The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary,...

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The Structure of Flowers

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Transcript of The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary,...

Page 1: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

The Structure of Flowers

Page 2: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit

Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds are not enclosed in a fruit; usually a conifer

Page 3: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Flowers are the reproductive part of the plant

They produce fruit and seeds One primary function: produce seeds

for reproduction Basic parts of a flower: sepals, petals,

stamens, pistils Pedicel (or peduncle) – flower stalk Receptacle – connects the flower parts

to the pedicel

Page 4: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

1. What is an angiosperm?plants that bear fruit and flowers

2. The flower attaches to what part of the plant?receptacle

3. Why are flowers brightly colored?to attract insects to help them pollinate

4. Name two mammals that might pollinate a plant.bat, mouse

Page 5: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

5. If the petals of a flower are reduced or absent, how is the plant pollinated?wind

6. The female reproductive structures are called the:pistils or carpels

7. Name the three parts of the pistil:stigma, style, ovary

Page 6: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

8. Where are the ovules stored?ovary

9. Name the two parts of the stamen:anther and filament

10. Describe sexual reproduction in plants.the pollen from an anther is transferred to the stigma; the sperm in the pollen travels to the ovary to fertilize the egg cells

11. The ovary develops into what structure?the fruit

Page 7: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

12. Define fruit.a structure that encloses and protects the seeds; enlarged ovary of a flower

13. Some flowers are not brightly colored at all, but have a very pungent odor that smells like rotting meat. How do you think these flowers are pollinated?flies

14. In many flowers, the pistils and stamens reach maturity at different times. Considering what you know about pollination, why would this be an advantage to the plant? decrease self-pollination

Page 8: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.
Page 9: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.
Page 10: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.
Page 11: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

In A the filament is attached to the base of the anther

In B along the back of the anther

In C to a point at the back of  the anther.

Page 12: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

A single pistil consisting of several fused carpels (A) and several pistils each consisting of a single carpel (B)

Page 13: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.
Page 14: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.
Page 15: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.
Page 16: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.
Page 17: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Complete flower – has sepals, petals, stamen, and pistil

Incomplete flower – lacks one or more

Examples•Poinsettia - lacks petals (red “petals” are

actually special leaves called bracts)•Grass family – have bracts instead of

petals and sepals

Page 18: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Staminate flowers – lack pistils and have only stamens; male flowers

Pistillate flowers – lack stamens and have only pistils; female flowers

Page 19: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Monoecious plants – have staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant•Example: Corn•The pollen is found in the tassels

(staminate flower)•The stigma is in the silk which leads to

the ovary (pistillate flower)

Page 20: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Dioecious plants – have staminate and pistillate flowers on different plants•Example: GinkgoStaminate flowers are found on male trees

Pistillate flowers are found on female trees

Page 21: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

The amount of daylight, temperature, and soil fertility are some factors that can affect flowering

The chief factor for most plants is the length of daylight and night (photoperiodism)

Page 22: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Short-day plants – require days that consist of long periods of darkness•Ex: chrysanthemums, poinsettia, dahlia,

aster Long-day plants – require a period of

darkness shorter than a critical length•Ex: ragweed, clover, gladiolus

Page 23: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Day-neutral plants – amount of daylight doesn’t matter•Ex: tomato, dandelion

Page 24: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Some plants are also “programmed” to open/close at certain times of the day•Ex: morning glories (open early, close by

noon), four o’clocks (open around 4 p.m.), evening primrose (open after it starts to get dark)

Page 25: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.
Page 26: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.
Page 27: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.
Page 28: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

1. What is a fruit? An enlarged ripened ovary.

2. What two functions does fruit have in regards to seeds? Protect the seeds and help to distribute them.

Page 29: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

3. What is the difference between pollination and fertilization? Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. Fertilization is the union of egg and sperm cells.

4. What is a hybrid?A cross between different species of the same type of plant.

Page 30: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

5. Why would a horticulturist desire to make a hybrid? To improve nutritional quality and improve resistance to pests and disease.

6. Between what two flower structures does pollination occur? Anther and Stigma

Page 31: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

7. How are self-pollination and cross-pollination different?

Self-pollination is pollination between either the same flower or flowers on the same plant. Cross-pollination is pollination between flowers on two different plants.

Page 32: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

8. How are the three types of pollen shown on pg. 53/pg 37 different from each other? Why do you think different types of pollen look different? Would this have any practical purpose?

Different depending on how plants are pollinated. Plants need to recognize their own pollen. Can only be pollinated by their own kind.

Page 33: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

9. Explain several ways plants are specially designed to increase pollination. Smell, nectar, arrangement of stigma and stamens, decreased petals

10. What plants do only specific insects pollinate (according to the book)?Yucca flower, carrion flower, orchids

Page 34: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

11. In flowers, where are sperm cells and egg cells found? Sperm cells – pollen, Egg cells – ovary

12.What are gametes in general? Reproductive cells

Page 35: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

13. Explain the process of fertilization. After pollination, pollen tube grows down the style to the ovary. The sperm cells go down the pollen tube to the ovary and unite with the egg cells.

