The Story of Ethiopian Armenians

7/24/2019 The Story of Ethiopian Armenians

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In The Company of Emperors: The Story of Ethiopian Armenians

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BY ANI ASLANIANN !" $ 2014

Addis Ababa is the capital of Ethiopia and the seat of the African Union. Taking a stroll

through the capital today, you may be entirely unaware of the extensive Armenian

presence in the city during the modernization period of Ethiopia. Although Armeniansand Ethiopians share a long history as members of the same branch of rthodox

!hristianity, there is a lesser"known story regarding the contributions of Armenians in

Addis Ababa and how they transformed a newly born agricultural town into a thriving

capital of culture and commerce.%&rin' the ear(y 1)00s$ &n*er the r&(e o+ ,mperor ene(i II$ there ere approimate(y

0 Armenians in A**is Aaa. B&t the si3e o+ the comm&nity o&(* soon 'ro

tremen*o&s(y an* +(o&rish ith the t&rn o+ the cent&ry &n*er ai(e Se(assie5s r&(e. 6non

y his o++icia( name$ "a+ari aonnen 7o(*emiae($ ai(e Se(assie as ,thiopia5s hea*o+ state +rom 1)1 to 1)80 an* ,mperor +rom 1)80 to 1)94. is (i+e an* (e'acy carry a

+&n*amenta( ro(e in A+rican an* ,thiopian history as e(( as in the asta+ari mo;ement.In the case o+ the (atter$ he is consi*ere* a messianic an* ho(y +i'&re. In +act$ the A+rican-

an* "a+ari ? Se(assie5s +irst name.A+ter ecomin' the re'ent an* de factor&(er o+ ,thiopia in 1)1$ Se(assie e'an to

'ra*&a((y mo*erni3e ,thiopia$ e'innin' ith the capita($ A**is Aaa. e starte* y

ha;in' ,thiopia a*mitte* to the Lea'&e o+ Nations in 1)28 an* his *ip(omatic trips in the

+o((oin' years aime* to so(i*i+y sta(e connections o&tsi*e o+ ,thiopia. "he +irst o+these *ip(omatic ;isits as in 1)24$ hen Se(assie ent on a trip to ,&rope an* the

i**(e ,ast in the hopes o+ esta(ishin' a((ies in ,&rope. B&t it as in the heart o+ thei**(e ,ast ? in


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"he Ara LiHoch$

photo'raphe* y ai'a3 BoyaHian$ roya( photo'rapher o+ ,thiopia."heArba %i&och+orme* the roya( imperia( rass an* o+ ,thiopia an* each o+ the

chi(*ren ere a((ocate* a month(y stipen*$ pro;i*e* ith ho&sin' an* traine* y their

m&sica( *irector$ 6e;or Na(an*ian. Na(an*ian as an Armenian orphan himse(+$ori'ina((y +rom Ainta mo*ern-*ay Fa3iantepD in the so&theastern re'ion o+ the ttoman

"&rish ,mpire. It as Na(an*ian ho (e* theArba %i&ochith his m&sica(compositions an* Se(assie as so impresse* ith the an*5s compi(ations$ he ase*

Na(an*ian to compose the m&sic +or ,thiopia5s nationa( anthem. In 1)2$ Na(an*iancompose* the ,thiopian Imperia( Nationa( Anthem tit(e*$="e+eri arsh$ ,thiopia

oy$>hich trans(ates to =,thiopia$ e happy> an* it as per+orme* y the 40 orphans

+or the +irst time in p&(ic *&rin' ai(e Se(assie5s o++icia( cronin' as ,mperor onNo;emer 2$ 1)80 in A**is Aaa.

A recent proHect y Si(;a Se;(ian$ hich as con*&cte* *&rin' her time at the ni;ersity

o+ So&thern !a(i+ornia$ *oc&ments the eperience o+ the Armenian comm&nity in A**isAaa at that time. Inc(&*e* in these *oc&ments is an ora( acco&nt o+ an Armenian ho

itnesse* one o+ the anni;ersaries o+ the coronation in the (ate 1)0s.

