The Second Industrial Revolution. America in the 1920s ■America was changed by the industrialism...
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Transcript of The Second Industrial Revolution. America in the 1920s ■America was changed by the industrialism...
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The Second Industrial Revolution
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America in the 1920s■America was changed by the
industrialism of the Gilded Age & the economic boom of WWI
■During the 1920s:
–The USA was the richest & most developed country in the world
–Wages rose, hours declined, & Americans had access to new, innovative consumer goods
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The Second Industrial Revolution ■From 1922 to 1929, the U.S. had
a 2nd industrial boom:
–Mostly in consumer durable goods like appliances, cars, radios, furniture, & clothing
–Electricity replaced steam power
–Corporations used salaried executives, plant managers, & engineers to increase efficiency
The increase of national name brands (rather than locally produced goods)
linked Americans more than ever
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Glenwood Stove Ad
1920s consumerism led to luxury living: New appliances like refrigerators, washing
machines, & vacuums
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1920s advertising
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NBC was the 1st successful radio network
1920s consumerism led to luxury living: Radios & movies boomed
100 million Americans went to the movies in 1929 per week The first “talkie”
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Economic Weaknesses■The “Roaring 20s” was not as
prosperous as it appeared:–RR, cotton textile, coal industries
suffered due to new competition–Farmers boomed during WWI
but a decline in demand after the war deflated farm prices
Farm per capita income of was $273 per year vs. the U.S. average of $681 per year
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Economic Weaknesses–Union membership dropped due
to improved conditions & links to Debs’ “radical socialism”
–Northern migration of blacks grew but workers gained menial jobs & faced racism
–Growth in income was unequal with middle-class managers, bankers, engineers benefiting the most from the new affluence
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Politics of the 1920s
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Politics of the 1920s ■The 1920s were dominated by
Republicans in the White House & in both houses of Congress:–Limited Progressive reforms–Developed a close relationship
between the gov’t & business that promoted private enterprise
–Advocated a foreign policy based on economic investment of U.S. business in the world
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Republican Presidents of the 1920s■Warren HardingWarren Harding won the 1920
election promising “a return to normalcy”; his presidency is remembered for two things:–Corruption: prohibition bribery,
graft in the Veterans Admin, & the Teapot Dome scandalTeapot Dome scandal
–Treasury Sec Andrew Mellon’s cutback on gov’t spending, increase in protective tariffs, & reduction of income taxes
TR set aside oil fields in WY & CA for the navy; Harding’s Sec of the Interior Albert Fall accepted
$400,000 to “lease” oil reserves to businesses
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Republican Presidents of the 1920s■Harding died in 1923 & VP Calvin Calvin
CoolidgeCoolidge became president & won his own term in 1924:–Coolidge’s honesty & integrity
was reassuring, but “Silent Cal” was not much of a leader
–Coolidge continued Harding’s policies of less gov’t spending, lowering income taxes, & limiting
Congressional legislation
“Four-fifths of our troubles in this life would disappear if we would just sit down & be still”
“Coolidge aspired to become the least president the country ever had; he attained his desire”
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The Road to World War 2■After WWI, the U.S. foreign policy
retreated back to isolationism:–At the Washington Disarmament Washington Disarmament
ConferenceConference in 1921, world leaders agreed to disarmament, free trade, & collective security
–In 1928, almost every nation, including the U.S., signed the Kellogg-Briand ActKellogg-Briand Act, renouncing war as a tool of foreign policy
The US, England, Japan, Italy, & France signed the Five-Power Treaty & agreed to limit
construction of battleships & aircraft carriers
The Nine-Power Treaty reaffirmed the Chinese Open-Door Policy
England, US, Japan, France signed the Four-Power Treaty agreeing to collective security
But, neither the Nine- or Four-Power Acts had provisions to enforce these agreements
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The Divided Democrats■While the Republicans dominated
the gov’t, Democrats were split:–Rural Dems in the south & west
favored prohibition, traditional Protestant values, & the Klan
–Urban Democrats were mostly immigrants
■The Democratic Nat’l Convention in NYC for the 1924 presidential nomination exposed this polarity
Neither urban nor rural Dem candidate could win majority so compromise
candidate, John Davis of WV
But urban voters had clearly had turned to the Democratic Party, they just needed a charismatic leader to unite the party
Davis received fewer popular votes of any Democratic candidate in 20th century
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The 1928 election reflected a divided USA:■Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover
–Republican –Protestant–For prohibition–Native-born–Self-made
millionaire committed to business & volunteerism
■Alfred SmithAlfred Smith –Democrat–Catholic–“Wet” –Of immigrant
parents–Rose through
Tammany Hall to be a progressive NY governor
Smith appealed to new voters in cities but alienated old-line Democrats; Catholicism
hurt Smith more than anything else
A new urban voting bloc was revealed in 1928: For the 1st time, Democrats won the majority of
votes in the 12 largest U.S. cities
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Herbert Hoover■Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover proved to be the
most effective of the Republican presidents of the 1920s:–He believed in free enterprise &
tried to strengthen U.S. trade by allying business with the gov’t
–He doubled the size of the U.S. bureaucracy by creating bureaus to oversee housing, transportation, & mining
He was experienced having served as head of Wilson’s Food Admin & as
Commerce Sec for Harding & Coolidge
Instead of the laissez-faire of Gilded Age, the Republican presidents of the 1920s pioneered
a close relationship with business
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The Old and the New■Urban culture & industrial
production dominated the 1920s:–Mass-produced consumer
goods, mass media, advertising spread a new American culture
–Much to the dismay of a rural America trying to cling to traditional values
■Progressive reforms were no match for technology & prosperity
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Women and the Family■Change (& continuity) for women:
–Female workers after WWI were limited to teachers, nurses, & other low-paying jobs
–The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote but few women voted
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Alice Paul’s National Women’s Party (NWP) failed to pass an Equal Rights Amendment
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Women and the Family–“Flappers” rebelled against
Victorian customs
–Divorce rates doubled
But…most women looked forward to lives as a mother and a wife“The creation and fulfillment of a successful home…compares favorably
with building a beautiful cathedral.”—Ladies Home Journal
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Women and the Family■Families became smaller due to
greater access to birth control
■Children were no longer need to work to support their families
■Teens began to “discover” their adolescence & revolt against their parents by drinking, having premarital sex, & searching for new forms of excitement
“I have been kissed by dozens of men. I suppose I’ll kiss dozens more.”
—character in F. Scott Fitzgerald novel
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The Automobile
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Henry Ford’s River Rouge plant emphasized uniformity, speed, precision, & coordination
The consumer goods revolution was best seen in the auto industry
Henry Ford revolutionized the assembly line, the “$5-day,” new marketing & advertising
techniques, & annual model changes
“The work moves and the men stand still”
The auto industry stimulated the steel, sheet metal, rubber, glass, petroleum industries
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The auto industry led to the construction of roads & new filling stations…
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…and new suburban shopping centers: Kansas City’s Country Club Plaza was the 1st
U.S. shopping mall (built in 1924)