The Stewardship Gap Project: Relationships Between ... · The Stewardship Gap Project:...
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TheStewardshipGapProject:RelationshipsBetweenStewardshipGapAreasJanuary1,2017Thefollowingtableprovidesextractsoftextorparaphrasedorcombinedideasfromarticles,reports,andotherworksrelevanttothestewardshipgap,aswellascitationstotheirsources.Thetableindicatesthegapareathatthetextrelatestoandtheinfluencesbetweengapsinterpretedfromthetext.Abibliographyfollowsattheendofthedocument,andisalsolinkedtofromhttp://stewardshipgap.net.Notes:
1. “CMP”standsforCuration,Management,andPreservation2. "Other"designations(e.g.,Knolwedge:Other)refertoamiscellaneoussub-categoryofthemaingaparea.
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Source“Reusable”andreproduciblearerarelyfeasibleinanyabsolutesense Reuse:Difficultyof
ReusingDataCMP->Reuse Borgman2012
Acorechallengeforstaffingisthatmostofthelaborinvolvedindatamanagementisinvisiblework.Informationprofessionals,softwareengineers,scientificprogrammers,instrumentbuilders,andothertechnicalexpertsunderpinthefoundationsofscholarship.Theseskillsoftenareundervaluedandcareerpathsareunclear.Itisdifficulttorecruittalentedpeopleunder“softmoney”contractsthatlackjobsecurityandroutesforpromotion.Investmentsinthehumaninfrastructurewillbecrucialtothesuccessofkeepingandexploitingresearchdata.
Funding:LackofFunding
Culture->HumanResources
Borgman2015;EmberandHanisch2013;Lynch2008
Acorechallengeforstaffingisthatmostofthelaborinvolvedindatamanagementisinvisiblework.Informationprofessionals,softwareengineers,scientificprogrammers,instrumentbuilders,andothertechnicalexpertsunderpinthefoundationsofscholarship.Theseskillsoftenareundervaluedandcareerpathsareunclear.Itisdifficulttorecruittalentedpeopleunder“softmoney”contractsthatlackjobsecurityandroutesforpromotion.Investmentsinthehumaninfrastructurewillbecrucialtothesuccessofkeepingandexploitingresearchdata.
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->HumanResources
Borgman2015;EmberandHanisch2013;Lynch2008
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourceakeydifficultyinassessingdigitalpreservationcostsliesindistinguishingbetweenthepreservationstageandotherstages,giventhatthepreservationcostsmaybeimpactedbydecisionsmademuchearlierinthelifecycleofthedigitalresource,perhapsevenatthetimeofitscreation
Knowledge:CostsofStewardship
Knowledge->Funding Eakinetal.n.d.;Hendley1998,quotedinEakinetal;RussellandWeinberger2000,quotedinEakinetal.
atensionbetweentwoneedsthatcannoteasilybereconciled:providingproductionsystemsforthecurrentgenerationofhigh-endusers,andmovingtothenexthighestlevelofcomputingcapability
InfrastructureandTools:Difficultymeetinggeneralizedandspecialneeds
Planning->InfrastructureandTools
Atkinsetal.2003
Accesstodata(sharing;benefits;valuepropositiontonotwithhold) LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Culture->SharingandAccess
Berman2008;Borgman2015;ScienceStaff2011
Achievingbalancebetweendomainscientistsandcomputerscientistsinanorganization[aboutcyberinfrastructure]
HumanResources:UnevenDistributionofSkills
HumanResources->CMP Atkinsetal.2003
Achievingbalancebetweendomainscientistsandcomputerscientistsinanorganization[aboutcyberinfrastructure]
HumanResources:UnevenDistributionofSkills
HumanResources->InfrastructureandTools
Atkinsetal.2003
Aninvestigatormaybepartofmultiple,overlappingcommunitiesofinterest,eachofwhichmayhavedifferentnotionsofwhataredataanddifferentdatapractices
Culture:DataDefinition
Culture->SharingandAccess
Borgman2012;Esanuetal.2004;Readetal.2015
andmaintainingasufficientlylongtimehorizonforaccessinthefaceofcontinualchangeindatadefinitions,digitaldatamediaandformats,andhardwareandsoftwareobsolescence
SustainabilityPlanning:PlanningforDynamicandAdaptableInfrastructure
Planning->CMP BurdaandTeuteberg2013;Esanuetal.2004
andmaintainingasufficientlylongtimehorizonforaccessinthefaceofcontinualchangeindatadefinitions,digitaldatamediaandformats,andhardwareandsoftwareobsolescence
SustainabilityPlanning:PlanningforDynamicand
Planning->InfrastructureandTools
BurdaandTeuteberg2013;Esanuetal.2004
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceAdaptableInfrastructure
Andyetthesystemofacademicresearchachievementdoesnotyetrecognizeorrewardresearchersforsharingtheirdata
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policy->CMP ThompsonReuters2013
Andyetthesystemofacademicresearchachievementdoesnotyetrecognizeorrewardresearchersforsharingtheirdata
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policy->SharingandAccess
ThompsonReuters2013
appropriateretentiontimingishardtoidentify Knowledge:Value Knowledge->CMP Borgman2015;Esanuetal.2004
Archivingrequirementsnolongerapplysolelytopost-researchpublicationactivities.Properlydocumentingdataforlong-termpreservationandaccessmustbecomepartofthedailypracticeofscientists.
Culture:Other CMP->Access Esanuetal.2004
Astronomersreportedvaryingpracticesforpreservingthesetypesofdata[secondarydata,dataonbackuptape],usuallystoringonlywhattheyexpectedtouseinthefuture.Nonereportedhavingpreservationresourcesfortheirworkoutsidetheirgroupofcollaborators
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->CMP STC2007
Astronomersreportedvaryingpracticesforpreservingthesetypesofdata[secondarydata,dataonbackuptape],usuallystoringonlywhattheyexpectedtouseinthefuture.Nonereportedhavingpreservationresourcesfortheirworkoutsidetheirgroupofcollaborators
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->Culture Wynholdsetal.2011
authorsdon’twanttorelinquishcontroloflargedatabasesthatcanbeminedgiventhelargeamountoftimetoputthemtogether
Legal/Policy:DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse
HumanResources->Legal/Policy
NRC2003
authorsdon’twanttorelinquishcontroloflargedatabasesthatcanbeminedgiventhelargeamountoftimetoputthemtogether
Legal/Policy:DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse
HumanResources->Sharing
NRC2003
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcebuildingbothfreeuniversal(generaluse)specializedcyberinfrastructure Infrastructureand
Tools:Difficultymeetinggeneralizedandspecialneeds
Planning->InfrastructureandTools
Cummingsetal.2008;Lynch2008
buildingtheinstitutionalcommitmentstomakethemintoresourceorreferencecollectionsisharder.
Commitment:LackofCommitment
Commitment->HumanResources
Borgman2015
buildingtheinstitutionalcommitmentstomakethemintoresourceorreferencecollectionsisharder.
Commitment:LackofCommitment
Commitment->InfrastructureandTools
Borgman2015
Buttoday,nomedia,hardwareorsoftwareexiststhatcanreasonablyassurelong-termaccessibilitytodigitalassets.Adynamicapproachthatanticipatesfailuresandobsolescencewillbeessential.
SustainabilityPlanning:PlanningforDynamicandAdaptableInfrastructure
Planning->InfrastructureandTools
Rosenthal2005
CENSresearchersaremorewillingtoinvesteffortindocumentingdataforpeopletheyknowandtrust
Culture:ResearchandDevelopment
Culture->CMP Wallisetal.2013
Certaindevelopmentchallengesalsoexist,includingthetensionbetweencustomizationandsharedinfrastructureaswellasthedeployment,maintenance,andsupportofinfrastructure.
InfrastructureandTools:Difficultymeetinggeneralizedandspecialneeds
Planning->InfrastructureandTools
Cummingsetal.2008
certificationcanbeverylaborintensiveforarchivesalreadystretchedthin HumanResources:Time
HumanResources->CMP Edwardsetal.2013
Challengeof“Interpretable”:presumessufficientexpertisetoassesstheintegrityofthedataandtograsptheirmeaningandadequatedocumentationofthecontextofthedatacreation,processing,andprovenance.
Reuse:DifficultyofReusingData
Knowledge->Reuse Borgman2012
Challengeof“Interpretable”:presumessufficientexpertisetoassesstheintegrityofthedataandtograsptheirmeaningandadequate
Reuse:DifficultyofReusingData
HumanResources->Reuse
Borgman2012
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcedocumentationofthecontextofthedatacreation,processing,andprovenance.challengeofcyberinfrastructureisprimarilyachallengetoourownacademiccultures
Culture:ResearchandDevelopment
Culture->HumanResources
NSF2007
challengeofcyberinfrastructureisprimarilyachallengetoourownacademiccultures
Culture:ResearchandDevelopment
Culture->InfrastructureandTools
NSF2007
challengeofestablishingtrustworthinessofdataforreuse Reuse:DifficultyofReusingData
CMP->Reuse Rauber2012;Wynholdsetal.2011
Challengeoffreeridersforcommon-poolresources Culture:Other Funding->InfrastructureandTools
Borgman2015
Challengeoffreeridersforcommon-poolresources Culture:Other Planning->Funding Borgman2015Challengeofsustainabilityforcommon-poolresources challengetodevelopknowledgeinfrastructuresthatservethediversityofideas,questions,methods,andresourcesthateachcontributestoscholarship
InfrastructureandTools:LackofInfrastructure
InfrastructureandTools->Scholarship
Borgman2015
challengesindataorganization;poororganization CMP:DifficultyManagingDataforReuse
CMP->Reuse(byimplication)
Berman2008;ScienceStaff2011
Challengesinlinking;therobustnessofknowledgeinfrastructurestolinkpublicationsanddatafordiscoverabilitydependsoninvestmentsininformationprofessionalstodotherequisitework
HumanResources:Other
HumanResources->CMP Borgman2015
Challengesinlinking;therobustnessofknowledgeinfrastructurestolinkpublicationsanddatafordiscoverabilitydependsoninvestmentsininformationprofessionalstodotherequisitework
HumanResources:Other
HumanResources->InfrastructureandTools
Borgman2015
challengesinpreservinginterpretiveinformation-protocols,codebooks,software,specimens,metadata,standards,andsoon(sizeofspaceavailabletoresearchers)
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->CMP Borgman2015
challengesinpreservinginterpretiveinformation-protocols,codebooks,software,specimens,metadata,standards,andsoon(sizeofspaceavailabletoresearchers)
Funding:LackofFunding
InfrastructureandTools->CMP
Borgman2015
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceChallengesoffindingaplaceinshiftinglandscapewhereresearchuniversitiesarelookingmorelikecorporations.
Challengesofimplementingformal("differentialprivacy")andin(formalmethodsofallowingdatatobequeriedwhileprotectingprivacy
Reuse:DifficultyofReusingData
Legal/Policy->Reuse Marchionini,Lee,Bowden,2012
challengesofprovidinguniformaccesstoabroadvarietyofresearchoutputs—thetechnicalandcomputationallimitationsinmakingthedataavailable,searchableandretrievable
InfrastructureandTools:Other
InfrastructureandTools->Discovery
ThompsonReuters2013
challengesofusingcomputationalapproaches:lossofcontext,lossofprovenance,andthedifficultyofmaintainingtherelationshipsamongobjectsthatarenecessarytointerprettheresults
Reuse:DifficultyofReusingData
Knowledge->Reuse Borgman2015
challengesofusingcomputationalapproaches:lossofcontext,lossofprovenance,andthedifficultyofmaintainingtherelationshipsamongobjectsthatarenecessarytointerprettheresults
Reuse:DifficultyofReusingData
CMP->Reuse Borgman2015
clarifychallengesofprovidingtoolstoenablereuseofthosedata Knowledge:ChallengesofEnablingReuse
Knowledge->InfrastructureandTools
Brownetal.2015
clarifychallengesofprovidingtoolstoenablereuseofthosedata Knowledge:ChallengesofEnablingReuse
InfrastructureandTools->Reuse
Brownetal.2015
clarifychallengesofprovidingtoolstoenablereuseofthosedata Knowledge:ChallengesofEnablingReuse
Knowledge->Reuse Brownetal.2015
Clearlegalframeworksforthesharingofpublicationsandreuseofdatasetsareneededatthenationalandinternationallevels.
Legal/Policy:DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse
Legal/Policy->Reuse OECD2015
Clearlegalframeworksforthesharingofpublicationsandreuseofdatasetsareneededatthenationalandinternationallevels.
Legal/Policy:DeficienciesThatInhibit
Legal/Policy->Sharing OECD2015
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceStewardship,Access,andUse
Collaborationforpreservation:Inaddition,asarchives,repositories,anddatacentersincreasinglyprovideservicesthatintegratedatafrommultiplesources,theneedforsustainablecapabilitieswillbecomeevenmorepressing,asafailurebyonepro
Collaboration:NeedforCollaboration
Services->Planning DownsandChen2013;Ubaldi2013
commons-basedexchangeofresearchdataimpededbyaperceivedownershipofdata(righttopublishfirst)andneedforcontrol(reflectedinfearofmisuse)
Culture:Sharingattitudesandpractices
Culture->SharingandAccess
Fecheretal.2015
communityobjectivesassociatedwithdigitalpreservationandtheorganizationalincentivesthatmightmotivatetheirrealization(Lavoie2003)
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Culture->CMP Bradley2005,quotedinEakinetal.n.d.;Eakinetal.n.d.;Lavoie2003,quotedinEakinetal.,n.d.
communityobjectivesassociatedwithdigitalpreservationandtheorganizationalincentivesthatmightmotivatetheirrealization(Lavoie2003)
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Culture->Legal/Policy Bradley2005,quotedinEakinetal.n.d.;Eakinetal.n.d.;Lavoie2003,quotedinEakinetal.,n.d.
communityobjectivesassociatedwithdigitalpreservationandtheorganizationalincentivesthatmightmotivatetheirrealization(Lavoie2003)
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policy->CMP Bradley2005,quotedinEakinetal.n.d.;Eakinetal.,n.d.;Lavoie2003,quotedinEakinetal.,n.d.