Arai As(anian reca((s the memory: '(uring )the anniversary of the*coronation, theemperor passed through the piazza and stopped in front of the Armenian !hurch. And theArmenian community was there to greet him. The heads of the community would salute

him, and it so happened that + was eight years old. + gave flowers to the Emperor when +

approached him, and he gave me his hand. %ater, we were invited to the palace thefollowing day, and when we went to the palace, + finally had the chance to see where the

emperor that + had seen all my life lived-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dV-OdRlMq4https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dV-OdRlMq4https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dV-OdRlMq4https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dV-OdRlMq4https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dV-OdRlMq4https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dV-OdRlMq4


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As(anian asn5t the on(y Armenian that Se(assie ha* ma*e an impact on. In +act$

Se(assie5s initia( coronation on No;emer 2$ 1)80 set a *e+inin' tone +or theArba

%i&ochan* the Armenian comm&nity in ,thiopia. "heArba %i&oche'an per+ormin' +ornear(y e;ery imperia( e;ent o+ the state$ an* (ater traine* ,thiopia5s army an* imperia(

o*y'&ar* an*s. "hese 40 orphans ho ere once *epri;e* o+ their most earnest

chi(*hoo* memories *&e to 'enoci*e an* *ispossession ha* no +o&n* their eacon o+hope thro&'h m&sic. 7hi(e not m&ch is recor*e* ao&t the persona( (i;es o+ the 40

orphans$ es+in 6ee*e$ a nati;e ,thiopian resi*ent o+ A**is Aaa$ possesses some

*oc&ments that pro;i*e a (oo into the (i;es o+ the orphans$ inc(&*in' their names$ a'esan* hometons.

6ee*e reco&nts that the maHority o+ the orphans ere ori'ina((y +rom ;ario&s Armeniantons an* that most o+ the orphans came +rom Casp&raan CanD$ 6arin$ Jeyt&n$ an* Sis.

6ee*e *escrie* theArba %i&ochas =*i(i'ent$ astemio&s$ an* honest$> ;irt&es that$

accor*in' to him$ =are @&a(ities o+ the race to hich they e(on'.>7hi(e Se(assie 'a;e these orphans the opport&nity +or a ne (i+e$ theArba %i&och'a;e

,thiopia the opport&nity to mo*erni3e its m&sic. "hro&'h their rass instr&ments an*

i*esprea* m&sica( instr&ction$ the 40 orphans +ore;er chan'e* the +rameor o+mainstream m&sic in ,thiopia. "ho&'h it5s &n*enia(e that se(ect rass instr&ments ere

eminent in intimate circ(es o+ m&sicians in A**is Aaa since the ear(y 1)00s$ it5s i*e(y

a'ree* y ,thiopian an* non-,thiopian m&sicians an* scho(ars that theArba %i&ochas

oth *irect(y an* in*irect(y responsi(e +or mo*erni3in' pop&(ar m&sic in ,thiopia.Prior to theArba %i&ochan* 6e;or Na(an*ian$ the prominent m&sica( instr&ments in

,thiopia ere most(y ma*e o+ oo* an* strin'. Gor eamp(e$ tra*itiona( ,thiopian

+o((oric m&sic &ti(i3e* ethnic instr&ments s&ch as the ney an* washintE simi(ar to hatthetsiranapogh common(y non as dudukD instr&ment is to Armenian +o( m&sic. "he

rep(acement o+ oo* an* strin' instr&ments ith rass instr&ments amon' pop&(ar m&sic

earne*Arba %i&ochthe pre;a(ent reco'nition o+ ein' the pioneers o+ m&sica(mo*erni3ation in ,thiopia.


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"his m&sica( *e;e(opment in ,thiopia too p(ace in to phases. Girst$ the imperia( rass

an* traine* an* (ent s&pport to the *e;e(opment o+ other mo*ern m&sic ensem(es s&ch

as the army$ po(ice$ an* imperia( o*y'&ar* an*s. Secon*(y$ as theArba %i&oche'anper+ormin' amon' cro*s *&rin' nationa( e;ents thro&'ho&t the years$ m&sicians e'an

to pre+er ne rass instr&ments as oppose* to the more tra*itiona( oo* an* strin'.

