THE U.S. CIVIL WAR 1861-THE U.S. CIVIL WAR 1861-18651865

APRIL 12, 1861 Fort Sumter, APRIL 12, 1861 Fort Sumter, SCSC

Fort in Charleston Fort in Charleston HarborHarbor

Lincoln in a bindLincoln in a bind Gen. P.G.T Gen. P.G.T

Beauregard—CSABeauregard—CSA Major Anderson-Major Anderson-

UnionUnion Fort surrenders-no Fort surrenders-no

casualties!casualties!

Call for Volunteers-Both sides Call for Volunteers-Both sides predict a quick war!predict a quick war!

The South has:The South has:

1. Better Military 1. Better Military Leaders Leaders

2. Southern Sons 2. Southern Sons went to West Point went to West Point in greater numbersin greater numbers

3. Farm boys shoot 3. Farm boys shoot better!better!

The North has:The North has:

1.1. Sheer numbers in Sheer numbers in populationpopulation

2.2. Better and more Better and more weaponsweapons

3.3. Stronger industry Stronger industry and more miles of and more miles of R.R. trackR.R. track

North: Anaconda PlanNorth: Anaconda Plan

1.1. Control the Mississippi River-Cut off Control the Mississippi River-Cut off Texas from the rest of the SouthTexas from the rest of the South

2.2. Blockade all Southern PortsBlockade all Southern Ports

3.3. Take the war to the South—Capture Take the war to the South—Capture Richmond, VA—The CapitalRichmond, VA—The Capital

Battle of Bull Run/Manasses Battle of Bull Run/Manasses July 1861July 1861

► Mr. McLean’s HouseMr. McLean’s House► Washington VisitorsWashington Visitors► Thomas (Stonewall) Thomas (Stonewall)

JacksonJackson► Traffic JamTraffic Jam► Mistakes Mistakes

Lincoln’s TroublesLincoln’s Troubles Fires Gen. Irwin Fires Gen. Irwin

McDowellMcDowell Hires Gen. George Hires Gen. George

McClellanMcClellan Army of the PotomacArmy of the Potomac Trains and waitsTrains and waits Lincoln asks to Lincoln asks to

“borrow the Army”“borrow the Army” Loses in the Peninsula Loses in the Peninsula

CampaignCampaign South’s new heroes: South’s new heroes:

General Robert E. Lee, General Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson and Stonewall Jackson and Jeb StuartJeb Stuart

South’s New HeroesSouth’s New Heroes

22ndnd Bull Run/Manassas Bull Run/ManassasAugust 28-29 1862August 28-29 1862

Lincoln fires McClellan!

Hires Gen. John Pope

Jeb Stuart Pays a visit

Pope defeated!

Lee’s New PlanLee’s New Plan

►No more defenseNo more defense►Take the War to the NorthTake the War to the North►Beliefs:Beliefs:

1. Win in Maryland and turn state to 1. Win in Maryland and turn state to the Souththe South

2. Make Washington D.C. an Island in 2. Make Washington D.C. an Island in the Confederacythe Confederacy

3. Demoralize the North3. Demoralize the North

Lincoln’s DilemmaLincoln’s Dilemma

Lincoln fires PopeLincoln fires Pope Rehires Rehires

McClellan!McClellan! McClellan still McClellan still

over cautiousover cautious Lincoln needs a Lincoln needs a

victory!victory! Wants a moral Wants a moral

objective to the objective to the warwar

Battle of Battle of Antietam/SharpsburgAntietam/Sharpsburg

Sept. 17, 1862Sept. 17, 1862 Lee invades Maryland by crossing the Lee invades Maryland by crossing the

Potomac RiverPotomac River Lee’s Battle Plans Found! Lil’ Mac Lee’s Battle Plans Found! Lil’ Mac

does nothing—asks for more men!does nothing—asks for more men! Three battle phases:Three battle phases:

1. Morning-Dunker Church & Cornfield1. Morning-Dunker Church & Cornfield

2. Midday- Sunken Road2. Midday- Sunken Road

3. Afternoon- Burnside’s Bridge3. Afternoon- Burnside’s Bridge

Morning-Dunker Church/CornfieldMorning-Dunker Church/Cornfield

Midday-Sunken RoadMidday-Sunken Road

Burnside’s BridgeBurnside’s Bridge

““He has the slows”He has the slows” No clear winner but No clear winner but

south leaves the fieldsouth leaves the field McClellan has McClellan has

advantage but waits advantage but waits more than a week!!more than a week!!

Lee escapes across the Lee escapes across the Potomac RiverPotomac River

Lincoln Fires Lincoln Fires McClellan!McClellan!

