The Status and Analysis of Chinese Women Engineers Tianshu Bi North China Electric Power University.
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Transcript of The Status and Analysis of Chinese Women Engineers Tianshu Bi North China Electric Power University.
The Status and Analysis of Chinese
Women Engineers
Tianshu Bi
North China Electric Power University
Outline
Significance of Women Professionals in Science and Tech
nology
The Status and Analysis of Chinese Women Engineers
Measures and Suggestions for encouraging Chinese Wome
n Engineers
The World Needs Science, Science Needs Women
Marie Sklodowska-Curie(1867-1934),the Polish scientist, has been honored twice with the Nobel Prize in Physics andin Chemistry
Wang Zhenyi(1768-1797), Chinese astronomer , physician and mathematician , presented the theory of solar and lunar eclipses
Wu Chien-Shiung(1912-1997), "the Chinese Madame Curie", the leading and outstanding experimental physicist
Women are smart and resilient enough to become scientists
and engineers .They have made significant contributions to
science from the earliest times.
It's important and necessary to get more women involved i
n science and technology.
The World Needs Science, Science Needs Women
Fully exerting the function of present talents and exploring new scientific talent resources( 1)
In China, it takes about 200 thousand yuan to cultivate an under-gradua
te and the cultivation cost of a master or doctoral student is higher.
More than one third of the scientific and technical staffs are women and
67% of them have at least undergraduate degrees and 6% have master d
egrees.
Fully exerting the function of present talents and exploring new scientific talent resources( 2)
The severe international competition requires to continuously excavate t
he talent resources so as to provide the reserve force for scientific and tec
hnological innovation and development.
The attractiveness of scientific research for women should be enhanced b
y improving the status of women in the field of scientific research in orde
r to expand the scientific talent team.
Taking the full advantage of women's characteristic and promoting scientific and technological progress( 1)
The thinking mode between men and women is different although ther
e is no difference in intelligence.
According to the research of psychology, men are better at logical thin
king and women more adept at image thinking.
Using the different thinking and research methods from men, women
make significant contributions for scientific and technological develop
ment.
It's believed that the important reason for her su
ccess is the research method she used different f
rom the traditional method based on male persp
ective.It reflects the feminine thought tendency a
nd advantages emphasizing on the intuition of s
tudy.
Barbara McClintock
the American scientist and cytogene
ticist with the Nobel Prize
Taking the full advantage of women's characteristic and promoting scientific and technological progress( 2)
There is a great difference in the life experiences and personality traits
between men and women. It's shown that the innovation have benefited
from researchers' diversity including the gender balance.
There is a difference in the research interests between men and women.
For instance,women are more interested in environmental protection,
medical treatment, obstetrics and immunology.
Improving women's status and driving social development
The Beijing Declaration was passed in the UN 4th World Conference on
Women in 1995 and committed to empower women, develop women's a
bilities and promote women's status as far as possible.
The eight UN's Millenium Development Goals was passed by all membe
rs in the United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000 and one of the mos
t important contents is promoting gender equality and giving women m
ore empowerment.
Outline
Significance of Women Professionals in Science and Tech
nology
The Status and Analysis of Chinese Women Engineers
Measures and Suggestions for encouraging Chinese Wome
n Engineers
The Status of Women Engineers in the World
Although women have made great contributions in the development,
science is always regarded as a man's field, especially in Asia-Pacific.
NationThe Proportion of Fema
le (%)
Argentina 52.7
Romania 46.1
Spain 38.4
England 38.3
China 25.0
Japan 14.0
Sex Ratio of Researchers in Different Countries
Compared with the major cou
ntries in the world, there is l
ess number of women engineer
s in Asian countries.
In China, women accounted fo
r a quarter in the scientific an
d technical personnel.
The Status of Chinese Women Engineers
Women only accounts for 16% of the winners in National Natural Sc
ience Award, National Invention Awards and National Progress Awa
rds during 1997-2001.
Women only accounts for 5% of the academicians in Chinese Acade
my of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering as of 2009.
The structure of Chinese women engineers tends to be of pyramid.
The occupational status and achievement is higher, the proportion of wo
men is lower in the field of scientific research.
According to the survey of China Scientific Institution, there are 14.6
7 million women professionals in science and technology, accounting
for 33% of sci-tech human resource in China.
The Status of Chinese Women Engineers——Postgraduate Education
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
2013 2014 2015
MasterDocter
The Proportion of Female Postgraduates
in North China Electric Power niversity
There are 168 doctoral students
and 1738 masters at school, respe
ctively accounting for 26.88% an
d 41.63% of the total number.
The number of female postgraduates is obviously less than male.In particular,the proportion of women drops greatly as the educational background increases.