Concernbydatamanagersthatthetoolsandinfrastructureavailabletothemwillsufficeforthedigitalpreservationobjectivestheyhavetoachieve
InfrastructureandTools:LackofInfrastructure
InfrastructureandTools->CMP
KuipersandvanderHoeven2009
Concernsfrompublishersaboutthesustainabilityofdatawhenthecurrentcustodianofthedataceasestoexistinthefuture
SustainabilityPlanning:Lackof
Planning->CMP KuipersandvanderHoeven2009
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceStrategyandPlanning
Considerableexpertise,effort,restructuring,andproprietarysoftwaremaybenecessarytoreusedata
Reuse:DifficultyofReusingData
Knowledge->Reuse Borgman2012;Wallisetal.2013
Considerablehumanexpertise,bothtechnicalandscientific,isrequiredtosupportactiveuseofthesesciencedataarchives
HumanResources:Other
HumanResources->Reuse
Wynholdsetal.2011
Considerablehumanexpertise,bothtechnicalandscientific,isrequiredtosupportactiveuseofthesesciencedataarchives
HumanResources:Other
HumanResources->SharingandAccess
Wynholdsetal.2011
contextualizationanddescriptiontime-consuming HumanResources:Time
HumanResources->CMP McDonough2012
costsassociatedwithpreservingdatalongerterm Knowledge:CostsofStewardship
Knowledge->CMP Brownetal.2015
costsassociatedwithpreservingdatalongerterm Support:Costs Knowledge->Planning Brownetal.2015criteriaforidentifyingdataandforsharingthemarenotyetwellunderstood
Culture:DataDefinition
Culture->Sharing Borgman2012
criteria(forappraisal)arehardtoidentify Knowledge:Value Knowledge->CMP Esanuetal.2004datacleaningandcuration(forexample,bydevelopingmetadata)isatime-consumingactivitythatisrarelyacknowledgedinevaluationmechanismsorgrantallocationprocedures.
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
HumanResources->CMP OECD2015
datacleaningandcuration(forexample,bydevelopingmetadata)isatime-consumingactivitythatisrarelyacknowledgedinevaluationmechanismsorgrantallocationprocedures.
HumanResources:Time
HumanResources->CMP OECD2015
Datacurationfacesthechallengethatthedatamustbehoused,managed,andmadeaccessiblepriortouse,butactualusesmaynotbeknownuntilaftersizeableinvestmentsaremade.
Knowledge:Reuse Reuse->CMP Wynholdsetal.2012
Datacurationfacesthechallengethatthedatamustbehoused,managed,andmadeaccessiblepriortouse,butactualusesmaynotbeknownuntilaftersizeableinvestmentsaremade.
Knowledge:Reuse Reuse->Funding Wynholdsetal.2012
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceDatacurationfacesthechallengethatthedatamustbehoused,managed,andmadeaccessiblepriortouse,butactualusesmaynotbeknownuntilaftersizeableinvestmentsaremade.
Knowledge:Reuse Reuse->HumanResources
Wynholdsetal.2012
Datacurationfacesthechallengethatthedatamustbehoused,managed,andmadeaccessiblepriortouse,butactualusesmaynotbeknownuntilaftersizeableinvestmentsaremade.
Knowledge:Reuse Reuse->InfrastructureandTools
Wynholdsetal.2012
Datacurationfacesthechallengethatthedatamustbehoused,managed,andmadeaccessiblepriortouse,butactualusesmaynotbeknownuntilaftersizeableinvestmentsaremade.
Knowledge:Reuse Reuse->Planning Wynholdsetal.2012
datacurationforarchivingisfundedbythesamemechanismsthatfundprincipleaimsofaresearchproject
Legal/Policy:Institutionalstructuresandpressures
Funding->CMP EmberandHanisch2013
datacurationforarchivingisfundedbythesamemechanismsthatfundprincipleaimsofaresearchproject
Legal/Policy:Institutionalstructuresandpressures
Legal/Policy->Funding EmberandHanisch2013
dataisnotfitforuse;ithasnotundergoneacertainlevelofrefinementbeforebeingshared(e.g.,interpretationofrawdata,correctionofstatisticalerrors,anonymization);orisoutofdatebythetimeitispublished.
CMP:InsufficientDataCurationorManagement
CMP->Reuse RECODEproject;Sturgesetal.2015
datamanagementeffortsinadequatetotheamountsofdatabeinggenerated
CMP:InsufficientDataCurationorManagement
HumanResources->CMP NAS2009
DataproducershavefewincentivesbesidestheNIJarchivingrequirementtodeposittheirdata,letaloneexpendextraefforttopreparetheirdatafordeposit,andseveraldisincentivesareinplace
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policy->Humanresources
HedstromandNiu2008
DataproducershavefewincentivesbesidestheNIJarchivingrequirementtodeposittheirdata,letaloneexpendextraefforttopreparetheirdatafordeposit,andseveraldisincentivesareinplace
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policy->SharingandAccess
HedstromandNiu2008
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcedataqualityissuescanbedifficulttomonitor,astheprocessbywhichdatawereoriginallycollectedandmanagedmaybeuncertain
CMP:Quality Knowledge->CMP Tenopiretal.2015
datarepositorieswithsignificantstructuralfundingfeelthatcoreservicesarevaluedbythefunderandrelativelysecure,thesettlementisreasonable,butleaveslittleroomforinnovation,R&Doradditionalservicesunlessthesearespecificallycon
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->Planning Dilloetal.2015
datasetsarenotaseasilyidentifiedanddefinedasscholarlyresearcharticles.
Culture:DataDefinition
Culture->SharingandAccess
OECD2015
datasharingisevenlesssystematicindomainswherefewcommon-poolresourcesexist
InfrastructureandTools:LackofInfrastructure
InfrastructureandTools->SharingandAccess
Borgman2015
datasetsquicklyfalloutofsynchronizationwithversionsofhardwareandsoftwareusedtocreateandanalyzethem
CMP:DifficultyManagingDataforReuse
CMP->Reuse(byimplication)
Borgman2015
De-fundedprojects(VORegistry,VAO),alsoserviceforlarge,homogenousdatasets,putdoubtinthemindsofastronomersthinkingaboutdoingextraworktosharetheirdata
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
CMP->SharingandAccess
Pepeetal2014
De-fundedprojects(VORegistry,VAO),alsoserviceforlarge,homogenousdatasets,putdoubtinthemindsofastronomersthinkingaboutdoingextraworktosharetheirdata
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Knowledge->CMP Pepeetal2014
De-fundedprojects(VORegistry,VAO),alsoserviceforlarge,homogenousdatasets,putdoubtinthemindsofastronomersthinkingaboutdoingextraworktosharetheirdata
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Knowledge->Planning Pepeetal2014
De-fundedprojects(VORegistry,VAO),alsoserviceforlarge,homogenousdatasets,putdoubtinthemindsofastronomersthinkingaboutdoingextraworktosharetheirdata
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Knowledge->Sharing Pepeetal2014
De-fundedprojects(VORegistry,VAO),alsoserviceforlarge,homogenousdatasets,putdoubtinthemindsofastronomersthinkingaboutdoingextraworktosharetheirdata
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Planning->CMP Pepeetal2014
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceDe-fundedprojects(VORegistry,VAO),alsoserviceforlarge,homogenousdatasets,putdoubtinthemindsofastronomersthinkingaboutdoingextraworktosharetheirdata
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Planning->Sharing Pepeetal2014
dealingwiththediversityofsources,formats,anddocumentation CMP:DifficultyManagingDataforReuse
CMP->Reuse(byimplication)
Esanuetal.2004;Ubaldi2013
designingandstaffingoforganizationsthatworkwithfacultytoprovideaccessservices;managedata,preparedataforhandoff;datamining,makedecisionaboutwhetherservicescentralizedormodeledonindividualdepartments,etc.
Planning:DesignandStaffingofOrganizations
HumanResources->CMP Lynch2008
designingandstaffingoforganizationsthatworkwithfacultytoprovideaccessservices;managedata,preparedataforhandoff;datamining,makedecisionaboutwhetherservicescentralizedormodeledonindividualdepartments,etc.
Planning:DesignandStaffingofOrganizations
HumanResources->InfrastructureandTools
Lynch2008
designingandstaffingoforganizationsthatworkwithfacultytoprovideaccessservices;managedata,preparedataforhandoff;datamining,makedecisionaboutwhetherservicescentralizedormodeledonindividualdepartments,etc.
Planning:DesignandStaffingofOrganizations
HumanResources->Planning
Lynch2008
determininghowmuch,andwhat,digitalcontenttoproduce(talkingaboutscholarlypublishing)
SustainabilityPlanning:Other
Planning->Amountofdata
NSF2007
developmentofviableeconomicmodelsforensuringthattheresourcesneededforlong-termstewardshipareputinplace,whileatthesametimeaddressingtheneedsofthescientificcommunityandsocietymoregenerallyforopenaccesstoscientificdata
SustainabilityPlanning:BusinessandEconomicModels
Funding->HumanResources
DownsandChen2013
developmentofviableeconomicmodelsforensuringthattheresourcesneededforlong-termstewardshipareputinplace,whileatthesametimeaddressingtheneedsofthescientificcommunityandsocietymoregenerallyforopenaccesstoscientificdata
SustainabilityPlanning:BusinessandEconomicModels
Funding->InfrastructureandTools
DownsandChen2013
developmentofviableeconomicmodelsforensuringthattheresourcesneededforlong-termstewardshipareputinplace,whileatthesametime
SustainabilityPlanning:Business
Planning->Funding DownsandChen2013
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourceaddressingtheneedsofthescientificcommunityandsocietymoregenerallyforopenaccesstoscientificdata
andEconomicModels
Differencesamongarchivesinnomenclatureandtaxonomyofdataexistwithin,aswellasacross,scientificcommunities
Culture:DataDefinition
Culture->CMP Esanuetal.2004
differencesamongthemandatesandobjectivesofindividualarchives Culture:MandatesandObjectives
Culture->CMP Esanuetal.2004
Differencesariseoverprivacyandconfidentiality,fromculturalattitudestoownershipanduse,inattitudestointellectualpropertyprotectionanditslimitsandexceptions,andbecauseofnationalsecurityconcerns.
Culture:SharingattitudesandpracticesLegal/Policy
Legal/Policy->Reuse NSF2007;Ubaldi2013
Differentpiecesofinfrastructureevolveondifferenttimescales(technologyfast,universitiesandpublishersmoreslowly).Startupcompaniescanmovequicklybutmaynotbeinvestingforlong-termsustainability
InfrastructureandTools:Differenttimescalesofinfrastructuredevelopmentandmaturity
Planning->CMP Borgman2015
differingcriteriaamongarchivesforappraisingvalueandselectingdataforpreservation
Culture:Identifyingwhatisvaluable
Culture->CMP Esanuetal.2004
Difficulttoconvincegovernmentsandfundingagenciestoinvestinsharedtechnology,human,servicesinfrastructure
Culture:Priority Culture->Funding Borgman2015
Difficulttoconvincegovernmentsandfundingagenciestoinvestinsharedtechnology,human,servicesinfrastructure
Culture:Priority Culture->HumanResources
Borgman2015
Difficulttoconvincegovernmentsandfundingagenciestoinvestinsharedtechnology,human,servicesinfrastructure
Culture:Priority Culture->InfrastructureandTools
Borgman2015
difficulttodefinethearrayofskillsandqualificationsrequiredindatascienceprogramsandindatajobs
Knowledge:Skills Knowledge->CMP Borgman2015;Lynch2008
difficulttodefinethearrayofskillsandqualificationsrequiredindatascienceprogramsandindatajobs
Knowledge:Skills Knowledge->Humanresources
Borgman2015;Lynch2008
difficulttofindandretainskilledprofessionals Funding:LackofFunding
HumanResources->CMP Borgman2015
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcedifficulttofindandretainskilledprofessionals Funding:Lackof
FundingHumanResources->SharingandAccess
Borgman2015
difficultiesinestimatingdatacreation/collectioncostsfromdepositorsurveys
Knowledge:CostsofStewardship
Knowledge->Planning HoughtonandGruen2014
Difficultiesofmaintainingevidentiaryrecordas"scholarlycommunicationsarefragmented,dispersed,andreaggregatedinnewways"
CMP:DataManagementFragmented
CMP->CMP Borgman2015
difficultyofresolvingculturaldifferencesinbroadcollaborationaroundinfrastructure
Culture:ResearchandDevelopment
Collaboration->Infastructure
FinholtandBirnholtz
difficultyofresolvingculturaldifferencesinbroadcollaborationaroundinfrastructure
Culture:ResearchandDevelopment
Culture->Collaboration FinholtandBirnholtz
difficultyofresolvingculturaldifferencesinbroadcollaborationaroundinfrastructure
Culture:ResearchandDevelopment
Culture->Infrastructure FinholtandBirnholtz
Difficultywithdefinitionof"data" Culture:DataDefinition
Culture->Legal/Policy Sturgesetal.2015
Difficultywithdefinitionof"data" Culture:DataDefinition
Culture->SharingandAccess
Sturgesetal.2015
disparateproceduresandmetricsamongarchivesfordataquality Culture:EvaluationofQuality
Culture->CMP Esanuetal.2004
disparateproceduresandmetricsamongarchivesfordataquality Culture:PreservationPractices
CMP->Reuse Esanuetal.2004
distinguishingbetweenthecostsofpreservationandthecostsofaccesscanbeproblematic
Knowledge:CostsofStewardship
Knowledge->Funding Eakinetal.n.d.
Diversityofscientificdataanddifferingtraditionsandstandardsintheirtreatmentarealsoissues.