&sician Cahe "i(ian$ a +o&rth 'eneration Armenian-,thiopian ho c&rrent(y (i;es inA**is Aaa epan*s on the in+(&ence o+ the Na(an*ians: 'A good friend of mine and

virtuoso of Ethio"&azz is #amuel irga who has taken the world by storm with his

compositions and his piano skills. /e often discuss music and it is never a doubt thatmusicians are grateful for 0erses 0albandian1s work, which is highly commended and

respected. rchestras like the Either2rchestra based in 3oston have come all the way to

Ethiopia to perform 0erses 0albandian1s compositions.-

!&rrent(y$ one o+ the most respecte* m&sica( instit&tions in ,thiopia is the Yare* Schoo(o+ &sic at the A**is Aaa ni;ersity$ hich 6e;or Na(an*ian$ a(on' ith his Free

an* ,thiopian co((ea'&es$ +o&n*e* in 1)4. "he Yare* Schoo( o+ &sic5s perio*ica( o+

1)98 rea*s: 'Two Armenians 4evork 56789"6797: and 0ers;s 0albandian 567


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*epart +rom ,thiopia +ree(y. In contrast$ oth ,mperors ene(i II an* Se(assie o+ten ha*

*o&ts re'ar*in' their re(ations to other ethnicities an* ere 'enera((y eary o+ the

possii(ity that the other ethnicities may attempt to co(oni3e ,thiopia. "h&s$ the otherethnic minorities ere +ori**en to tra;e(.

In a ;aryin' ;iepoint to the pop&(ar theories o+ ,thiopian mo*erni3ation$ ,thiopian

scho(ar i(ias Pa&(os s&''ests that prior to the 1)00s$ association ith &siness as(ooe* *on &pon y ,thiopian society at (ar'e. Pa&(os th&s post&(ates that this is the

reason hy most o+ ,thiopia5s ear(y &sinessmen$ m&sicians an* other pro+essiona(s ere

most(y compose* o+ pro+essiona(s ho ere ethnica((y Free an* Armenian. In hisoo$aile #elassie, /estern Education and @olitical evolution in Ethiopia$ Pa&(os

pro;i*es a *emo'raphic o+ the ethnic minorities in ,thiopia that hi'h(i'hts the Armenian

comm&nity at its pea in 1)8 ith a pop&(ation o+ 2$K00$ s(i'ht(y &n*er the Frees an*

Aras. "ho&'h the n&mers o+ the ,thiopian Armenians ere mar'ina( in comparison toother ethnic minorities$ it5s &n*enia(e that the in+(&ence o+ the Armenian comm&nity at

times s&rpasse* that o+ other comm&nities. ,;en hen the Armenian comm&nity

n&mere* (ess than to h&n*re* in 1)0)$ an Ita(ian map printe* *&rin' the same year

ma*e a speci+ic note to hi'h(i'ht the Armenian @&arter H&st north o+ the as aonnenBri*'e.

"he Armenian in+(&ence in A**is Aaa asn5t H&st (imite* to theArba %i&och$ &t a(soencompasse* ;ario&s pro+essiona( ro(es ithin a 'i;en society. 7hi(e the Armenian

orphans (e* the a;e o+ m&sica( mo*erni3ation in ,thiopia$ the Armenian comm&nity in

A**is Aaa a(so 'o;erne* the pharmace&tica( an* me*ica( instit&tions at the t&rn o+ the20th cent&ry.

%r. ichar* Panh&rst$ a hi'h(y-renone* scho(ar o+ ,thiopian history$ hi'h(i'hts +i'&res

s&ch as the %e;(etian an* Lati+ian +ami(ies. e notes that o;hanes %e;(etian as a

nati;e o+ the Can re'ion an* ecame Se(assie5s persona( physician$ hi(e the Lati+iansone* an* mana'e* the imperia( pharmacy in A**is Aaa. "his tra*ition o+ Armenian

physicians an* *entists is a(so present to*ay: accor*in' to 6ee*e$ one o+ the sons o+

theArba %i&och,esrop Sarisian$ is one o+ the most renone* *entists o+ A**is Aaa.In mo*ern times$ hen scho(ars an* historians research an* en'a'e in the historio'raphy

o+ mo*ern ,thiopia$ they o+ten &ti(i3e the primary ;is&a( so&rces that are (ar'e(y in*ete*

to the or o+ Be*ros Boya*Hian. Boya*Hian$ orn in "i'ranaert mo*ern-*ay%iyarairD$ in the ttoman ,mpire$ ecame the +irst roya( photo'rapher o+ ,thiopia.