The proportion of female postgraduates is increasing slowly with the time passing.
The Status of Chinese Women Engineers——Full-time Teachers and Researchers
The Proportion of Female Full-time Teachers and Researchers
in North China Electric Power University
There are 391 female full-time teachers and researchers at school,accounting for 39.94% of the total number.
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
l ecturer Associate Professor Professor Doctoral Supervi sor
47.99%43.13%
24.47%
8.75%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
30-39 40-49 ≥50
42.82% 41.99%
30.33%
Age(years)
The proportion of women drops sharply as rank rises.
The proportion of women drops as they ages.
Gender consciousness affects on women's motivation of development and target of achievement.
The recessive gender discrimination in peer review leads to the phenomenon that women have a low participation in high positions.
Women engineers are lack of motivation to research under the current system and the environment.
Marriage and family affect women engineers’ investment in time and effort.
The reason for shortage of women engineers and high-level scientific research output
Gender consciousness has an effect on women's motivation of development and target of achievement.
The gap has been widen in the proportion of pursuing high goals betwee
n men and women with age.
In the pursuit of ideals, men's goal gets higher with age while women's g
ets lower.
It leads to a decline of both women's scientific enthusiasm and effort, ha
s an adverse effect on their scientific research outputs and limits their de
velopments to a higher level.
The recessive gender discrimination leads to the phenomenon that women have a low participation in high positions
Academic LeadersLeading Talents
Backbone Personnels
Basic talents
There is a gender discrimination inevi
tably in all aspects of the evaluation t
o research activities, including job cla
ssification, project's funding applicati
ons, journal article's reviewers, evalu
ation of research institutions and etc.
Women workers are lack of peer reco
gnition in scientific research outputs.
Women engeneers are lack of motivation to research under the current system and the environment
A survey of Women Engineers' Mot
ivation to Research in Universities o
f Beijing shown that 39.4% respond
ents selected "forced to job require
ments". Only 26% of the women engineer c
hose "interested" and 21.2% chose
"to achieve value". 5% of the women engineer chose do
ing research work in order to increa
se income.
Marriage and family affect women researchers’ investment in time and effort
According to the research,women's best age for scientific research out
put is 25 to 45 years old.
Most women researchers enter the marriage and have children nearly
30 years old after obtaining masters,even doctorates.So they have to d
iscontinue the scientific research and spend times taking care of their
children.
In addition,nearly half of women spend more than two hours a day in
doing housework.
Outline
Significance of Women Professionals in Science and Tech
nology
The Status and Analysis of Chinese Women Engineers
Measures and Suggestions for Encouraging Chinese Wome
n Engineers
Measures and Suggestions for encouraging Chinese Women Engineers
Encouraging women to participate in research work
Creating an equitable environment for women’s career growth
Giving the priority to women under the same conditions in applying and replying of the project
Enhancing the support to young women scientists
Creating the communication platform for women scientists
Mitigating the conflict between the social role of women and the identity of engineers
How to encourage women to participate in research work?
Women should be encouraged to participate in mathematics, physics a
nd other natural sciences studies in school education.
The publicity of women scientists' success stories should be increased i
n order to provide more successful examples for young women and i
mprove their confidence in the scientific research work.
How to create an equitable environment forwomen’s career growth? The government and relevant departments need to strengthen
supervision during the recruitment in order to eliminate gender-
based discrimination and inequality in the selection of staffs.
The goverment and relevant departments should take some measures
to help women to mitigate the effects of childbearing and
breastfeeding on research work.
The retirement age of women should be consistent with that of men.
How to give the priority to women under the same conditions in applying and replying of the project?
It is presented clearly that women have the priority to be subsidized
under the same conditions so as to improve the funding rate of wome
n.
The relevant departments should take some preferential measures for
women such as extending research time of projects for maternal
female, or setting up special research funds for women.
How to enhance support to young women scientists ?
The highest award for young women scientists is China Youth Female
Scientist Award while it's only awarded to five prize-winners each
year.
it's necessary to establish awards to praise outstanding young women
scientistst both in the Chinese Association for Science and local levels.
It's important to provide spiritual encouragement and support for the
development of young women scientists.
How to create the communication platform for women scientists?
The platform should be built for the contact between female scientists a
nd society to expand their social circle relying on the mass organizations
such as Association for Science and Women's Federations.
The platform should be built for the communication among female scien
tists to help them develop their own research work network by the same
way.
How to mitigate the conflict between the social role of women and the identity of engineers?
It should be advocated in society that both husband and wife should s
hare the family responsibilities,thereby reducing the pressure on wom
en from family.
It is another layer of protection mechanisms to strengthen social welfa
re and security of women , such as marriage leave, maternity leave.