Culture:Standards Culture->SharingandAccess
OECD2015
documentationofdataisoftenatime-consumingtaskthatiscompetingwithmanyotheractivitiesontheresearchersprioritylist
HumanResources:Time
HumanResources->CMP PampelandDallmeier-Tiessen2014
Domainrepositoriesfaceanuncertainfuturedespitethegrowingdemandfordatasharingandaccess
SustainabilityPlanning:Other
SharingandAccess->Planning
Kupiainen2015
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceEachfielddevelopsitsowninscriptionstodocument,describe,andrepresentwhatitconsiderstobedata.
Culture:Standards Culture->SharingandAccess
Borgman2015
evidencemaybelostbecausetheoriginandauthenticityofthedatamaybeuncertain
Knowledge:ProvenanceandAuthenticity
Knowledge->CMP KuipersandvanderHoeven2009
fewlong-termstrategiesforOGDthattakeintoaccountcontextwithinthesocietyandinthepublicadministration,andcomprehensivelyaddresstechnical,economic,social,legal,institutionalandimplementation-relatedaspects
SustainabilityPlanning:PlanningforDynamicandAdaptableInfrastructure
Planning->Funding Ubaldi2013
fewlong-termstrategiesforOGDthattakeintoaccountcontextwithinthesocietyandinthepublicadministration,andcomprehensivelyaddresstechnical,economic,social,legal,institutionalandimplementation-relatedaspects
SustainabilityPlanning:PlanningforDynamicandAdaptableInfrastructure
Planning->InfrastructureandTools
Ubaldi2013
fewlong-termstrategiesforOGDthattakeintoaccountcontextwithinthesocietyandinthepublicadministration,andcomprehensivelyaddresstechnical,economic,social,legal,institutionalandimplementation-relatedaspects
SustainabilityPlanning:PlanningforDynamicandAdaptableInfrastructure
Planning->Legal/Policy Ubaldi2013
financialtrade-offbetweencreatingnewdataandpreservingolddata Legal/Policy:Institutionalstructuresandpressures
Funding->CMP NAS2009
findwaysofpreservingandexchangingresearchdatathatarenotbasedonthecommodificationofresearchdata(makeacaseforpreservingpublicgoods)
SustainabilityPlanning:BusinessandEconomicModels
Planning->CMP ARL2006
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcefindwaysofpreservingandexchangingresearchdatathatarenotbasedonthecommodificationofresearchdata(makeacaseforpreservingpublicgoods)
SustainabilityPlanning:BusinessandEconomicModels
Planning->SharingandAccess
ARL2006
Focusingondatapublicationcouldfixpublicationdataintounitsthatpreventsbroaderuse
CMP:QualityandUsability
Culture->CMP Borgman2015
Formingthesepartnershipswithotherunitsattheinstitution]islistedasthebiggestchallengebyrespondents,andinsomecaseshasledtouncertainrolesattheinstitution-leveloverwhichunitshaveprimacyoverRDM.
Collaboration:ChallengesFormingPartnerships
Collaboration->CMP Fearonetal.2013
Formingthesepartnershipswithotherunitsattheinstitution]islistedasthebiggestchallengebyrespondents,andinsomecaseshasledtouncertainrolesattheinstitution-leveloverwhichunitshaveprimacyoverRDM.
Collaboration:ChallengesFormingPartnerships
Collaboration->HumanResources
Fearonetal.2013
Formingthesepartnershipswithotherunitsattheinstitution]islistedasthebiggestchallengebyrespondents,andinsomecaseshasledtouncertainrolesattheinstitution-leveloverwhichunitshaveprimacyoverRDM.
Collaboration:ChallengesFormingPartnerships
Collaboration->InfrastructureandTools
Fearonetal.2013
Formingthesepartnershipswithotherunitsattheinstitution]islistedasthebiggestchallengebyrespondents,andinsomecaseshasledtouncertainrolesattheinstitution-leveloverwhichunitshaveprimacyoverRDM.
Collaboration:ChallengesFormingPartnerships
Collaboration->Responsibility
Fearonetal.2013
fundamentalissueinthedebateoverthesharingofpublicationrelateddata,information,andmaterialsiswhetherexceptionsshouldbemadetoacommunitystandardiftheprogressofsciencemightbeadvancedbythem
Culture:Standards Culture->SharingandAccess
NRC2003
fundingforpreservation Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->CMP Pepeetal2014
Generallyspeaking,themorehandcraftedthedatacollectionandthemorelabor-intensivethepostprocessingforinterpretation,thelesslikely
HumanResources:Time
HumanResources->SharingandAccess
Borgman2012
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcethatresearcherswillsharetheirdata(goesontosaygeneralizationsdifficulttomake)Governmentagenciesoftenhavestrongtechnicalcapabilities,butaresubjecttopoliticalandbudgetarypressuresandcompetingpriorities
Legal/Policy:Institutionalstructuresandpressures
Culture->CMP DownsandChen2013
guardagainstfinancialthreats SustainabilityPlanning:BusinessandEconomicModels
Planning->Funding DownsandChen2013
harddrivesnotasreliableasvendorssay InfrastructureandTools:Other
InfrastructureandTools->CMP
STC2007
HEIresearchdataholdingsareoftendistributedamongstschools,departments,groupsandindividuals.SeveralUniversitieshavedonesurveysthatshowtheirholdingsareveryfragmented,forexampleresidingonUSBdrivesorlocalserverswithinindividualresearchgroups
CMP:DataManagementFragmented
CMP->Knowledge Addis2015
Howaredatausedandhowaretheyreused?Whattypesofdataaremostlikelytobereused,bywhom,andforwhatpurposes?Answerstothesequestionsareneededtoinforminformationpolicyandthedesignofdigitallibrariestosupportthecapture,management,use,andreuseofdata
Knowledge:Reuse Knowledge->CMP Wynholdsetal.2012
Howaredatausedandhowaretheyreused?Whattypesofdataaremostlikelytobereused,bywhom,andforwhatpurposes?Answerstothesequestionsareneededtoinforminformationpolicyandthedesignofdigitallibrariestosupportthecapture,management,use,andreuseofdata
Knowledge:Reuse Knowledge->InfrastructureandTools
Wynholdsetal.2012
Howaredatausedandhowaretheyreused?Whattypesofdataaremostlikelytobereused,bywhom,andforwhatpurposes?Answerstothesequestionsareneededtoinforminformationpolicyandthedesignof
Knowledge:Reuse Knowledge->Legal/Policy Wynholdsetal.2012
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcedigitallibrariestosupportthecapture,management,use,andreuseofdataHowaredatausedandhowaretheyreused?Whattypesofdataaremostlikelytobereused,bywhom,andforwhatpurposes?Answerstothesequestionsareneededtoinforminformationpolicyandthedesignofdigitallibrariestosupportthecapture,management,use,andreuseofdata
Knowledge:Reuse Knowledge->Planning Wynholdsetal.2012
Howwillpublisherswhotraditionallyregardthemselvesascontentprovidersnegotiatethetransitiontoarolefocusingonserviceprovision?Howwillbusinessesandsystemsaccustomedtoapay-to-readmodeladapttoapay-to-publishmodel?
Culture:Other Planning->Funding ThompsonReuters2013
IfDMPsnotaccompaniedbymeansofsharing,maynotpromotesharingandreuse
InfrastructureandTools:LackofTools
InfrastructureandTools->Reuse
Borgman2015
IfDMPsnotaccompaniedbymeansofsharing,maynotpromotesharingandreuse
InfrastructureandTools:LackofTools
InfrastructureandTools->SharingandAccess
Borgman2015
Iflefttotheirowndevices,mostscholarswilldocumenttheirdatajustwellenoughtoservethepurposesoftheirimmediateandplannedresearchprojects
HumanResources:Time
HumanResources->CMP Borgman2015
Iflefttotheirowndevices,mostscholarswilldocumenttheirdatajustwellenoughtoservethepurposesoftheirimmediateandplannedresearchprojects
HumanResources:Time
HumanResources->SharingandAccess
Borgman2015
Imbalanceinstructureanddistributionofknowledge(studyof"charismaticmegafuna"overotherbiotathataremorefundamentalecologicalprocess
Knowledge:ChallengesofEnablingReuse
Knowledge->? Edwardsetal.2013
Improvingdiscovery Discovery CMP->DiscoveryInfrastructure->DiscoveryThesearemainlyimpliedrelationshipshavingtodowithcurationaffect
Borgman2015;Readetal.2015;Wallisetal.2013
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourceoninteroperability(tiedtodiscoverybutnotnecessarily)andfactthatyouneedinfrastructuretoenablediscovery.
inmanydisciplinestherearenostandardsinwhichthedatacanbedescribed
Culture:Standards Culture->CMP PampelandDallmeier-Tiessen2014
inpracticeitisraretofinddetailedinformationregardingpreservationcommitmentsofferedbyindividualrepositories
Knowledge:StewardshipCommitments
Knowledge-Planning LavoieandMalpas2015
Inpreparingsecondarydataproductsforaccess,repositoriesneedtoaddressissuesoftrust,documentation,interoperability,andongoingvalue.
CMP:InsufficientDataCurationorManagement
CMP->Reuse Wynholdsetal.2011
inresearch-fundingorgs,fundingforinfrastructurecompeteswithfundingforresearchwithoutexpansionofoverallfunding
Legal/Policy:Institutionalstructuresandpressures
Legal/Policy->Funding Berman2014
Intheacademicsector,universitylibrariesarenaturalfociforthestewardshipofdigitalresearchdata.Buttheyneedfinancialsupporttoevolveinthisdirectionatatimewhenmanybudgetsarebeingcut.
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->HumanResources
Bermanetal.2010
Intheacademicsector,universitylibrariesarenaturalfociforthestewardshipofdigitalresearchdata.Buttheyneedfinancialsupporttoevolveinthisdirectionatatimewhenmanybudgetsarebeingcut.
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->InfrastructureandTools
Bermanetal.2010
Inthepresentclimate,domainrepositorieshavedifficultysupportingtechnicalsystemsandstaffexpertiserequiredforlong-termpreservation
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->CMP EmberandHanisch2013
Inthepresentclimate,domainrepositorieshavedifficultysupportingtechnicalsystemsandstaffexpertiserequiredforlong-termpreservation
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->HumanResources
EmberandHanisch2013
Inthepresentclimate,domainrepositorieshavedifficultysupportingtechnicalsystemsandstaffexpertiserequiredforlong-termpreservation
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->InfrastructureandTools
EmberandHanisch2013
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceInadequateincentivesforscientistparticipationindatapreservation LegalandPolicy:
IncentivesLegal/Policy->CMP ARL2006
inadequateknowledgeofresearchersofwheretoupload/depositdata Knowledge:WheretoDepositData
Knowledge->CMP Sturgesetal.2015;Wallisetal.2013
inadequateknowledgeofresearchersofwheretoupload/depositdata Knowledge:WheretoDepositData
Knowledge->SharingandAccess
Sturgesetal.2015;Wallisetal.2013
inconsistenciesandalackofstandardisationinjournalpoliciesaboutdatadeposit
LegalandPolicy:LackofConsistencyandAlignment
Legal/Policy->CMP Sturgesetal.2015
increasedpressureonresearcherstoshare,butlittlemotivation LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policy->SharingandAccess
Wallisetal.2013
infrastructuresarelong-terminitiativesthatmustnavigateshort-termfundingcyclesandpoliticalturnover.
Commitment:DurationofCommitment
Commitment->Infrastructure
Borgman2015;EmberandHanisch2013
infrastructuresarelong-terminitiativesthatmustnavigateshort-termfundingcyclesandpoliticalturnover.
