock Decreases pulmonary capillary pressure and systemic vascular

resistance Less effective than adrenaline in septic shock as it may increase

existing systemic vasodilation

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DOSE 3mg/kg in 50mls 5% glucose = 1mcg/kg/min at 1ml/hr

5-10mcg/kg/min Adjust rate as required to stabilize BP and perfusion

PRECAUTION AND SIDE EFFECTS TachycardiaTachyarrhythmia Ectopic beats Nausea/ vomiting Extravasation- tissue necrosis and ischaemiaInactivated slowly if in alkaline solutions

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MILRINONE A selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase iii an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the breakdown of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) ;found in high concentration in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle

INDICATIONCongestive cardiac failure Decreased cardiac output and Increased filling pressure Post cardiac surgery

Milrinone has about a 20 minute onset and half- life of 4-6 hours. Can be given peripherally

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DOSE loading 50mcg/kg over 10-20 mins Then 0.3-0.75mcg/kg/min

PRECAUTION AND SIDE EFFECTS

Hypotension- consider a fluid bolus when initiating treatment ArrhythmiasIncompatible with frusemide:-> precipitation

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ISOPRENALINE

INDICATIONGenerally now used as a short term emergency

treatment of heart block or severe bradycardiaBradycardia with poor perfusion adrenaline may

be preferred as it is less likely to decrease diastolic pressure

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ACTION

B- adrenergic agonist Increased heart rate Increased atrial ventricular conductionIncreased cardiac contractility Increased myocardial oxygen consumption causes peripheral

vasodilation particularly in skeletal muscle Cardiac output increases if circulating blood volume adequate Pulse pressure increases because diastolic pressure falls with

dilation of the blood vesselsBronchodilation

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DOSE0.3mg/kg in 50mls 5% glucose at 1ml/hr = 0.1mcg/kg/min

0.1-0.5 mcg/kg/min May require to go up to 1mcg/kg/min but results in tachycardia.

PRECAUTIONS AND SIDE EFFECTSIsoprenaline may compromise coronary perfusion because it has no alpha-

adrenergic effects and decreases diastolic pressureIncreases myocardial oxygen consumption by increasing myocardial

contractility and heart rate Increased heart rate may further decrease coronary perfusion by decreasing

diastolic filling time NOT given in arrest Isoprinosine cardio toxicity following (IV) with asthmatic child ArrhythmiasTachycardiaHypotensionSweating Headache

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GLYCERYL TRINITRATE INDICATIONLeft ventricular failure

ACTIONSystemic venous and arterial vasodilator Pulmonary vasodilation Relaxes stiff ventricles Acts on veins and coronary vessels Potent coronary vasodilatorDecreases venous return and therefore decreases left

ventricular work

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DOSE3mcg/kg in 50mls 5% glucose at 1ml/hr = 1mg/kg/min

0.5-5mcg/kg/min

PRECAUTION AND SIDE EFFECTSMaximum concentration 1mg/mlTachycardia- care with administration Non PVC giving set- reactive to light HypotensionHeadacheFlushing DizzinessHypothermia

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conclusion

The use of inotropes is every eminent in cardiac surgery as well as the improper mastery of it use many by more significant thus it should be administered by a senior staff and those who have undertaken training and are competent.

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Thanks for listening