Single bloodiest day in Single bloodiest day in United States historyUnited States history

23,000 Killed or 23,000 Killed or WoundedWounded

Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

Lincoln needed a victoryLincoln needed a victory“…“…all persons held as slaves within any all persons held as slaves within any

State or designated part of a State State or designated part of a State the people whereof shall then be in the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and shall be then, thenceforward, and forever freeforever free.”.”

Border States could still keep slavesBorder States could still keep slavesReality Emancipation Proclamation Reality Emancipation Proclamation

freed no slaves! But gave moral freed no slaves! But gave moral cause to the war.cause to the war.

Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Fredericksburg December 11-15 1862December 11-15 1862

Lincoln fires Lincoln fires McClellan!!McClellan!!

Lincoln hires Gen. Lincoln hires Gen. Ambrose BurnsideAmbrose Burnside

Lee controls Marye’s Lee controls Marye’s HeightsHeights

Series of Union Series of Union attacks all attacks all unsuccessfulunsuccessful

Men know they will Men know they will diedie

““Northern Lights “Northern Lights “ ““Angel of Marye’s Angel of Marye’s

Heights”Heights”

Battle of ChancellorsvilleBattle of ChancellorsvilleApril 30-May 6 1863April 30-May 6 1863

► Lincoln fires Burnsides!Lincoln fires Burnsides!► Lincoln hires “Fightin’ Lincoln hires “Fightin’

Joe Hooker”Joe Hooker”► 138,000 Union forces138,000 Union forces► Lee has about half as Lee has about half as

manymany► Stonewall Jackson Stonewall Jackson

makes a “grand makes a “grand manuever”manuever”

► Stonewall accidently Stonewall accidently shot by own troopsshot by own troops

Battle of GettysburgBattle of GettysburgJuly 1-3 1863July 1-3 1863

Lee moves north again to put fear in the Lee moves north again to put fear in the North and hopefully end the war.North and hopefully end the war.

Lincoln fires Hooker hires Gen. George Lincoln fires Hooker hires Gen. George MeadeMeade

Shoes? Gen. Buford’s DelayShoes? Gen. Buford’s Delay Chamberlain’s Pinwheel ChargeChamberlain’s Pinwheel Charge Pickett’s ChargePickett’s Charge 43,000 Killed, wounded or missing—25,000 43,000 Killed, wounded or missing—25,000

from the south—will never recoverfrom the south—will never recover Gettysburg is the turning point of the war!Gettysburg is the turning point of the war!

First Day-”save the high First Day-”save the high ground”ground”

Gen. BufordGen. Buford

22ndnd Day- Chamberlain saves Day- Chamberlain saves the Union Armythe Union Army

Little Round TopLittle Round Top

Devil’s DenDevil’s Den

Day 3—Picket’s ChargeDay 3—Picket’s Charge

““Attack the Center, where Attack the Center, where they are weak” Robert E. they are weak” Robert E.

LeeLee

Civil War in the WestCivil War in the West Control the Control the

MississippiMississippi Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant Wins at Ft. Donnelson Wins at Ft. Donnelson

& Fort Henry—No & Fort Henry—No Terms! “Unconditional Terms! “Unconditional Surrender!”Surrender!”

Battle of Shiloh Battle of Shiloh Church April 6-7 1862Church April 6-7 1862

High casualties Grant High casualties Grant almost loses—almost loses—temporarily relieved of temporarily relieved of commandcommand

Admiral David Admiral David Farragut (Union Navy) Farragut (Union Navy) captures New Orleans captures New Orleans and Baton Rouge and Baton Rouge (spring of 1862)(spring of 1862)

Grant lays siege of Grant lays siege of Vicksburg, MS (May Vicksburg, MS (May 1863 - July 41863 - July 4thth, 1863, 1863

Cuts off food and Cuts off food and suppliessupplies

30,000 Confederates 30,000 Confederates surrendersurrender

““He Fights”He Fights” Not thought of highlyNot thought of highly Drinks too muchDrinks too much Has enemies in Has enemies in

Congress and ArmyCongress and Army Undercover officer Undercover officer

sent to dig up dirt in sent to dig up dirt in order to get Grant order to get Grant firedfired

Lincoln “find out Lincoln “find out what he drinks and what he drinks and send a case to all my send a case to all my generals—he fights!generals—he fights!