Commitment:DurationofCommitment
Commitment->Funding Borgman2015;EmberandHanisch2013
Institutionalrepositoriescannotofferthefeaturesandvisibilitytoresearchersthatdisciplinaryrepositoriesspecializingindatasetsforaspecificaudienceareabletoprovide
InfrastructureandTools:Difficultymeetinggeneralizedandspecialneeds
InfrastructureandTools->Discovery
Reevesetal.2015
Institutionalrepositoriescannotofferthefeaturesandvisibilitytoresearchersthatdisciplinaryrepositoriesspecializingindatasetsforaspecificaudienceareabletoprovide
InfrastructureandTools:Difficultymeetinggeneralizedandspecialneeds
InfrastructureandTools->SharingandAccess
Reevesetal.2015
Insufficientdataarereleasedtojustifydevelopingarepository,andinsufficientdemandexiststojustifyreleasinganddepositingdata
Culture:DemandforData
Culture->SharingandAccess
Wallisetal.2013
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceInsufficientdataarereleasedtojustifydevelopingarepository,andinsufficientdemandexiststojustifyreleasinganddepositingdata
Culture:DemandforData
Sharing->Funding Wallisetal.2013
Insufficientdataarereleasedtojustifydevelopingarepository,andinsufficientdemandexiststojustifyreleasinganddepositingdata
Culture:DemandforData
Sharing->InfrastructureandTools
Wallisetal.2013
Insufficientdataarereleasedtojustifydevelopingarepository,andinsufficientdemandexiststojustifyreleasinganddepositingdata
Culture:DemandforData
Sharing->Planning Wallisetal.2013
insufficientresources,will,andleadershiptobuildcyberinfrastructureforthehumanitiesandsocialsciences
Culture:Priority Culture->HumanResources
NSF2007
insufficientresources,will,andleadershiptobuildcyberinfrastructureforthehumanitiesandsocialsciences
Culture:Priority Culture->InfrastructureandTools
NSF2007
integratingstorageandcomputeresourcesbetweenlocalandnationalinfrastructures
InfrastructureandTools:Difficultymeetinggeneralizedandspecialneeds
InfrastructureandTools->ResearchCollaboration
Lynch2008
Interoperabilityallowssomedataandstakeholdersinandkeepsothersout.Policy,practice,standards,businessmodels,andvestedinterestsoftenaregreaterdeterminantsofinteroperabilitythanistechnology
CMP:Interoperability
Culture->CMP Borgman2015
Interoperabilityallowssomedataandstakeholdersinandkeepsothersout.Policy,practice,standards,businessmodels,andvestedinterestsoftenaregreaterdeterminantsofinteroperabilitythanistechnology
CMP:Interoperability
Funding->CMP Borgman2015
Interoperabilityallowssomedataandstakeholdersinandkeepsothersout.Policy,practice,standards,businessmodels,andvestedinterestsoftenaregreaterdeterminantsofinteroperabilitythanistechnology
CMP:Interoperability
Legal/Policy->CMP Borgman2015
itisdifficulttoreuseothers'data.Thefurtheryouareaway,theharderitis
Reuse:DifficultyofReusingData
Knowledge->Reuse Borgman2012
Itisnotsufficienttodocumentdatapre-processingsteps;theprocessesthemselvesmustbecaptured
CMP:InsufficientDataCurationorManagement
CMP->Reuse Rauber2012
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceItistimeforafinancialreviewofthesituation:weneedtounderstandthefullcostsofcuratingdatasothatwecanplanandbudgetfortherequiredinfrastructuremoreeffectively
Knowledge:CostsofStewardship
Knowledge->InfrastructureandTools
Lyon2007
Itistimeforafinancialreviewofthesituation:weneedtounderstandthefullcostsofcuratingdatasothatwecanplanandbudgetfortherequiredinfrastructuremoreeffectively
Knowledge:CostsofStewardship
Knowledge->Planning Lyon2007
knowledge-workers'institutionsactwithoutvision/strategy;piecemeal SustainabilityPlanning:LackofStrategyandPlanning
Planning->SharingandAccess
Borgman2012
lackastandardizedmechanismtoreferenceresources(fromastronomy) Culture:Standards Culture->Reuse? Pepeetal2014lackofaclearOGDstrategythatprovidesincentivestopublicofficialstoinvestinOGDactivities
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policy->Funding Ubaldi2013
lackofaclearOGDstrategythatprovidesincentivestopublicofficialstoinvestinOGDactivities
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Planning->Funding Ubaldi2013
lackofaclearOGDstrategythatprovidesincentivestopublicofficialstoinvestinOGDactivities
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Planning->Legal/Policy Ubaldi2013
lackofanongoingandefficientflowofresourcestopreservationthroughoutthedigitallifecycle
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->CMP Bermanetal.2010;EmberandHanisch2013
lackofbusinessmodel SustainabilityPlanning:BusinessandEconomicModels
Planning->CMP ThompsonReuters2013
lackofcertaintyabouthowmuchitwillallcostandhowtosustainresourcesinthelongterm...Thedifficultyhereistoestimatehowmuchdatatherewillbeandhowmorestoragetobudgetfor
Knowledge:CostsofStewardship
Knowledge->CMP Weigert2015
lackofcertaintyabouthowmuchitwillallcostandhowtosustainresourcesinthelongterm...Thedifficultyhereistoestimatehowmuchdatatherewillbeandhowmorestoragetobudgetfor
Knowledge:CostsofStewardship
Knowledge->Planning Weigert2015
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcelackofcertaintyabouthowmuchitwillallcostandhowtosustainresourcesinthelongterm...Thedifficultyhereistoestimatehowmuchdatatherewillbeandhowmorestoragetobudgetfor
Knowledge:CostsofStewardship
Planning->CMP Weigert2015
lackofcertaintyabouthowmuchitwillallcostandhowtosustainresourcesinthelongterm...Thedifficultyhereistoestimatehowmuchdatatherewillbeandhowmorestoragetobudgetfor[Duplicate]
Knowledge:Amountofdata
Knowledge->CMP Weigert2015
lackofclarityaboutownershipofdata;ownershipoflarge-scaledatasets,potentiallycollectedbymachinesorsoftwareproviders
Legal/Policy:DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse
Legal/Policy->Reuse OECD2015
lackofclearguidelinesaroundtextanddatamining Legal/Policy:DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse
Legal/Policy->Reuse OECD2015
lackofcommonrequirementsandenforcementpracticesfordatasharingacrossagencies
LegalandPolicy:LackofConsistencyandAlignment
Legal/Policy->Sharing Reevesetal.2015
lackofcommonstandardsfordatamanagementandarchiving Culture:Standards Culture->CMP Reevesetal.2015Lackofcomprehensiveplanforresearchdatastewardshipandpreservationduetoprimarilybadnews,aweakervalueproposition,andachallengingbusinessmodel
SustainabilityPlanning:LackofStrategyandPlanning
Culture->Planning Berman2014
Lackofcomprehensiveplanforresearchdatastewardshipandpreservationduetoprimarilybadnews,aweakervalueproposition,andachallengingbusinessmodel
SustainabilityPlanning:LackofStrategyandPlanning
Planning->CMP Berman2014
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceLackofcomprehensiveplanforresearchdatastewardshipandpreservationduetoprimarilybadnews,aweakervalueproposition,andachallengingbusinessmodel
SustainabilityPlanning:LackofStrategyandPlanning
Planning->HumanResources
Berman2014
Lackofcomprehensiveplanforresearchdatastewardshipandpreservationduetoprimarilybadnews,aweakervalueproposition,andachallengingbusinessmodel
SustainabilityPlanning:LackofStrategyandPlanning
Planning->InfrastructureandTools
Berman2014
Lackofcomprehensiveplanforresearchdatastewardshipandpreservationduetoamorechallengingbusinessmodel
SustainabilityPlanning:BusinessandEconomicModels
Planning->CMP Berman2014
Lackofcomprehensiveplanforresearchdatastewardshipandpreservationduetoamorechallengingbusinessmodel
SustainabilityPlanning:BusinessandEconomicModels
Planning->HumanResources
Berman2014
Lackofconsistencyfromfundersabouthowdataishandled(whethermadeaccessibleornot)
LegalandPolicy:LackofConsistencyandAlignment
Legal/Policy->SharingandAccess
Borgman2012
lackofcoordinationofroles,responsibilities,andfundingsourcesamongthosebestpositionedtopreservedata(researchers)
Responsibility:CoordinateStewardshipActivities
Collaboration->CMP Bermanetal.2010
lackofcoordinationofroles,responsibilities,andfundingsourcesamongthosebestpositionedtopreservedata(researchers)
Responsibility:CoordinateStewardshipActivities
Responsibility->CMP Bermanetal.2010
lackofcriticalmasstodevelopandsustainshareddataresources Collaboration:LackofCriticalMass
Collaboration->InfrastructureandTools
Borgman2015
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcelackofdemonstrateddemandforresearchdataoutsideofgenomics,climatescience,astronomy,socialsciencesurveys,andafewotherareas
Culture:DemandforData
Culture->Reuse? Borgman2012
lackofeffectiveincentivemechanismstopromotedata-sharingpracticesamongresearchers
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policy->SharingandAccess
OECD2015
lackofexpertise,resourcestomakemetadataavailable HumanResources:Skills
HumanResources->CMP Eakinetal.n.d.
lackofexpertise,resourcestomakemetadataavailable HumanResources:Skills
HumanResources->SharingandAccess
Eakinetal.n.d.
lackoffundingandresources(librariesandmuseums)neededforlargescale,long-termdigitaldatastewardship
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->CMP DownsandChen2013;Erway2015
lackoffundingandresources(librariesandmuseums)neededforlargescale,long-termdigitaldatastewardship
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->HumanResources
DownsandChen2013;Erway2015
lackoffundingandresources(librariesandmuseums)neededforlargescale,long-termdigitaldatastewardship
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->InfrastructureandTools
DownsandChen2013;Erway2015
lackofincentivesforcompetitiontransparency;impacts LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policy->SharingandAccess
Manyikaetal.2011
lackofincentivestoexperimentwithcyberinfrastructureinthehumanitiesandsocialsciences;
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policy->CMP NSF2007
lackofincentivestoexperimentwithcyberinfrastructureinthehumanitiesandsocialsciences;
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policy->Humanresources
NSF2007
lackofincentivestoexperimentwithcyberinfrastructureinthehumanitiesandsocialsciences;
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policy->InfrastructureandTools
NSF2007
lackofinformationaboutcostsfordecisionmaking Knowledge:CostsofStewardship
Knowledge->Planning STC2007
lackofinformationaboutcostsofkeepingsystemsuptodateasnewtechnologiesemerge
Knowledge:CostsofStewardship
Knowledge->CMP Brownetal.2015
lackofinformationaboutcostsofkeepingsystemsuptodateasnewtechnologiesemerge
Knowledge:CostsofStewardship
Knowledge->Planning Brownetal.2015
lackofinformationaboutcostsofkeepingsystemsuptodateasnewtechnologiesemerge
Knowledge:CostsofStewardship
Planning->CMP Brownetal.2015
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcelackofinformationaboutwhohaspreviouslyenhanced,annotatedorhadaccesstothedata
Knowledge:ProvenanceandAuthenticity
Knowledge->CMP(quality,trustworthiness)
ThaesisandvanderHoeven2010
lackofinfrastructureforlargescale,long-termdigitaldatastewardship;lackofrepositoriesforCENSresearchareas
InfrastructureandTools:LackofInfrastructure
InfrastructureandTools->CMP
DownsandChen2013;Wallisetal.2013
lackofinsightintoareasonablefeestructure/amount:“TryingtofigureouttherightcostforaTerabyteofdata,or7hoursofcuration
Knowledge:CostsofStewardship
Knowledge->Planning Kupiainen2015
lackofinteroperability(amongsilosofinformation) CMP:Interoperability
Infrastructure->SharingandAccess
Borgman2015;ThaesisandvanderHoeven2010;Ubaldi2013
Lackofknowledgeaboutpreservationpractices Knowledge:Howtopreserve
Knowledge->CMP STC2007
lackofliabilityarrangementsmaypreventresearchersfromstoringdata Legal/Policy:DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse
Legal/Policy->CMP ThaesisandvanderHoeven2010
lackofliabilityarrangementsmaypreventsharing Legal/Policy:DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse
Legal/Policy->Sharing Borgman2015
lackofperceiveddemand;CENSinvestigatorsinvestlittleeffortinmetadatacreationbecausetheycannotforeseewhomightusetheirdata
Culture:DemandforData
Knowledge->Curation Wallisetal.2013
lackofrewardorcreditforsharing LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policy->SharingandAccess
Borgman2012
lackofstandardizedarchivalpracticesanddataformats(curation) Culture:Standards Culture->CMP STC2007lackofstandards(includingInternetofThings) Culture:Standards Culture->Sharingand
AccessNAS2009
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcelackofstandardsforinfrastructure Culture:Standards Culture->Sharingand
AccessBorgman2015
lackofstandardsforinfrastructure Culture:Standards Culture->InfrastructureandTools
Borgman2015
lackofsupportfordatamanagementforresearchersinshortandlongterm
HumanResources:SupportforDataManagement
HumanResources->CMP Giarlo2012;Tenopiretal.2011
lackofunderstandingofpreservationissuesrelatedtodatasets Knowledge:Howtopreserve
Knowledge->Planning Brownetal.2015
lackofvocabularies(forquality)applicableacrossdomains Culture:Standards Culture->Reuse McDonough2012legalcontractsbywhichdatawereobtainedmaypreventsharing Legal/Policy:
DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse
Legal/Policy->Sharing Borgman2015
legislationforsharingdatabaseshasbeenproblematic;itisproblematicforresearcherstohavetoagreetorestrictivetermstouseadatabase
Legal/Policy:DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse
Legal/Policy->Reuse NRC2003
legislationforsharingdatabaseshasbeenproblematic;itisproblematicforresearcherstohavetoagreetorestrictivetermstouseadatabase
Legal/Policy:DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse
Legal/Policy->Sharing NRC2003
Librariesarenotoftensetupwiththeproperinfrastructureandsupporttoquicklyadapttonewdigitalstrategiesandbusinessmodels
InfrastructureandTools:LackofInfrastructure
InfrastructureandTools->Planning
Johnsonetal.2015
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcelikelihoodthatrecipientwillnotreciprocate Culture:Sharing
attitudesandpractices
Culture->SharingandAccess
NRC2003
linksto“personaldatasets”,i.e.,linkstopotentialdatahostedonastronomers'personalwebsites,becomeunreachablemuchfasterthanlinkstocurated“institutionaldatasets”
CMP:DataManagementFragmented
Culture->CMP Pepeetal2014
linksto“personaldatasets”,i.e.,linkstopotentialdatahostedonastronomers'personalwebsites,becomeunreachablemuchfasterthanlinkstocurated“institutionaldatasets”
CMP:DataManagementFragmented
Culture->SharingandAccess
Pepeetal2014
Littleknownaboutbeginning,middle,andendofknowledgeinfrastructuresandwhathappenstothedatatheyheld.Whenresearchfundingends,collaborationsmaydisbandgracefully,takingresourcesandexpertisetothenextprojects.
Knowledge:Other Knowledge->CMP Borgman2015
Lotsofcollections,resourcesoutthere;notaprogrammaticwayofdealingwiththem
SustainabilityPlanning:PlanningforDynamicandAdaptableInfrastructure
Planning->CMP Palmer2015
Lowfundingpriorityfordatamanagementandpreservationinmanyscientificdisciplines;lackoffunding
Culture:Priority Culture->DataManagementandPreservation
Esanuetal.2004;NAS2009;NRC2003
Lowfundingpriorityfordatamanagementandpreservationinmanyscientificdisciplines;lackoffunding
Culture:Priority Culture->Funding Esanuetal.2004;NAS2009;NRC2003
managementofmetadataiscriticalforarchivists,butnotpriorityformanufacturersorusers
Culture:Priority Culture->CMP STC2007
Managingdatarequiresamuchdifferentarchitecturethansystemsforpublicationsorothertextualdocuments.Rarelyaredataself-describing,nordotheystandaloneasindependentunits
CMP:Other InfrastructureandTools->CMP
Borgmanetal.2014
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceManagingresearchdataisaknowledgeinfrastructureproblembeyondthescopeofindividualresearchersorprojects
Collaboration:NeedforCollaboration
Collaboration->CMP Borgmanetal.2014
Manybemoanedthelackofcommonmetadataandarchivesasamainimpedimenttousingandstoringdata
Culture:Standards Culture->CMP ScienceStaff2011
Manybemoanedthelackofcommonmetadataandarchivesasamainimpedimenttousingandstoringdata
Culture:Standards Culture->Reuse ScienceStaff2011
Manybemoanedthelackofcommonmetadataandarchivesasamainimpedimenttousingandstoringdata
Culture:Standards Culture->SharingandAccess
ScienceStaff2011
manyexistingrepositorieswillnotscaletofuturedemands,interoperatewellamongdisciplines,norguaranteelong-termaccess
SustainabilityPlanning:PlanningforDynamicandAdaptableInfrastructure
InfrastructureandTools->SharingandAccess
Atkinsetal.2003
Manygovernmentsandresearchinstitutionsarecurrentlybearingthecostsofofferingopenaccesstoarticlesandtodata,aswellasthecostsofstorageandthepreservationofdatasetsonline.Giventherapidlyincreasingamountsofdata,publicinstitutionswillbechallengedtofindsustainablefundingandbusinessmodels.Public-privatepartnershipswithprivateserviceprovidersmayofferinnovativesolutions.
