• The typical European immigrant was often a(n) a. middle-class professional

b. urban factory owner

c. Small farmer and rural craftsmen

d. Landless peasants

African Trade [15c-17c]

Pre-19c European Trade with Africa

IndustrialRevolutionIndustrialRevolution

Source forRaw

Materials

Source forRaw

Materials

Markets forFinishedGoods

Markets forFinishedGoods

EuropeanNationalismEuropean

Nationalism

MissionaryActivity

MissionaryActivity

Military& NavalBases

Military& NavalBases

EuropeanMotives

For Colonization

EuropeanMotives

For Colonization

Places toDump

Unwanted/Excess Popul.

Places toDump

Unwanted/Excess Popul.

Soc. & Eco.Opportunities

Soc. & Eco.Opportunities

HumanitarianReasons

HumanitarianReasons

EuropeanRacism

EuropeanRacism

“WhiteMan’s

Burden”

“WhiteMan’s

Burden”

SocialDarwinism

SocialDarwinism

European Explorers in Africa

19c Europeans Map the Interior of Africa

Social Darwinism

The “White Man’s Burden”

Rudyard Kipling

The “White Man’s Burden”?

1. Where Is Dr. Livingstone?

Dr. David Livingstone

DoctorLivingston

e,I Presume?

Sir Henry Morton Stanley

European Explorations in mid-19c:

“The Scramble for Africa”

2. What is the Source of the Nile?

John SpekeSir Richard

Burton

Fashoda Incident (1898) – France and Britain nearly went to war over Sudan

Fashoda Incident (1898) – France and Britain nearly went to war over Sudan

Africa

in the

1880s

Results of Stanley Expedition

• Dr. David Livingston: first white man to do humanitarian and religious work in south and central Africa

• H.M. Stanley’s newspaper report created European interest in Africa

• Stanley sought aid of king of Belgium to dominate the Congo region

The Congo Free State or

The Belgian Congo

Belgium’s African Colony: The Congo• 1879 - Leopold II, permitted Stanley to

establish trading posts in the Congo and negotiate treaties with chiefs giving Leopold control over region

• Colonial administration was marked by violent oppression of natives

• Belgian parliament took the colony away from Leopold in 1908 and made it a Belgian colony– Leopold’s actions raised questions about the

morality of “new imperialism”

King Leopold II:(r. 1865 – 1909)

Harvesting Rubber

Punishing “Lazy” Workers

5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.)

It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

Berlin

Conference

of 1884-1885: established “rules”

for conquest of Africa

-Sponsored by Bismarck, sought to prevent conflict over imperialism

- German rise to power sought to play British against French

Provisions of Berlin Conference

• No imperial power could claim a territory in Africa unless it effectively controlled the territory– Germany asserted itself as a major player– Belgium (Leopold II) allowed to control Congo

• Slavery and the slave trade in Africa was terminated

• As a result, the “scramble for Africa” was on!

Africa

In 1914

In 1880, Europeans

controlled just 10% of Africa; by

1914 only Ethiopia and Liberia not controlled

In 1880, Europeans

controlled just 10% of Africa; by

1914 only Ethiopia and Liberia not controlled

Dutch Landing in 1652

Boers Clash With the Xhosa Tribes

Boer Farmer

The Great Trek, 1836-38

Afrikaners

Diamond Mines

Raw Diamonds

The Struggle for South Africa

South Africa and the Boer War

• Cecil Rhodes became Prime Minister of Cape Colony in South Africa– “Cape-to-Cairo” railroad dreamer

• Competition for natural resources led to conflict between Dutch inhabitants (Boers) and the British forces led by Rhodes– Boers initially repealed British aggression

Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)

“The Colossus of Rhodes”

Uncle Sam: “The Colossusof the Pacific” (A Parody)

Boer-British Tensions Increase

1877 – Britain annexed the Transvaal. 1883 – Boers fought British in the Transvaal and regained its independence. - Paul Kruger becomes President. 1880s – Gold discovered in the Transvaal

Paul Kruger (1825-1904)

Kruger Telegram (1902) – Kaiser Wilhelm II, dispatched a telegram to Boers congratulating them on defeating the British invaders without the assistance of Germany

• Anger at Germany swept through British Empire

•British forces took control of South Africa by 1910

Kruger Telegram (1902) – Kaiser Wilhelm II, dispatched a telegram to Boers congratulating them on defeating the British invaders without the assistance of Germany

• Anger at Germany swept through British Empire

•British forces took control of South Africa by 1910

The Boer War: 1899 - 1900

The BoersThe British

A Future British Prime Minister

British Boer War Correspondent, Winston Churchill