Gettysburg AddressGettysburg AddressNovember 19 1863November 19 1863

• National Cemetery DedicationNational Cemetery Dedication

• Didn’t want Lincoln invited—after Didn’t want Lincoln invited—after thoughtthought

• Edward Everett spoke almost 2 Edward Everett spoke almost 2 hours-”top that”hours-”top that”

• One of America’s top 3 speeches only One of America’s top 3 speeches only 3 minutes long3 minutes long

• Biblical connection to speechBiblical connection to speech

The Gettysburg AddressThe Gettysburg Address

Medical Treatment during the Medical Treatment during the Civil WarCivil War

New weapons + old New weapons + old strategies=terrible strategies=terrible woundswounds

Amputation most Amputation most common treatmentcommon treatment

Infections kills more Infections kills more than bulletsthan bullets

Disease is rampantDisease is rampant Clara BartonClara Barton

Home frontHome front

Women doing more on the farms and Women doing more on the farms and factoriesfactories

CopperheadsCopperheads Draft and New York Draft riotDraft and New York Draft riot Habeas CorpusHabeas Corpus

African-Americans in the Civil African-Americans in the Civil WarWar

Early oppositionEarly opposition Contraband in the SouthContraband in the South 5454thth Massachusetts Massachusetts 186,000 served in the Union Army186,000 served in the Union Army 50,000 served in the Confederate 50,000 served in the Confederate

ArmyArmy

Grant Now in ChargeGrant Now in Charge

• Grant replaces Grant replaces Meade now in Meade now in command of all command of all Union ArmiesUnion Armies

• New strategyNew strategy—”Total War”—”Total War”

• Grant has more Grant has more men, weapons, men, weapons, supplies, supplies, transportationtransportation

• South will never South will never recover from recover from Gettysburg & Gettysburg & VicksburgVicksburg

• Must now fight a Must now fight a desperate defensive desperate defensive warwar

• Cannot replace men, Cannot replace men, weapons, supplies weapons, supplies and transportationand transportation

Grant, “The Butcher”Grant, “The Butcher”

The WildernessThe Wilderness Battle of Cold Battle of Cold

HarborHarbor 7000 KIAs in only 2 7000 KIAs in only 2

hours!hours! Lee digs inLee digs in Grant lays siege at Grant lays siege at

PetersburgPetersburg ““I can replace I can replace

soldiers, Lee cannot”soldiers, Lee cannot”

War in the West 1864War in the West 1864

• Gen. William Gen. William Tecumseh ShermanTecumseh Sherman

• Tennessee to Tennessee to AtlantaAtlanta

• Victory helped Victory helped Lincoln win re-Lincoln win re-electionelection

• Sherman’s necktiesSherman’s neckties

Sherman’s March to the SeaSherman’s March to the Sea

• ““Make Georgia howl!”Make Georgia howl!”• 60,000 men, 60 miles 60,000 men, 60 miles

widewide• Total War!Total War!• Break the South’s will Break the South’s will

to fightto fight• Can do this anywhereCan do this anywhere• Savannah, GA Dec. Savannah, GA Dec.

10, 186410, 1864• ““Merry Christmas Mr. Merry Christmas Mr.

PresidentPresident

Appomattox Court HouseAppomattox Court House

• Lee makes contactLee makes contact

• April 9April 9thth, 1865, 1865

• Farm houseFarm house

• ReminisceReminisce

• Lee asks for termsLee asks for terms

• Grant allows for horses and sidearmsGrant allows for horses and sidearms

• Gives food—time to replantGives food—time to replant

McLean’s HouseMcLean’s House

• Moved far away from ManassasMoved far away from Manassas

• House used for the surrenderHouse used for the surrender

• ““the war began in my front yard, and the war began in my front yard, and ended in my front parlor”ended in my front parlor”

The Price in Blood!The Price in Blood!

Casualties in the Civil WarCasualties in the Civil War • At least 618,000 Americans died in the Civil War, and At least 618,000 Americans died in the Civil War, and

some experts say the toll reached 700,000. The number some experts say the toll reached 700,000. The number that is most often quoted is 620,000. At any rate, these that is most often quoted is 620,000. At any rate, these casualties exceed the nation's loss in all its other wars, casualties exceed the nation's loss in all its other wars, from the Revolution through Vietnam. from the Revolution through Vietnam.         The Union armies had from 2,500,000 to 2,750,000         The Union armies had from 2,500,000 to 2,750,000 men. Their losses, by the best estimates:men. Their losses, by the best estimates:

• Battle deaths:110,070 Disease, etc.:250,152 Total Battle deaths:110,070 Disease, etc.:250,152 Total 360,222360,222

•                 The Confederate strength, known less accurately The Confederate strength, known less accurately because of missing records, was from 750,000 to because of missing records, was from 750,000 to 1,250,000. Its estimated losses:1,250,000. Its estimated losses:

• Battle deaths: 94,000 Disease, etc.:164,000 Total258,000Battle deaths: 94,000 Disease, etc.:164,000 Total258,000

The Civil War in 4 minutesThe Civil War in 4 minutes

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