SustainabilityPlanning:BusinessandEconomicModels
Collaboration->Funding OECD2015
Manygovernmentsandresearchinstitutionsarecurrentlybearingthecostsofofferingopenaccesstoarticlesandtodata,aswellasthecostsofstorageandthepreservationofdatasetsonline.Giventherapidlyincreasingamountsofdata,publicinstitutionswillbechallengedtofindsustainablefundingandbusinessmodels.Public-privatepartnershipswithprivateserviceprovidersmayofferinnovativesolutions.
SustainabilityPlanning:BusinessandEconomicModels
Planning->Funding OECD2015
Manytraditionalinformationpreservationandaccessinstitutionssuchaslibrariesandmuseumsarestrugglingtodeveloptheskills,resources,andinfrastructureneededforlargescale,long-termdigitaldatastewardship
HumanResources:Skills
HumanResources->CMP DownsandChen2013
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcemisalignmentbetweenthescaleoftheneedforon-campusdatacurationandthelevelofcommitmentbyacademiclibrariestoaddressthisneed(asmeasuredbytheamountofresourcesallocatedtothisneedvs.otherneeds)
Commitment:ExtentofCommitment
Commitment->CMP Giarlo2012
misalignmentbetweenthescaleoftheneedforon-campusdatacurationandthelevelofcommitmentbyacademiclibrariestoaddressthisneed(asmeasuredbytheamountofresourcesallocatedtothisneedvs.otherneeds)
Commitment:ExtentofCommitment
Commitment->Funding Giarlo2012
misalignmentbetweenthescaleoftheneedforon-campusdatacurationandthelevelofcommitmentbyacademiclibrariestoaddressthisneed(asmeasuredbytheamountofresourcesallocatedtothisneedvs.otherneeds)
Commitment:ExtentofCommitment
Commitment->HumanResources
Giarlo2012
misalignmentbetweenthescaleoftheneedforon-campusdatacurationandthelevelofcommitmentbyacademiclibrariestoaddressthisneed(asmeasuredbytheamountofresourcesallocatedtothisneedvs.otherneeds)
Commitment:ExtentofCommitment
Commitment->InfrastructureandTools
Giarlo2012
mismatchbetweenjobclassificationslikearchivistandlibrarian,andtheactualdemandsofthedataworld.Theimplicationisthatrepositoriescannotoperateeffectivelyonsoftmoney;thereneedstobeanunderlyingsustainablefundingbase
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->HumanResources
EmberandHanisch2013
mismatchbetweenthelong-termcommitmenttopreservationinherentintheworkofarchiving,andtheshort-termandepisodicfundinguponwhichthisworkisbased;long-termpreservationnowonlycoveredforfirst5years(RDA)
Commitment:DurationofCommitment
Commitment->CMP Kupiainen2015;EmberandHanisch2013
mismatchbetweenthelong-termcommitmenttopreservationinherentintheworkofarchiving,andtheshort-termandepisodicfundinguponwhichthisworkisbased;long-termpreservationnowonlycoveredforfirst5years(RDA)
Commitment:DurationofCommitment
Commitment->Funding Kupiainen2015;EmberandHanisch2013
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcemismatchbetweenthelong-termcommitmenttopreservationinherentintheworkofarchiving,andtheshort-termandepisodicfundinguponwhichthisworkisbased;long-termpreservationnowonlycoveredforfirst5years(RDA)
Commitment:DurationofCommitment
Commitment->HumanResources
Kupiainen2015;EmberandHanisch2013
mismatchbetweenthelong-termcommitmenttopreservationinherentintheworkofarchiving,andtheshort-termandepisodicfundinguponwhichthisworkisbased;long-termpreservationnowonlycoveredforfirst5years(RDA)
Commitment:DurationofCommitment
Commitment->InfrastructureandTools
Kupiainen2015;EmberandHanisch2013
Morelaborisrequiredtodescribeuniqueitemsortomergethemintocommonstructures.Eachresearchdatasetisuniqueandrequiresitsownmetadataandprovenancerecords.
HumanResources:Time
HumanResources->CMP Borgman2015
Mostevaluationsofuniversitiesandresearchersarealmostentirelybasedonteachingandbibliometricindicators,attributinglittlevaluetothesharingofpre-publicationinputsandpost-publicationoutcomes,suchasdataandotherrelevantinformation
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policy->CMP OECD2015
Mostevaluationsofuniversitiesandresearchersarealmostentirelybasedonteachingandbibliometricindicators,attributinglittlevaluetothesharingofpre-publicationinputsandpost-publicationoutcomes,suchasdataandotherrelevantinformation
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policy->SharingandAccess
OECD2015
Mostresearcherswillsharemorereadilywiththeirpeers,giventheconcernsforlabor,interpretation,andlikelihoodofreuse
HumanResources:Time
HumanResources->SharingandAccess
Borgman2012
Muchofthedatabeingsoughtis“preserved”inadhocandfragmentedways,andalltoooftenendsupin“datamortuaries”ratherthanarchives
CMP:Other CMP->Reuse Atkinsetal.2003;Wynholdsetal.2011
Muchoftheeffortunderwaytousecyberinfrastructureforcollaborativeresearchisnotgivingadequateattentiontosociologicalandculturebarrierstotechnologyadoptionthatmaycausefailure,evenafterlargeinvestments
Culture:ResearchandDevelopment
Culture->Collaboration Atkinsetal.2003
Muchoftheeffortunderwaytousecyberinfrastructureforcollaborativeresearchisnotgivingadequateattentiontosociologicalandculture
Culture:ResearchandDevelopment
Culture->HumanResources
Atkinsetal.2003
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcebarrierstotechnologyadoptionthatmaycausefailure,evenafterlargeinvestmentsMuchoftheeffortunderwaytousecyberinfrastructureforcollaborativeresearchisnotgivingadequateattentiontosociologicalandculturebarrierstotechnologyadoptionthatmaycausefailure,evenafterlargeinvestments
Culture:ResearchandDevelopment
Culture->InfrastructureandTools
Atkinsetal.2003
Muchoftheeffortunderwaytousecyberinfrastructureforcollaborativeresearchisnotgivingadequateattentiontosociologicalandculturebarrierstotechnologyadoptionthatmaycausefailure,evenafterlargeinvestments
Culture:ResearchandDevelopment
Infrastructure->CollaborativeResearch
Atkinsetal.2003
needtoensuredataareaccessible,usablebygeneralpublic;thistakesmoreworkthanmakingdataaccessibletofellowspecialistsandmayrequirefocusedefforts
HumanResources:Time
HumanResources->Reuse
Wynholdsetal.2011
needtoensuredataareaccessible,usablebygeneralpublic;thistakesmoreworkthanmakingdataaccessibletofellowspecialistsandmayrequirefocusedefforts
HumanResources:Time
HumanResources->SharingandAccess
Wynholdsetal.2011
Neithertheproducersofdatanortheagenciesthatrequiresharingcanagreeonwhatarethedata
LegalandPolicy:LackofConsistencyandAlignment
Legal/Policy->SharingandAccess
Borgman2012
Noenterpriseyethasalong-termstrategyorsolution[fordigitalpreservation]thatdoesnotrequiresignificantandongoingcapitalinvestmentandoperationalexpense.
SustainabilityPlanning:BusinessandEconomicModels
Funding->CMP STC2007
Noenterpriseyethasalong-termstrategyorsolution[fordigitalpreservation]thatdoesnotrequiresignificantandongoingcapitalinvestmentandoperationalexpense.
SustainabilityPlanning:BusinessandEconomicModels
Funding->HumanResources
STC2007
Noenterpriseyethasalong-termstrategyorsolution[fordigitalpreservation]thatdoesnotrequiresignificantandongoingcapitalinvestmentandoperationalexpense.
SustainabilityPlanning:Business
Funding->InfrastructureandTools
STC2007
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceandEconomicModels
Nofundingforinvestigatingfeasiblebusinessmodels;notpartofcontracteddeliverables.
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->Planning Kupiainen2015
nogroupwhosemainstreammissionitistoplanandcoordinatethedatainfrastructureneededfortheresearchcommunity(reasonfornocomprehensiveplan)
Responsibility:CoordinateStewardshipActivities
Commitment->InfrastructureandTools
Berman2014
nogroupwhosemainstreammissionitistoplanandcoordinatethedatainfrastructureneededfortheresearchcommunity(reasonfornocomprehensiveplan)
Responsibility:CoordinateStewardshipActivities
Commitment->Planning Berman2014
nogroupwhosemainstreammissionitistoplanandcoordinatethedatainfrastructureneededfortheresearchcommunity(reasonfornocomprehensiveplan)
Responsibility:CoordinateStewardshipActivities
Planning->InfrastructureandTools
Berman2014
Nomechanismforexpressingorknowingifaccesstodatasetsisrequiredonatime-framefasterthannormalqualitycontrolprocessesallow(toenforcequalitystandardsondatabeforetheyareused)
Discovery Discovery->Reuse Ashley2012
nooneknowswhatwillhavevalue;difficulttodeterminewhatwillbeofvalue;
Knowledge:Value Knowledge->CMP Borgman2015;Brownetal.2015;Esanuetal.2004
noonesectorwillbeabletotakeontheresponsibilityforstewardshipofallresearchdata
Responsibility:ConductStewardshipActivities
Collaboration->Responsibility
Berman2010
nosingleprivatefoundationintheUnitedStates—withtheexceptionoftheBill&MelindaGatesFoundation,whichprimarilyfundshealthinitiatives—hasannualfundingthatequalsthebudgetofCISE.Amongthe
Funding:ImbalanceinFunding
Funding->HumanResources
NSF2007
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcelargeprivatefoundations,fewarefocusedonhumanitiesandsocialsciencesnosingleprivatefoundationintheUnitedStates—withtheexceptionoftheBill&MelindaGatesFoundation,whichprimarilyfundshealthinitiatives—hasannualfundingthatequalsthebudgetofCISE.Amongthelargeprivatefoundations,fewarefocusedonhumanitiesandsocialsciences
Funding:ImbalanceinFunding
Funding->InfrastructureandTools
NSF2007
Nostandardpolicyaboutopenaccessandarchivingamongfunders LegalandPolicy:LackofConsistencyandAlignment
Legal/Policy->SharingandAccess
ThaesisandvanderHoeven2010
notallresearchersarenecessarilyawareofthepossibilitiesofferedbyopenscience.
Knowledge:ReusePossibilities
Knowledge->Reuse OECD2015
notclearhowsuchlongtermstewardshipshouldbefundedandsupported
Responsibility:SupportStewardshipActivities
Commitment->Responsibility
DownsandChen2013
notclearhowsuchlongtermstewardshipshouldbefundedandsupported
Responsibility:SupportStewardshipActivities
Responsibility->Funding DownsandChen2013
notclearwhatorganizationsorinstitutionscanandshouldmaintainandstoresuchdata,ensuringtheirlong-termintegrityandusability
Responsibility:ConductStewardshipActivities
Responsibility->CMP Bermanetal.2010;Borgman2015;DownsandChen2013
Notpossibletoknowcostsuntilapreservationstrategyischosen Knowledge:CostsofStewardship
Planning-Knowledge Eakinetal.,n.d.;Lavoie2006,(quotedinEakinetal.n.d.)
notyetagreeduponstandards(e.g.,inbrainimaging)forhowtoshare,annotate,etc
Culture:Standards Culture->Reuse NRC2003
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcenotyetagreeduponstandards(e.g.,inbrainimaging)forhowtoshare,annotate,etc
Culture:Standards Culture->SharingandAccess
NRC2003
OGD:Acriticalelementofaccessibilityistoknowthesourceofwhattheuserissearchingfor,andinmanyinstances,wheretobeginsearchingcanposeachallenge
Discovery Discovery->Reuse Ubaldi2013
OGD:Certainlegalrequirements,aswellasfragmentedanddiverselegislationconcerningprivacy(e.g.UKDataProtectionAct,re-useandsometimesfees(e.g.inSwedenandGermany36)cancreateconfusionforend-users,orcanmakeitmoredifficultfor
Legal/Policy:DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse
Legal/Policy->Reuse Ubaldi2013
OGD:challengeswhenfederalgovernmentseekstoimposecoordinationorconsistencyacrossthebroadrangeofrulemakingprocesses,dataandportalsenablingaccesstogovernmentdata(needtocollaborateandcoordinate)
Legal/Policy:Institutionalstructuresandpressures
Collaboration->SharingandAccess
Ubaldi2013
OGD:Convertinglargevolumesofdataintore-useableformatshascostimplications
Knowledge:CostsofStewardship
CMP->SharingandAccess
Ubaldi2013
OGD:difficultfromtheuserperspectivetoknowwhichpieceofdataisvalidorshouldbetrusted
Reuse:DifficultyofReusingData
CMP->Reuse Ubaldi2013
OGD:everypublicagencyhasitsownsetofdata,formatsandstandards[Duplicate]
Culture:Standards Culture->Reuse Ubaldi2013
OGD:everypublicagencyhasitsownsetofdata,formatsandstandards.Thiscanmakeitdifficultfromtheuserperspectivetoknowwhichpieceofdataisvalidorshouldbetrusted.Acriticalelementofaccessibilityistoknowthesourceofwhattheuserissearchingfor,andinmanyinstances,wheretobeginsearchingcanposeachallenge.