Initia((y$ he as the photo'rapher o+ ene(i II$ an* (ater ecame the photo'rapher +or

Se(assie5s imperia( co&rt. Boya*Hian as i*e(y acc(aime* +or *e;e(opin' a ta(ent +or

photo'raphy that as *i++erent +rom the norm at the time. A(most *e+iant(y$ heincorporate* +ema(e an* ma(e s&Hects in one sittin' +rame an* hait&a((y croppe* an*

monta'e* photo'raphs to *epict his roya( s&Hects in the most optima( ay possi(e ? a

practice that as a(most non-eistent in ,thiopian roya( photo'raphy prior to Boya*Hian.


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&een enen an* ,mperor ai(e Se(assie$ photo'raphe* y ai'a3 Boya*Hian.

,n'ineerin' an* city p(annin' ere a(so in*&stries that Armenians in ,thiopia thri;e* in$

ith the most nota(e contri&tors ein' 6rior oyan an* inas 6hereian. oyan

as orn in !onstantinop(e$ 'ra*&ate* +rom the presti'io&s ,co(e Nationa(e ni;ersity inParis ith a *e'ree in mathematics$ an* (ater p&(ishe* many scienti+ic st&*ies. ost

nota(y$ hoe;er$ he as the chie+ en'ineer o+ A**is Aaa an* &i(t many ri*'es

thro&'ho&t the capita($ as e(( as one o+ A**is Aaa5s most e((-non historic hote(s:the+tegue.

,;en e+ore ai(e Se(assie ass&me* the position o+ emperor$ oyan ha* a(rea*y

esta(ishe* the +irst mo*ern astronomica( oser;atory in A**is Aaa in the imperia(pa(ace o+ ene(i. e a(so ass&me* an o++icia( position in the Astronomica( Society o+

Grance #ociBtB AstronomiCue de DranceD thro&'h the assistance o+ esta(ishe* netors

thro&'ho&t ,&rope. oyan st&*ie* the conste((ations$ meteors$ an* p(anets as seen +romA**is Aaa an* comm&nicate* his *isco;eries ith the Astronomica( Society o+ Grance

on eha(+ o+ ,thiopia. 7hen he asn5t ser;in' the ,thiopian roya(ty$ he +oc&se* hisattention on the sma(( &t thri;in' Armenian comm&nity in A**is Aaa. Gor eamp(e$

oyan constr&cte* the +irst Armenian schoo( in the co&ntry5s capita($ in hich Amharic$Armenian$ ,n'(ish$ an* Grench (an'&a'es ere ta&'ht. "he state-o+-the-art schoo( a(so

inc(&*e* a 'ymnasi&m an* a sports c(& name* =Ara> a+ter the Araes i;er o+ the

historic Armenian i'h(an*s. An* in 1)48$ a secon* sportin' ranch as opene*$ ca((e*the =Ararat Sportin' Association.> A co&p(e years prior to his *eath$ oyan sp(it his

i(( three ays: part(y to his imme*iate +ami(y$ part(y to the Armenian comm&nity in

A**is Aaa an* part(y to the ne(y esta(ishe* Armenian ep&(ic.7orin' &n*er the patrona'e o+ oyan as inas 6hereian$ or etter non y his

nicname in Amharic$3etafrasinas$ hich trans(ates to =inas the ho&se-cr&sher.>

6hereian ecame to A**is Aaa hat a&ssmann as to Paris. Accor*in' toacco&nts o+ the time$ 6hereian o&(* a( aro&n* the city ith a pointin' stic an*sin'(e o&t the str&ct&res in A**is Aaa that he *eeme* necessary +or reno;ation or

*emo(ition. In their p(ace$ 6hereian &i(t ne ho&ses an* instit&tions that incorporate*

tra*itiona( aesthetic moti+s o+ Armenian$ Ara$ Ita(ian an* ,thiopian architect&re to create&ni@&e str&ct&res.

%espite ein' +re@&ent(y met ith opposition an* septicism$ 6hereian remaine*

*e;ote* to his p(ans o+ mo*erni3ation an* a ;ision o+ an &ran capita( that as s&ita(e


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+or the 20th cent&ry. ost o+ 6hereian5s constr&ctions can sti(( e seen in the capita(

to*ay an* are c&rrent(y ein' reno;ate* as part o+ an e++ort to preser;e o(* A**is Aaa.

