Civil War begins, 1861

Civil War begins, 1861

• Attack on Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861

North vs South in numbers• Union:

– Population 22,100,000 (71%)– Free population 21,700,000 (Border state slaves 400,000)– Soldiers 2,100,000 (67%)– Railroads 71%– Manufactured items 90%– Firearm production 97%– Pre-war exports 30%

• Confederacy:– Population: 9,100,000 (29%) – Free population 5,600,000– Slaves 3,500,000 – Soldiers 1,064,000 (33%)– Railroads 29%– Manufactured items 10%– Firearms production 3%– Bales of cotton in 1860 4,500,000– Bales of cotton in 1864 Negligible 300,000– Pre-war exports 70%

Southern hopes of victory – insane?

• defensive war– need to defend their

independence not to invade the North

• elitist Southern upbringing produced better soldiers (or such was the Southern myth)

• King Cotton• hopes of international

intervention

The South and hopes of international intervention

• "cotton diplomacy"

• embargo on European shipments of cotton– Europe – does not care

• "King Corn more powerful than King Cotton"– importation of Union crops proves crucial to

European powers

Emancipation Proclamation• Slaves during the war• The significance of the border

states• Compensated emancipation?• Battle of Antietam, September 1862• Emancipation Proclamiation makes

abolishment of slavery the goal of the war – helps turn foreign opinion in favour of the Union

– September 22, 1862 – Ultimatum to the Confederation

– January 1, 1863 – Slaves emancipated in ten rebelled states – with exemptions (West Virginia, New Orleans, etc – territories under the control of the North

– no emancipation in border states and Tennessee

The Civil War ends

• April 9, 1865, Gen. Lee surrenders

• Lincoln Assassination, April 14, 1865

• Andrew Johnson – new president

Gen. Robert Edward Lee

Aftermath– 620.000 soldiers dead, close to

300.000 civilians – total number of casaulties higher than in any other war America fought

– Confederate States beaten and humiliated

– The South – devastated

– North – military losses: • 110,000 killed in action• 360,000 total dead

275,200 wounded– South – military losses

• 93,000 killed in action• 260,000 total dead• 137,000+ wounded• 18% of adult male population –

dead– New wars – old tactics; New tactics

– old wars• Battle of Gettysburg• Sherman's March to the Sea

The postbellum America

• emancipated Black Americans

• South– devastated by the war

• North– strengthened economically– strengthened politically

Reconstruction (1865 – 1877)

• Political perspective– How to readmit the rebelled states?– The future of the South– Radical Republicans vs. the President– Social and racial perspective – emancipation

and the Black Americans

• Southern perspective– rise of racist ideologies– KKK

Presidential Reconstruction• Lincoln's moderate plans of

reconstruction– 'painless and quick' reconstruction –

Ten Percent Plan– 13th Amendment

• Radical Republicans– Wade-Davis Bill – vetoed by Lincoln– Ironclad Oath– Freedman's Bureau

• Lincoln assassination (1865) and the domination of Radical Republicans in Congress

• Johsnon's plan– reapeal of secession and acceping

banning slavery – way to readmission open

– new governmetns formed in southern states

• Black Codes

• Johnson faces impeachment – end of Presidential Reconstruction

13th Amendment, December 1865

• Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

• Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

• abolishes slavery in the United States

Radical Reconstruction (Congressional Reconstruction)

• removal of Confederate officials – Ironclad Oath

• military rule introduced in rebelled states• new governments created under military

authority– Carbetbaggers– Freedmen– Scalawags

• radical reconstruction projects in the South

• Constitutional amendments– citizenship– suffrage

14th Amendment, 1868• Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the

jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

• Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

• Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

• Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

• Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

15th Amendment, 1870

• Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

• Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Reconstruction in the South, Act II

• Opposition to radical reconstruction

• Redeemers

• Democratic party wins southern states state by state on a platform of fighting Republican corruption and gains national significance

The election of 1876• Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat) wins

the popular vote over Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican)

• 20 electoral votes are disputed (Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Oregon)

• Violent political conflict ensues• Congress creates an Electoral

Commission to decide how to count the electoral votes

• Electoral Commission grants 20 votes to Hayes who wins the election over Hayes with a 185 : 184 electoral vote

Compromise of 1877 – End of Reconstruction

• Democrat Samuel J. Tilden concedes presidency to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops from the South

• Actual recounts show a margin of 800 votes – the closes election to date

• This opens way for southern Democrates and for disfenchisment and segragation

• Disfranchisement– Jim Crow Laws

• literacy requirements• poll taxes• grandfather clauses