Culture:DataDefinition
Culture->Reuse Ubaldi2013
OGD:howtodevelopanewbusinesscaseandfinancingmodelforcollecting,converting,anddiffusingpublicdatainlightoftheaccessibilityprinciplethatopengovernmentdatashouldbefreeorprovidedatcost
SustainabilityPlanning:BusinessandEconomicModels
Planning->CMP Ubaldi2013
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceOGD:howtodevelopanewbusinesscaseandfinancingmodelforcollecting,converting,anddiffusingpublicdatainlightoftheaccessibilityprinciplethatopengovernmentdatashouldbefreeorprovidedatcost
SustainabilityPlanning:BusinessandEconomicModels
Planning->Funding Ubaldi2013
OGD:howtodevelopanewbusinesscaseandfinancingmodelforcollecting,converting,anddiffusingpublicdatainlightoftheaccessibilityprinciplethatopengovernmentdatashouldbefreeorprovidedatcost
SustainabilityPlanning:BusinessandEconomicModels
Planning->SharingandAccess
Ubaldi2013
OGD:internalcultureofpublicsectorinstitutionsisnotimmediatelyconducivetodatasharingandrequiresadditionalefforts
Culture:Sharingattitudesandpractices
Culture->SharingandAccess
Ubaldi2013
OGD:lackofappropriateinstitutionalstructurestoensureaccountability,transparency,qualityofdataandresponsibilityinacontextofcollaboration
Collaboration:SupportStructures
Culture->Collaboration Ubaldi2013
OGD:lackofintegrationofOGDtoolsandapplications InfrastructureandTools:LackofTools
InfrastructureandTools->Reuse
Ubaldi2013
OGD:lackofproceduresandstandardsonhowtodealwithopendataingovernments(e.g.lackoftoolsavailabletomakedataopen,ofvalidationstructuresandguidelines,guidelinesondatacollectionthatcancompromisethequalityofthedataandeven
InfrastructureandTools:LackofTools
InfrastructureandTools->CMP
Ubaldi2013
OGD:Needforengagementmodelsandstrategiestoallowtwo-waydialoguetotakeplacebetweenthepublicsectorandtheusersofgovernmentdata
Collaboration:LackofCollaboration
Planning->Reuse Ubaldi2013
OGD:Proliferationofregulatorycompliancerequirements:federalwebdesignersinacomplianceminefieldthatmakesithardforthemtoavoidbreakingtherules–whiledivertingenergyfrominnovationtowardscompliance
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policy->InfrastructureandTools
Ubaldi2013
OGD:Thereisasubstantialcommitmentandinvestmentonthepartofpublicagenciesastheyneedtoacquirenewskills,trainemployees,
Commitment:Other
Commitment->Funding Ubaldi2013
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcepurchasetechnologies,andupgradenetworkinfrastructure,whichneedtobeaccountedfor.OGD:Thereisasubstantialcommitmentandinvestmentonthepartofpublicagenciesastheyneedtoacquirenewskills,trainemployees,purchasetechnologies,andupgradenetworkinfrastructure,whichneedtobeaccountedfor.
Commitment:Other
Commitment->HumanResources
Ubaldi2013
OGD:Thereisasubstantialcommitmentandinvestmentonthepartofpublicagenciesastheyneedtoacquirenewskills,trainemployees,purchasetechnologies,andupgradenetworkinfrastructure,whichneedtobeaccountedfor.
Commitment:Other
Commitment->InfrastructureandTools
Ubaldi2013
OGD:Useofdatarestrictedduetodisclosurepoliciesthatlimitdatatransparencyorcopyrightsthatresultinlackofclarityoverwhoownsgovernmentdata.
Legal/Policy:DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse
Legal/Policy->Reuse Ubaldi2013
OGD:valueandtransparencymightbehinderedifdataarenotsimpletoaccessduetoitsformats
HumanResources:Other
Access->Knowledge Ubaldi2013
Openscienceeffortsinvolvedifferentcommunitiesanddifferentactors:researchers,governmentalinstitutions,universitiesandresearchcentres,librariesanddatacentres,privatenon-profitorganisations,businesssectororganisationsincludingprivateacademicpublishers,supra-nationalentities,citizens,etc.
Culture:Other Collaboation->InfrastructureandTools
OECD2015
Openscienceeffortsinvolvedifferentcommunitiesanddifferentactors:researchers,governmentalinstitutions,universitiesandresearchcentres,librariesanddatacentres,privatenon-profitorganisations,businesssectororganisationsincludingprivateacademicpublishers,supra-nationalentities,citizens,etc.
Culture:Other Collaboration->HumanResources
OECD2015
Openscienceeffortsinvolvedifferentcommunitiesanddifferentactors:researchers,governmentalinstitutions,universitiesandresearchcentres,librariesanddatacentres,privatenon-profitorganisations,business
Culture:Other Collaboration->Planning OECD2015
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcesectororganisationsincludingprivateacademicpublishers,supra-nationalentities,citizens,etc.Openscienceeffortsinvolvedifferentcommunitiesanddifferentactors:researchers,governmentalinstitutions,universitiesandresearchcentres,librariesanddatacentres,privatenon-profitorganisations,businesssectororganisationsincludingprivateacademicpublishers,supra-nationalentities,citizens,etc.
Culture:Other Collaboration->SharingandAccess
OECD2015
organizationalstructuresarenotrobustenoughtosupportresourcesmovingbetweenlocalandnationalresourcesortoallowdesignoftomorrow'sarchitectures,tools,andservices(seedomainrepositoryproblemofhavingresourcestoinvestigatebusiness
Collaboration:SupportStructures
Collaboration->InfrastructureandTools
Lynch2008
organizationalstructuresarenotrobustenoughtosupportresourcesmovingbetweenlocalandnationalresourcesortoallowdesignoftomorrow'sarchitectures,tools,andservices(seedomainrepositoryproblemofhavingresourcestoinvestigatebusiness
Collaboration:SupportStructures
Culture->Collaboration Lynch2008
particulardomainsmayhavevaluablesystemssetupthatclashwiththeexpectationsofcertification—forinstance,inoceanographyresearchersarerequiredtoputtheirdataincertainrepositoriesandcertificationwouldrequiretherepositoriestoreje
Legal/Policy:Institutionalstructuresandpressures
Legal/Policy->CMP Edwardsetal.2013
Planninganddevelopingrequirementsfordataarchivesmustaccommodatethecontinualchangeandevolutioninthepracticeofscience;thelocalvariabilityinfocus,practice,andavailabletechnologyandotherphysicalandhumaninfrastructure;thedifferingmandatesandobjectivesofdifferentdataproducers,aswellasadiversityofpotentialusers,includingscientists,educationalinstitutions,businesses,policymakers,andordinarycitizens
SustainabilityPlanning:PlanningforDynamicandAdaptableInfrastructure
Culture->Planning Esanuetal.2004
Planninganddevelopingrequirementsfordataarchivesmustaccommodatethecontinualchangeandevolutioninthepracticeofscience;thelocalvariabilityinfocus,practice,andavailabletechnologyandotherphysicalandhumaninfrastructure;thedifferingmandatesand
SustainabilityPlanning:PlanningforDynamicand
HumanResources->Planning
Esanuetal.2004
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourceobjectivesofdifferentdataproducers,aswellasadiversityofpotentialusers,includingscientists,educationalinstitutions,businesses,policymakers,andordinarycitizens
AdaptableInfrastructure
Planninganddevelopingrequirementsfordataarchivesmustaccommodatethecontinualchangeandevolutioninthepracticeofscience;thelocalvariabilityinfocus,practice,andavailabletechnologyandotherphysicalandhumaninfrastructure;thedifferingmandatesandobjectivesofdifferentdataproducers,aswellasadiversityofpotentialusers,includingscientists,educationalinstitutions,businesses,policymakers,andordinarycitizens
SustainabilityPlanning:PlanningforDynamicandAdaptableInfrastructure
InfrastructureandTools->Planning
Esanuetal.2004
Planninganddevelopingrequirementsfordataarchivesmustaccommodatethecontinualchangeandevolutioninthepracticeofscience;thelocalvariabilityinfocus,practice,andavailabletechnologyandotherphysicalandhumaninfrastructure;thedifferingmandatesandobjectivesofdifferentdataproducers,aswellasadiversityofpotentialusers,includingscientists,educationalinstitutions,businesses,policymakers,andordinarycitizens
SustainabilityPlanning:PlanningforDynamicandAdaptableInfrastructure
SharingandAccess->Planning
Esanuetal.2004
plansforthereevaluationofresourcesalsoneedtoprotectdigitalresourcesthathappentobereviewedwhentherepresentedtopicsordisciplinesareunpopularorwhenbudgetsarebeingscrutinizedinjudiciously
SustainabilityPlanning:Other
Planning->CMP DownsandChen2013
Policiestopromoteopendataarelessmaturethanthosetopromoteopenaccesstoscientificpublications.
Legal/Policy:DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse
Legal/Policy->SharingandAccess
OECD2015
Policymakersneedtopromoteopennessinsciencewhileatthesametimepreservingcompetition;pushingforopenaccessandopendatatooearlymaybecounterproductiveinsomecases.
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policy->SharingandAccess
OECD2015
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcepoorinteroperabilityofdatasourcesandsteeplearningcurve CMP:
InteroperabilityCMP->Reuse Wynholdsetal.2011
Popularattentiondrawntoextremefutures;missmiddlegroundofgettingthere
SustainabilityPlanning:Other
Culture->Planning Edwardsetal.2013
preservationisanorganizationalaswellasatechnicalchallengeandtheresponsibility,ashasbeenwidelyrecognized,spansabroadrangeofstakeholders
Responsibility:SupportStewardshipActivities
Collaboration->Responsibility
ARL2006;Turneretal.2015
privacyprotectionsmakedatahardertouseorlessuseful Reuse:DifficultyofReusingData
Legal/Policy->Reuse Fiore2012
Privatefoundationsareimportantsourcesofsupportinthehumanitiesandthesocialsciences[forcyberinfrastructure],buttheycannotmakeupforthelowleveloffederalfunding.
Funding:ImbalanceinFunding
Funding->CMP NSF2007
Privatefoundationsareimportantsourcesofsupportinthehumanitiesandthesocialsciences[forcyberinfrastructure],buttheycannotmakeupforthelowleveloffederalfunding.
Funding:ImbalanceinFunding
Funding->HumanResources
NSF2007
Privatefoundationsareimportantsourcesofsupportinthehumanitiesandthesocialsciences[forcyberinfrastructure],buttheycannotmakeupforthelowleveloffederalfunding.
Funding:ImbalanceinFunding
Funding->InfrastructureandTools
NSF2007
Problemsinusingbigdata(privacy,hidescomplexitiesandexpertiseinvolved)
Reuse:DifficultyofReusingData
Knowledge->Reuse Borgman2012
Processformanagingchangesovertimeinneedsandresponsibilitiesofdataauthors,managers,users,fundingagenciesatthelevelofthedisciplineorcommunityisnolongeradequategiventhesubstantialcostofcreatingdatacollectionsandmanaging
Collaboration:NeedforCollaboration
Collaboration->HumanResources
NSB2005
Processformanagingchangesovertimeinneedsandresponsibilitiesofdataauthors,managers,users,fundingagenciesatthelevelofthedisciplineorcommunityisnolongeradequategiventhesubstantialcostofcreatingdatacollectionsandmanaging
Collaboration:NeedforCollaboration
Collaboration->Planning NSB2005
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceproliferationofMTAsisanimpedimenttosharingpub-relatedmaterials Legal/Policy:
DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse
Legal/Policy->Sharing NRC2003
properlymanagingdatavolume(thenumberofbitsisenormousandgrowing)
CMP:DifficultyManagingDataforReuse
CMP->Reuse(byimplication)
Esanuetal.2004;STC2007
Providingaccessinwaysthatsustaintheirvalueforresearchrequirescomputationalpower
InfrastructureandTools:Other
InfrastructureandTools->Reuse
Borgman2015
Providingaccessinwaysthatsustaintheirvalueforresearchrequirescomputationalpower
InfrastructureandTools:Other
InfrastructureandTools->SharingandAccess
Borgman2015
Providingaccessinwaysthatsustaintheirvalueforresearchrequirescontinualinvestmentincuration
Funding:Other Funding->CMP Borgman2015
Providingaccessinwaysthatsustaintheirvalueforresearchrequirescontinualinvestmentincuration
Funding:Other Funding->SharingandAccess
Borgman2015
Providingaccessinwaysthatsustaintheirvalueforresearchrequiresstaffexpertisetoassistusersinexploitingtheresources
Reuse:DifficultyofReusingData
Knowledge->CMP Borgman2015
Providingaccessinwaysthatsustaintheirvalueforresearchrequiresstaffexpertisetoassistusersinexploitingtheresources
Reuse:DifficultyofReusingData
Knowledge->SharingandAccess
Borgman2015
publishersappreciatedthebenefitsofsharingdata,butfeltthattheirserverswouldhavedifficultyholdingthequantityofdataincludedineacharticleandthatrepositoriesweretherightplace
Responsibility:ConductStewardshipActivities
Responsibility->CMP DownsandChen2013;Sturgesetal.2015
publishersappreciatedthebenefitsofsharingdata,butfeltthattheirserverswouldhavedifficultyholdingthequantityofdataincludedineacharticleandthatrepositoriesweretherightplace
Responsibility:ConductStewardshipActivities
Responsibility->InfrastructureandTools
DownsandChen2013;Sturgesetal.2015
pushtowardsopenaccess,whilecreatingmoreequityofaccessforthecommunityofusers,createsaBurdanfordomainrepositoriesbecauseit
Culture:Other Legal/Policy->Funding EmberandHanisch2013
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcenarrowstheirfundingpossibilities.Withoutcare,thisshiftmaycreateadifferentkindofinequity—lesswell-RDMSrequiresadiverserangeofskills,manyoutsidethetypicalexpertiseoflibrarystaffandnotalllibrariescanaffordtohirenewand/orretrainstaff.Creatingarchivinginfrastructureandcuratingresearchdataarealsoexpensiveendeavors.