A**itiona((y$ one o+ the &i(*in's that 6hereian ha* *esi'ne* an* &i(t is one o+ A**isAaa5s most e((-non to&rist attractions ca((e* the ohamme*a(y ho&se. %&rin'

6hereian5s time$ the ohamme*a(y instit&tion as the (ar'est importin' an* eportin'

tra*e +irm$ an* he as commissione* to constr&ct the centra( hea*@&arters. "o*ay$ theArmenian in+(&ence o+ 6hereian5s *istin'&ishe* *esi'n o+ the ohamme*a(y ho&se is

most prominent(y e;i*ent in the pi((are* staircases ith trian'&(ar *esi'ns. n the other

han*$ the resi*entia( str&ct&res o+ 6hereian inc(&*e intricate(y *etai(e* a(conies$hich encirc(e the &pper +(oors o+ his &i(*in's. "hese to sty(es o+ in+rastr&ct&re carry

eemp(ary *esi'ns o+ architect&re that can e trace* to cities ith (on'-stan*in'

Armenian c&(t&ra( an* historica( ac'ro&n*s$ s&ch as Fy&mri or Sh&shi.

7hi(e oyan trans(ate* the ;is&a( poetry o+ the hea;ens into scienti+ic st&*ies an*6hereian +oc&se* on in+rastr&ct&re$ their co&ntryman ai' Patapan occ&pie* himse(+

ith the inte((ect&a( rea(m. "he etensi;e historio'raphy o+ Armenian-,thiopian re(ations

is i*e(y *oc&mente*$ thans to Patapan5s 400-pa'e tet that as p&(ishe* in 1)80 on

the Armenian is(an* o+ San La33aro in Cenice$ Ita(y. 7hen he asn5t trans(atin' thephi(osophica( ors o+ Grie*rich Niet3sche into Armenian an* Amharic$ Patapan +oc&se*

his attention on compi(in' encyc(ope*ia-(ie tets ao&t ,thiopian history.ne acco&nt o+ ,thio-Armenian re(ations te((s &s a story o+ 6hereian. Patapan

*oc&mente* that short(y prior to Se(assie5s cronin'$ 6hereian conc(&*e* the

constr&ction o+ one o+ the most a*;ance* ri*'es in A**is Aaa. Society at (ar'e$inc(&*in' ,mperor ene(i II$ *o&te* the mo*ern *esi'n o+ the ri*'e an* *etermine*

that it o&(* not e sec&re eno&'h +or hea;y tra++ic. "he ,mperor ase* the cro*$

=7hat +oo( o&(* cross this ri*'e> !on+i*ent(y$ 6hereian rep(ie*$ =I i(( e that

+oo(.> e @&ic(y ca((e* &pon his +rien* an* in*&stria(ist Saris "er3ian to rin' his (atestin;ention$ the steamro((er$ hich as the hea;iest machinery in A**is Aaa at the time$

to test the ri*'e. 6hereian s&ccess+&((y mane&;ere* the steamro((er across the ri*'e

hi(e the *i;erse comm&nities o+ A**is Aaa atche* at the other en* ith their reathhe(* in anticipation. 7hen 6hereian reache* the other si*e o+ the ri*'e$ ,mperor

ene(i II ma*e his ay to 6hereian ith a 'rin an* oe* to him o&t o+ respect.

A nota(e ,thiopian historian$ Bahr& Je*e$ a**resse* the in+(&ence o+ "er3ian5sinno;ations in his oo tit(e*$A history of odern Ethiopia: 'The Armenians, also

rthodox !hristians, like the Freeks, were welcomed to Ethiopia at a time when they

were suffering persecution in their homeland. They were to attain the highest level of

integration into Ethiopian society and they thrived mainly as craftsmen catering to theupper class. 3ut one of their pioneers, #arkis Terzian, made his fortune as an arms trader

and his fame by introducing the steamroller 5aptly named #arkis Gbabur,1 the steam

engine of #arkis: into the country.-By the year 1)8$ the Armenian pop&(ation in A**is Aaa as ro&'h(y estimate* at a