14. What role do hormones play in the formation of fruits?They cause a fruit to ripen and grow larger.

Page 36: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

15. Explain what occurs to a fruit as it ripens. How does a ripe fruit fall from a tree? As a fruit ripens pigments cause the fruit to change color. They get softer and smell sweet. The taste also changes. The abscission layer forms at the base of the stem and “cuts” the fruit from the tree.

Page 37: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

1. Describe how each of these fruits form. Give an example of each type.

• Simple fruit – one flower, one pistil; Ex: tomatoes, peaches, beans

• Aggregate fruit – one flower, several pistils;Ex: strawberry, raspberry

• Multiple fruit – form from several flowers whose ovaries fuse together;Ex: pineapple, fig

Page 38: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

2. Describe the following climate-based fruit groups.

• Temperate fruit – must experience an annual cold season; grow between the polar and tropical zones; most of the US

• Tropical fruit – require consistently warm temperatures; near the equator

• Subtropical fruit – grow between the tropic and the temperate zones; southern US, Mediterranean countries

Page 39: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

3. Which group from #2 would be found in Milwaukee?- Temperate

4. What is the primary function of fruits to a plant?to scatter the seeds

Page 40: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

5. What is agent dispersal? Give some examples.Agent dispersal occurs when an outside agent carries the seed; the agent could be an animal (depositing the seed in fecal matter or having it attached to it), the wind, or waterEx: Wind – tumbleweeds, samaras,

dandelions Water – CoconutAnimals – burdock, teasel, fruits

Page 41: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

6. What is mechanical dispersal? Give some examples. Mechanical dispersal is when a fruit bursts open and the seeds are scattered.

Ex: violets, witch hazel

Page 42: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Description – entire ovary is fleshy and juicy; does NOT include most typical berries

Examples – tomatoes, grapes, cucumbers, watermelons, oranges

Page 43: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Description – fleshy and juicy, but have an inner woody layer called a stone that surrounds the seed

Examples – peaches, plums, cherries, apricots, mangoes

Page 44: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Description – outer fleshy layer and an inner papery core

Examples – apple, pear

Page 45: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Description – a pod encloses several seeds; not fleshy and juicy

Examples – peas, beans, peanuts

Page 46: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Description – small dry seeds with one or two winglike structures

Examples – ashes, maples, elms

Page 47: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Description – dry fruits with a seed enclosed in a hard covering or shell

Examples – chestnuts, hickory nuts, hazelnuts, acorns

Page 48: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Description – consists of a seed and a thin shell

Examples – sunflower; other composite flowers

Page 49: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Description – each kernel is a fruit with a seed and a shell; the shell is attached directly to the seed and is called bran

Examples – members of the grass family; corn, rice, barley, oats, rye

Page 50: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Plants can have three different life cycles.

Annuals – one year cycle; grow, flower, die

Biennials – two year cycle; grow, become dormant, grow, flower, die

Perennials – come back each year; grow, flower, become dormant, grow, flower, become dormant, etc.

Page 51: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.
Page 52: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Seeds form from ovules in the ovary Contain two main parts

•Embryo (or germ in wheat) – will develop into the new plant

•Seed coat – protective covering for the seed

Page 53: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

External parts of the seed•Hilum – scar on the seed coat where the

seed attached to the ovary•Silk scar – on corn, where the silk

attached

Page 54: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.
Page 55: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Parts of the embryo•Plumule – a tiny shoot that will develop

into the stem and leaves of the plant•Radicle – will develop into the root

system of the plant•Cotyledon – contains stored energy for

the plant to use before it sprouts•Endosperm – only in monocots; contains

extra energy

Page 56: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.
Page 57: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.
Page 58: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.
Page 59: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

All plants can be divided into monocots and dicots. Each group has four main characteristics

Page 60: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Monocots (ex: corn)• 1 cotyledon in the seed• parallel veins• petals in multiples of 3• fibrous root system

Page 61: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.
Page 62: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Dicots (ex: bean)• 2 cotyledons in the seed• branching veins• petals in multiples of 4 or 5• taproot system

Page 63: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.
Page 64: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Seeds are generally dormant until they germinate

Favorable conditions trigger germination to take place

Some seeds can remain viable for years, others for only a few weeks

Page 65: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

After the seed is planted, it absorbs a lot of water

The water triggers chemical changes which causes the tissues of the embryo to swell and grow

Page 66: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

The seed coat is softened by the water so the radicle and plumule can push through

During this process, energy from the cotyledons is burned by the process of cellular respiration to provide energy for the developing plant

The root grows quickly to anchor the plant

Page 67: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

The shoot grows rapidly The cotyledons stay attached as the

shoot pushes out of the ground It provides energy and shields

developing leaves from the hot sun Once the plant can go through

photosynthesis, the cotyledons shrivel up and fall off

Page 68: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.
Page 69: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

1. An adequate supply of moisture2. An adequate supply of oxygen3. A favorable temperature4. Proper soil conditions5. Sufficient sunlight

Page 70: The Structure of Flowers. Angiosperms – flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary, which becomes a fruit Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds.

Discover the horticulturist who found 300 different uses for peanuts and what three other plants he found hundreds of uses for.

This will be used for one of the extra credit questions on your test


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