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->CMP Fearonetal.2013
RDMSrequiresadiverserangeofskills,manyoutsidethetypicalexpertiseoflibrarystaffandnotalllibrariescanaffordtohirenewand/orretrainstaff.Creatingarchivinginfrastructureandcuratingresearchdataarealsoexpensiveendeavors.
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->HumanResources
Fearonetal.2013
RDMSrequiresadiverserangeofskills,manyoutsidethetypicalexpertiseoflibrarystaffandnotalllibrariescanaffordtohirenewand/orretrainstaff.Creatingarchivinginfrastructureandcuratingresearchdataarealsoexpensiveendeavors.
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->InfrastructureandTools
Fearonetal.2013
relativelyfewformaldigitalcommunitiesandrelativelyfewinstitutionalplatformsforonlinecollaborationinthehumanities
Collaboration:LackofCollaboration
InfrastructureandTools->Collaboration
NSF2007
Reluctancetousedatasetsforwhichtheresearcherlackedprerequisiteexpertise.
Reuse:DifficultyofReusingData
Knowledge->Reuse Wynholdsetal.2011
researchersdonotprovidedatamanagerswithalltypesofdatatheymakeuseof,e.g.sourcecodeandrawdatasets
Culture:Sharingattitudesandpractices
Culture->CMP ThaesisandvanderHoeven2010
researchersdon'trealizeplanningearly[fordatamanagement]couldsaveexpenseandpainlater
SustainabilityPlanning:LackofStrategyandPlanning
Planning->Funding Lynch2008
researchersdon'trealizeplanningearly[fordatamanagement]couldsaveexpenseandpainlater
SustainabilityPlanning:LackofStrategyandPlanning
Planning->HumanResources
Lynch2008
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourceresearcherslackexpertiseindatamanagementanddatacuration HumanResources:
SkillsHumanResources->CMP Wallisetal.2013
Researchersproducelargeamountsofdata,someofwhichmaybeusefultoothers.Makingthosedatausefultoothersrequiresasubstantialinvestmentindocumentation,andoftenininterpersonalnegotiation,aboveandbeyondtheconductoftheresearchperse.Itisnotpossibletojustifymakingthatlevelofinvestmentinalldatajustincasesomeone,somewhere,atsomefuturetime,mightwishtousethem.
HumanResources:Time
HumanResources->CMP Wallisetal.2013
Researchersproducelargeamountsofdata,someofwhichmaybeusefultoothers.Makingthosedatausefultoothersrequiresasubstantialinvestmentindocumentation,andoftenininterpersonalnegotiation,aboveandbeyondtheconductoftheresearchperse.Itisnotpossibletojustifymakingthatlevelofinvestmentinalldatajustincasesomeone,somewhere,atsomefuturetime,mightwishtousethem.
HumanResources:Time
HumanResources->Reuse
Wallisetal.2013
Researchersworryaboutvaluableearlierworkthattheystillstore,butthatinrealityisunavailableforusebecauseitisrecordedonoutdatedmedia(e.g.,floppydisks),formattedforobsoletesoftware,orreliesonantiqueprogramminglanguages.Som
CMP:InsufficientDataCurationorManagement
CMP->Reuse KrollandForsman2010
Researchers’skillsneededforsharingarticlesordatasetsopenlyonlineareunevenlydistributed(DisciplineslikeCSandphysicshavelongertraditionofuploadingtorepositoriesandcuratinglargedatasets;researchersinotherdisciplinesmayneed
HumanResources:Skills
HumanResources->SharingandAccess
OECD2015
Reticencetotrustdata:Theastronomerswerewaryofthedangersoftreatingthedataasgivenorasanaggregationoffactsratherthanastheoutputofcomplexobservationalinstruments.
Reuse:DifficultyofReusingData
Knowledge->Reuse Wynholdsetal.2011
Scholarsneedtools,services,andassistanceinarchivingtheirowndatainwaystheycanreusethem,whichincreasesthelikelihoodthattheirdatawillbeusefultootherslater
InfrastructureandTools:LackofTools
HumanResources->CMP Borgman2015
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceScholarsneedtools,services,andassistanceinarchivingtheirowndatainwaystheycanreusethem,whichincreasesthelikelihoodthattheirdatawillbeusefultootherslater
InfrastructureandTools:LackofTools
HumanResources->Reuse
Borgman2015
Scholarsneedtools,services,andassistanceinarchivingtheirowndatainwaystheycanreusethem,whichincreasesthelikelihoodthattheirdatawillbeusefultootherslater
InfrastructureandTools:LackofTools
HumanResources->SharingandAccess
Borgman2015
Scholarsneedtools,services,andassistanceinarchivingtheirowndatainwaystheycanreusethem,whichincreasesthelikelihoodthattheirdatawillbeusefultootherslater
InfrastructureandTools:LackofTools
InfrastructureandTools->CMP
Borgman2015
Scholarsneedtools,services,andassistanceinarchivingtheirowndatainwaystheycanreusethem,whichincreasesthelikelihoodthattheirdatawillbeusefultootherslater
InfrastructureandTools:LackofTools
InfrastructureandTools->Reuse
Borgman2015
Scholarsneedtools,services,andassistanceinarchivingtheirowndatainwaystheycanreusethem,whichincreasesthelikelihoodthattheirdatawillbeusefultootherslater
InfrastructureandTools:LackofTools
InfrastructureandTools->SharingandAccess
Borgman2015
scholarshipisexploratory,local,diverse,andlackssharedcommunityresources
InfrastructureandTools:LackofInfrastructure
Scientificdataareheterogeneous,andbothinterpretationandmanagementrequiredeepexpertiseinthedomain.
HumanResources:Other
HumanResources->CMP Wynholdsetal.2011
Scientificdataareheterogeneous,andbothinterpretationandmanagementrequiredeepexpertiseinthedomain.
HumanResources:Other
HumanResources->Reuse
Wynholdsetal.2011
Scientificdataareheterogeneous,andbothinterpretationandmanagementrequiredeepexpertiseinthedomain.
HumanResources:Other
HumanResources->SharingandAccess
Wynholdsetal.2011
shortageofqualifiedpeopletoworkatrepositories,particularlyindevelopingdatamanagementsystems,definingdatamodels,andprogramming
HumanResources:Skills
HumanResources->CMP EmberandHanisch2013
shortageofqualifiedpeopletoworkatrepositories,particularlyindevelopingdatamanagementsystems,definingdatamodels,andprogramming
HumanResources:Skills
HumanResources->InfrastructureandTools
EmberandHanisch2013
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceShouldaprimaryandbackuparchivesystembeconnected,ornotbeconnected,byanetwork?
Knowledge:Howtopreserve
Knowledge->InfrastructureandTools
STC2007
sinceitcanbedifficulttotrustdataquality,etc.,isitnotbettertocollectneworadditionaldata?
Reuse:DifficultyofReusingData
Knowledge->Reuse Tenopiretal.2015
skillsrequiredforpreservationareinshortsupply HumanResources:Skills
HumanResources->CMP Brownetal.2015
SomeinstitutionshavenotfullyconsideredhowtosustainRDMforthelongterm
SustainabilityPlanning:BusinessandEconomicModels
Planning->CMP Brownetal.2015
SomeinstitutionshavenotfullyconsideredhowtosustainRDMforthelongterm
SustainabilityPlanning:BusinessandEconomicModels
Planning->InfrastructureandTools
Brownetal.2015
Stakeholdersmaydisagreeonwhatkindsofdatainanydomainmightbeworthyofthatdegreeofinvestmentortowhomthosedatamightbevaluable
Commitment:Other
Culture->Commitment Borgman2015
Stakeholdersmaydisagreeonwhatkindsofdatainanydomainmightbeworthyofthatdegreeofinvestmentortowhomthosedatamightbevaluable
Commitment:Other
Culture->Reuse Borgman2015
Standardscanimprovetheflowofinformationwithincommunitiesbutalsocancreateboundariesbetweenthem
Culture:Standards Culture->Knowledge Borgman2015
studentsandcitizensneedtoacquiretheskillstotakeadvantageof,useandreusedatasetsharedbytheresearchcommunity.
HumanResources:Skills
HumanResources->Reuse
OECD2015
tensionbetweenadesiretostoredatainformatswhichrenderitfitforlong-termaccessandadesiretostoredatainformatswhichrenderitfitforimmediateuse
CMP:Tradeoffsbetweendatamanagementforshortorlongterm
CMP->Reuse McDonough2012
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourcetheabilityoftheNEA,NEH,andIMLStofundcyberinfrastructuredirectlyisdiminishedbecausemuchofthemoneyintheseagencybudgetsgoestostatesthroughblockgrantsoverwhichtheagencieshavelittlecontrol.
Legal/Policy:Institutionalstructuresandpressures
Legal/Policy->Funding NSF2007
theconstructionandoperationofVOsislimitedbyeitherthelackoftechnologyorthelackoforganizationalunderstandingthatcouldbegainedfrommoresystematiccodifyingandsharingofinformation.
Collaboration:SupportStructures
Knowledge->InfrastructureandTools
Cummingsetal.2008
theconstructionandoperationofVOsislimitedbyeitherthelackoftechnologyorthelackoforganizationalunderstandingthatcouldbegainedfrommoresystematiccodifyingandsharingofinformation.
Collaboration:SupportStructures
SharingandAccess->InfrastructureandTools
Cummingsetal.2008
theconstructionandoperationofVOsislimitedbyeitherthelackoftechnologyorthelackoforganizationalunderstandingthatcouldbegainedfrommoresystematiccodifyingandsharingofinformation.
Collaboration:SupportStructures
SharingandAccess->Knowledge
Cummingsetal.2008
thecostofopeningupgovernmentdata,althoughsuchcost–aswellasthecostofdataproduction–hasnotbeensufficientlyappraisedsofar
Knowledge:CostsofStewardship
Knowledge->SharingandAccess
Ubaldi2013
Thegrowthofnewwaysofknowingmaycomeattheexpenseofoldoralternativeones.Effortstoexpandaccesstoknowledgeforsomegroupsmaycurtailorlimittheeffectiveaccessofothers
Knowledge:Other Knowledge->SharingandAccess
Edwardsetal.2013
themostrobust,importantandadoptedinfrastructure-relatedeffortsoftheVAO,liketheVO“Registry”essentialfortoolstofinddata,arenotatallsecurefromfundingcuts
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->InfrastructureandTools
Pepeetal2014
themostseriouschallengetodatacurationarisesatthesemanticlevel,ensuringtheauthenticityandcorrectinterpretabilityofdata
CMP:DifficultyManagingDataforReuse
CMP->Reuse Rauber2012
theNVOandVAOeffortsskewedtowardslarge,homogenousdatasets Culture:Priority Culture->CMP Pepeetal2014Therealchallengeslieindesigningdigitallibrariestoassistinthecapture,management,interpretation,use,reuse,andstewardshipofresearchdata.Opportunitiesandchallengesforthedigitallibrarycommunityareplentiful.(8)
SustainabilityPlanning:PlanningforDynamicandAdaptableInfrastructure
Planning->CMP Borgmanetal.2014
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceTherealchallengeslieindesigningdigitallibrariestoassistinthecapture,management,interpretation,use,reuse,andstewardshipofresearchdata.Opportunitiesandchallengesforthedigitallibrarycommunityareplentiful.(8)
SustainabilityPlanning:PlanningforDynamicandAdaptableInfrastructure
Planning->Reuse Borgmanetal.2014
Thescienceandtechnologystudiesliteratureismoreconcernedwiththeprocessesbywhichpublicationsanddataarecreatedthanwithsubsequentcurationactivities[6–8].
Culture:Priority Culture->CMP Wynholdsetal.2011
thesize,privacy,longevity,preservation,access,andotherrequirementsforresearchdataprecludea"one-size-fitsall"approachtocreationofsupportingdatacyberinfrastructure
InfrastructureandTools:Other
Culture->Infrastructure Berman2010
thesize,privacy,longevity,preservation,access,andotherrequirementsforresearchdataprecludea"one-size-fitsall"approachtocreationofsupportingdatacyberinfrastructure
InfrastructureandTools:Other
CMP->Infrastructure Berman2010
thesize,privacy,longevity,preservation,access,andotherrequirementsforresearchdataprecludea"one-size-fitsall"approachtocreationofsupportingdatacyberinfrastructure
InfrastructureandTools:Other
SharingandAccess->InfrastructureandTools
Berman2010
thesubstantialamountoflaborrequiredtodocumentdatainreusableforms
HumanResources:Time
HumanResources->CMP Borgman2012;Wallisetal.2013
thesubstantialamountoflaborrequiredtodocumentdatainreusableforms
HumanResources:Time
HumanResources->Reuse
Borgman2012;Wallisetal.2013
thethirdbiggestchallengereportedisfaculty(non)engagementduetoalackofawarenessofservicesthatthelibraryprovides,lowperceivedvalueofservices,andresistancetodatasharing.
Culture:Sharingattitudesandpractices
Knowledge->Culture? Fearonetal.2013
Thevastmajorityofinformationcreatedis"unstructured" CMP:DataManagementFragmented
CMP->SharingandAccess
Gantz2007
TheweaknessofNSFstrategiesandpoliciesgoverninglong-liveddatacollectionsisthattheyhavebeendevelopedincrementallyandhavenotbeenconsideredcollectively.
SustainabilityPlanning:Lackof
Planning->CMP NSB2005
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceStrategyandPlanning
TheweaknessofNSFstrategiesandpoliciesgoverninglong-liveddatacollectionsisthattheyhavebeendevelopedincrementallyandhavenotbeenconsideredcollectively.
SustainabilityPlanning:LackofStrategyandPlanning
Planning->HumanResources
NSB2005
TheweaknessofNSFstrategiesandpoliciesgoverninglong-liveddatacollectionsisthattheyhavebeendevelopedincrementallyandhavenotbeenconsideredcollectively.