(itt(e o;er 2$000. "he etensi;e (aor an* (o;e that the Armenians o+ A**is Aaa p&t o&t

in the years prior ha* a(rea*y so(i*i+ie* their rep&tation in ,thiopian society an* in theeyes o+ ai(e Se(assie. A**itiona((y$ it seeme* that Se(assie ha* Armenian ac@&aintances

o&tsi*e o+ ,thiopia as e((. Gor eamp(e$ hi(e ,thio-Ha33 as oomin' in the co&ntry5s

capita( in the 1)0s$ Se(assie too a to&r o+ the nite* States an* ha* se;era( meetin's in

San Grancisco$ !a(i+ornia. Armenian entreprene&r an* phi(anthropist Feor'e ar*iian


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+re@&ente* Se(assie *&rin' his stay in the Bay Area ith oes o+ Armenian ha(;a a

s&n+(oer-see*-ase* can*yD.

7hen Se(assie ret&rne* home to A**is Aaa$ he contin&e* his r&(e +or many years tocome &nti( his *eath in 1)9$ &n*er mysterio&s circ&mstances. Accor*in' to "i(ian$ this

po(itica( stri+e too a to(( on ,thiopia as a ho(e$ &t a(so on the Armenian comm&nity

speci+ica((y. e+(ectin' on the *in*(in' n&mers o+ the Armenians (e+t in A**is Aaato*ay$ "i(ian states 'ost Armenians left when the (erg communist regime nationalized

homes and businesses and currently more will leave for post secondary education.-

In*ee*$ to*ay$ there are ao&t 100 Armenians remainin' in A**is Aaa ho stayinterconnecte* (ar'e(y in thans to the 6e;oro++ Armenian schoo( an* the St. Feor'e

Aposto(ic !h&rch$ hich contin&es to operate$ thans to Simon a'opian$ the son o+ one

o+ the 40 orphans$ an* Arch*eacon Cartes Na(an*ian. ,@&a((y imperati;e$ Cahe "i(ian

is pro*&cin' m&sic in ,n'(ish$ Amharic an* Armenian$ hi(e per+ormin' to ;ario&sa&*iences in ,thiopia. 7hen ase* ao&t m&sic$ an* the Armenian comm&nity5s +&t&re

prospects$ the Armenian nati;e o+ A**is Aaa ha* this to say:

'The older generation is more aware of the Armenian presence in Ethiopia while the

younger generations who have gone to music school or are involved with music know ofthe Armenian contributions. + also meet strangers who, once they hear + am of Armenian

descent, tell me stories of how their father was a friend with an Armenian family or theyhad Armenian neighbors back in the day. + would say, on the most part, Ethiopians view

Armenians very positively. Armenians who came to Ethiopia during the Armenian

Fenocide and in the aftermath were given citizenship, allowed to live and work here, and

were given land to build homes. +t really is a great story of acceptance and finding a safehaven.-

"o*ay5s '(oa( citi3ens are +in*in' inno;ati;e ays to rin' this ;irant comm&nity5s

story to (i+e thro&'h the me*i&m o+ +i(m. Gi(mmaer Arama3t 6a(ayHian is orin' on a*oc&mentary ao&t the Armenian ,thiopians entit(e*$ =",J,"A: "he ,thiopian

Armenians.> 7hen ase* ao&t hat he hopes to achie;e thro&'h the +i(m$ 6a(ayHian

says:'+t1s a story which documents the rare cultural co"creation that has existed between

Armenians and Ethiopians that has developed so much in EthiopiaH + want to share this

inspiring story in the most fun, musical, and entertaining way so that our story asArmenians starts to diverge from the melancholic narrative we often find ourselves

attached to, with regards to Fenocide and past traumas that no longer need to serve as

our driving force. There are aims and goals that we can set our minds and efforts to work

towards that are higher than waiting for recognition or retribution. As prosperingcitizens of the world we have a chance to take hold of our future, this film aims to inspire

that feeling.-

Gor theArba %i&och$ ,thiopia not on(y ecame an asy(&m +rom 'enoci*e$ &t a p(ace tothri;e artistica((y an* pro+essiona((y$ in the mo(* o+ oyan an* 6hereian e+ore

them. As thans +or the opport&nity$ these =*i(i'ent$ astemio&s$ an* honest> Armenians

(e+t their en*&rin' mar on the history o+ ,thiopia an* its rich c&(t&re.

The Story of Ethiopian Armenians

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