SustainabilityPlanning:LackofStrategyandPlanning
Planning->InfrastructureandTools
NSB2005
therearefewrobustsystemsformakingdecisionsaboutwhattopreserve InfrastructureandTools:LackofTools
InfrastructureandTools->CMP
Bermanetal.2010
thereisalotofworkforceturnover,sosubstantialeffortisgoingintotrainingandretraining;oncepeoplearetrainedtheybecomedesirableinthemarketandthereiscompetitionforthem.Thisleadstoalackofcontinuityandalossofinstitutionalknowledge
HumanResources:Skills
HumanResources->CMP EmberandHanisch2013
thereisnotthesameinterestinmaximizingthesharingofresearchdatasetsasthereisforpublishedresearcharticles,especiallyatthepre-publicationstage.
Culture:Sharingattitudesandpractices
Culture->SharingandAccess
OECD2015
Toimprovedataaccess,moredatamustbekeptinreusableforms,whichrequiresachangeinincentives.Formostscholars,thefundamentalproblemisbettermanagementoftheirowndata.Theyneedtools,services,andassistanceinarchivingtheirowndatainwaystheycanreusethem,whichincreasesthelikelihoodthattheirdatawillbeusefultootherslater.
HumanResources:Skills
HumanResources->CMP Borgman2015
Toimprovedataaccess,moredatamustbekeptinreusableforms,whichrequiresachangeinincentives.Formostscholars,thefundamentalproblemisbettermanagementoftheirowndata.Theyneedtools,services,andassistanceinarchivingtheirowndatainwaystheycanreuse
HumanResources:Skills
HumanResources->Reuse
Borgman2015
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcethem,whichincreasesthelikelihoodthattheirdatawillbeusefultootherslater.Toimprovedataaccess,moredatamustbekeptinreusableforms,whichrequiresachangeinincentives.Formostscholars,thefundamentalproblemisbettermanagementoftheirowndata.Theyneedtools,services,andassistanceinarchivingtheirowndatainwaystheycanreusethem,whichincreasesthelikelihoodthattheirdatawillbeusefultootherslater.
HumanResources:Skills
HumanResources->SharingandAccess
Borgman2015
Toimprovedataaccess,moredatamustbekeptinreusableforms,whichrequiresachangeinincentives.Formostscholars,thefundamentalproblemisbettermanagementoftheirowndata.Theyneedtools,services,andassistanceinarchivingtheirowndatainwaystheycanreusethem,whichincreasesthelikelihoodthattheirdatawillbeusefultootherslater.
HumanResources:Skills
Legal/Policy->CMP Borgman2015
Toimprovedataaccess,moredatamustbekeptinreusableforms,whichrequiresachangeinincentives.Formostscholars,thefundamentalproblemisbettermanagementoftheirowndata.Theyneedtools,services,andassistanceinarchivingtheirowndatainwaystheycanreusethem,whichincreasesthelikelihoodthattheirdatawillbeusefultootherslater.
HumanResources:Skills
Legal/Policy->Reuse Borgman2015
Toimprovedataaccess,moredatamustbekeptinreusableforms,whichrequiresachangeinincentives.Formostscholars,thefundamentalproblemisbettermanagementoftheirowndata.Theyneedtools,services,andassistanceinarchivingtheirowndatainwaystheycanreusethem,whichincreasesthelikelihoodthattheirdatawillbeusefultootherslater.
HumanResources:Skills
Legal/Policy->SharingandAccess
Borgman2015
Toobtainfunding,investigatorsmustpitchradicallynew,ratherthanincremental,scientificgoals.Asaresult,theymayriskreinventionratherthanlearningfromthestrengthsandweaknessesofprojectsthatwentbefore–digitallibraryandotherwis
Culture:ResearchandDevelopment
Culture->InfrastructureandTools
Borgmanetal.2014
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourceuncertaintyaboutthefuturemechanisms,forms,andeconomicsofscholarlypublishingandscholarlycommunicationmoregenerally;[impactscreationofcyberinfrastructure]
Knowledge:ScholarlyPublishing
Knowledge->CMP NSF2007
uncertaintyaboutthefuturemechanisms,forms,andeconomicsofscholarlypublishingandscholarlycommunicationmoregenerally;[impactscreationofcyberinfrastructure]
Knowledge:ScholarlyPublishing
Knowledge->Humanresources
NSF2007
uncertaintyaboutthefuturemechanisms,forms,andeconomicsofscholarlypublishingandscholarlycommunicationmoregenerally;[impactscreationofcyberinfrastructure]
Knowledge:ScholarlyPublishing
Knowledge->InfrastructureandTools
NSF2007
uncertaintyaboutthefuturemechanisms,forms,andeconomicsofscholarlypublishingandscholarlycommunicationmoregenerally;[impactscreationofcyberinfrastructure]
Knowledge:ScholarlyPublishing
Knowledge->Planning NSF2007
uncertaintyoflong-termcostsremainsproblematic Knowledge:CostsofStewardship
Knowledge->Planning Bradley2005,quotedinEakinetal.n.d.
uncertaintypersistsamongresearchersregardingthelegalorproprietarydistinctionsintermsofwhichshareddataislicensedorcopyrightedversuswhatbecomespartofthepublicdomain
Legal/Policy:DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse
Legal/Policy->Reuse ThompsonReuters2013
undevelopednotionoftimeontheWeb;difficulttoassigncreationtimestocontent
InfrastructureandTools:Other
InfrastructureandTools->CMP
Nelson2012
Unequalaccesstotheresourcesandexpertisenecessarytocreateandoperateadigitaldatacollection(forindividualsestablishingresearchcollections,andthosetryingtryingtoestablishresourceandreferencecollections).
HumanResources:UnequalAccesstoResourcesandExpertise
HumanResources->CMP NSB2005
Unequalaccesstotheresourcesandexpertisenecessarytocreateandoperateadigitaldatacollection(forindividualsestablishingresearchcollections,andthosetryingtryingtoestablishresourceandreferencecollections).
HumanResources:UnequalAccesstoResourcesandExpertise
HumanResources->InfrastructureandTools
NSB2005
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourceusersmaybeunabletounderstandorusethedatae.g.thesemantics,formatoralgorithmsinvolved
CMP:InsufficientDataCurationorManagement
CMP->Reuse KuipersandvanderHoeven2009
Valuepropositionforstewardship Culture:Priority Culture->HumanResources
Bermanetal.2010
Valuepropositionforstewardship Culture:Priority Culture->InfrastructureandTools
Bermanetal.2010
Valuepropositionforstewardship Culture:Priority Culture->Legal/Policy Bermanetal.2010Weviewthechallengeofstewardingresearchasamutuallybeneficialpartnershipamongscholars,universities,andthepublic,andthisperspectiveinfluenceswhatfollows.
Collaboration:NeedforCollaboration
Collaboration->HumanResources
UNC-CH2012
Whataretheincentivesandbenefits,suchasrecognition,formakingtheirresearchpublic?
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policy->SharingandAccess
ThompsonReuters2013
Whatdatashouldbesaved,andwhatshouldnotbesaved? Knowledge:Value Knowledge->CMP STC2007Whatisthebestdigitalpreservationstrategy? Knowledge:Howto
preserveKnowledge->Planning STC2007
Whatlevelofgeographicalseparationshouldbeachieved;i.e.,howfarapartisfarenough?
Knowledge:Howtopreserve
Knowledge->InfrastructureandTools
STC2007
Whatpolicymakersneedandwhatscientistsfindinterestingareoftentoodifferent;mismatchinwhatinfrastructureshavebeenbuilttodoforpoliticalreasonsandwhatismostneeded(e.g.,globalclimateknowledgeandregionalclimateknowledge).
Legal/Policy:Institutionalstructuresandpressures
Culture->InfrastructureandTools
Edwardsetal.2013
Wherefundingfordomainrepositoriesdoesexist,itisoftenassociatedwithaparticular[short-term]projectorprogramandlacksanylong-termcommitment
Commitment:DurationofCommitment
Commitment->Funding Dilloetal.2015;EmberandHanisch2013
Wherefundingfordomainrepositoriesdoesexist,itisoftenassociatedwithaparticular[short-term]projectorprogramandlacksanylong-termcommitment
Commitment:DurationofCommitment
Commitment->HumanResources
Dilloetal.2015;EmberandHanisch2013
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceWherefundingfordomainrepositoriesdoesexist,itisoftenassociatedwithaparticular[short-term]projectorprogramandlacksanylong-termcommitment
Commitment:DurationofCommitment
Commitment->InfrastructureandTools
Dilloetal.2015;EmberandHanisch2013
Whilealong-termpreservationstrategyisgenerallyacknowledgedtobeavitalcomponentofresearchdatamanagementplans,institutionalcomplianceconcernshavethusfarcenteredonaccessratherthanarchiving
LegalandPolicy:LackofConsistencyandAlignment
Legal/Policy->CMP LavoieandMalpas2015
Whilealong-termpreservationstrategyisgenerallyacknowledgedtobeavitalcomponentofresearchdatamanagementplans,institutionalcomplianceconcernshavethusfarcenteredonaccessratherthanarchiving
LegalandPolicy:LackofConsistencyandAlignment
Legal/Policy->SharingandAccess
LavoieandMalpas2015
Whilealong-termpreservationstrategyisgenerallyacknowledgedtobeavitalcomponentofresearchdatamanagementplans,institutionalcomplianceconcernshavethusfarcenteredonaccessratherthanarchiving
LegalandPolicy:LackofConsistencyandAlignment
Planning->CMP LavoieandMalpas2015
WhiletheprincipleofopenaccesstoscientificdataiswellestablishedinOECDcountries,thescopeofaccessvariesgreatlyacrosscountries.
CMP:Other Legal/Policy->SharingandAccess
OECD2015
whowillpaythecostsassociatedwiththiscurationandqualitycontrol Responsibility:SupportStewardshipActivities
Responsibility->CMP ThompsonReuters2013
whowillpaythecostsassociatedwiththiscurationandqualitycontrol Responsibility:SupportStewardshipActivities
Responsibility->Funding ThompsonReuters2013
Withbothcontent-areaanddigitalcurationexpertise,domainrepositoriesareuniquelycapableofensuringthatdataandotherresearchproductsareadequatelypreserved,enhanced,andmadeavailableforreplication,collaboration,andcumulativeknowledgebuilding.However,
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->CMP EmberandHanisch2013
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourcethesystemscurrentlyinplaceforfundingdomainrepositoriesintheUSareinadequateforthesetasksWithbothcontent-areaanddigitalcurationexpertise,domainrepositoriesareuniquelycapableofensuringthatdataandotherresearchproductsareadequatelypreserved,enhanced,andmadeavailableforreplication,collaboration,andcumulativeknowledgebuilding.However,thesystemscurrentlyinplaceforfundingdomainrepositoriesintheUSareinadequateforthesetasks
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->HumanResources
EmberandHanisch2013
Withbothcontent-areaanddigitalcurationexpertise,domainrepositoriesareuniquelycapableofensuringthatdataandotherresearchproductsareadequatelypreserved,enhanced,andmadeavailableforreplication,collaboration,andcumulativeknowledgebuilding.However,thesystemscurrentlyinplaceforfundingdomainrepositoriesintheUSareinadequateforthesetasks
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->InfrastructureandTools
EmberandHanisch2013
Withbothcontent-areaanddigitalcurationexpertise,domainrepositoriesareuniquelycapableofensuringthatdataandotherresearchproductsareadequatelypreserved,enhanced,andmadeavailableforreplication,collaboration,andcumulativeknowledgebuilding.However,thesystemscurrentlyinplaceforfundingdomainrepositoriesintheUSareinadequateforthesetasks
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->ResearchCollaboration
EmberandHanisch2013
Withbothcontent-areaanddigitalcurationexpertise,domainrepositoriesareuniquelycapableofensuringthatdataandotherresearchproductsareadequatelypreserved,enhanced,andmadeavailableforreplication,collaboration,andcumulativeknowledgebuilding.However,thesystemscurrentlyinplaceforfundingdomainrepositoriesintheUSareinadequateforthesetasks
Funding:LackofFunding
Funding->SharingandAccess
EmberandHanisch2013
withtheexceptionofleadingjournalsinEconomics,therearefewcasesinwhichthesenormativestatements[policiesfordatasharing]arecoupledwithpenaltiesorincentivestoreinforcethem
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policydoesnotaffectdatasharing(needssomethingbehindit)
Pientaetal.2010
Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceWithoutexplicitincentivesandcredits,itischallengingforcompaniestostepforwardandpartnerproductivelytosupportthecommongood(referringtostewardship)
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Collaboration->CMP BermanandCerf2013
Withoutexplicitincentivesandcredits,itischallengingforcompaniestostepforwardandpartnerproductivelytosupportthecommongood(referringtostewardship)
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Collaboration->Funding BermanandCerf2013
Withoutexplicitincentivesandcredits,itischallengingforcompaniestostepforwardandpartnerproductivelytosupportthecommongood(referringtostewardship)
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Collaboration->HumanResources
BermanandCerf2013
Withoutexplicitincentivesandcredits,itischallengingforcompaniestostepforwardandpartnerproductivelytosupportthecommongood(referringtostewardship)
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Collaboration->Infastructure
BermanandCerf2013
Withoutexplicitincentivesandcredits,itischallengingforcompaniestostepforwardandpartnerproductivelytosupportthecommongood(referringtostewardship)
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Collaboration->SharingandAccess
BermanandCerf2013
Withoutexplicitincentivesandcredits,itischallengingforcompaniestostepforwardandpartnerproductivelytosupportthecommongood(referringtostewardship)
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policy->Collaboration
BermanandCerf2013
Withoutexplicitincentivesandcredits,itischallengingforcompaniestostepforwardandpartnerproductivelytosupportthecommongood(referringtostewardship)
LegalandPolicy:Incentives
Legal/Policy->Funding BermanandCerf2013
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