The Scientific Method. - Way to solve a problem - Step by step plan - Tries to answer a question.
The Scientific Method A Way to Solve a Problem
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Transcript of The Scientific Method A Way to Solve a Problem
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THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A WAY TO SOLVE A PROBLEM
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What is the Scientific Method?
It is the steps someone takes to identify a question, develop a hypothesis, design and carry out steps or procedures to test the hypothesis, and document observations and findings to share with someone else.
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TYPES OF OBSERVATIONS
Quantitative- involves numbers Gravity- 9.8m/sec/sec
Qualitative- physical or chemical qualities
Observations lead to the development of a question.
Direct observations vs. Inference?- LOTS OF INFERENCE IN CHEMISRY!!
Hmmm…what does an atom look like?
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The question leads one to…
gather information
(you find s Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model for atomic structure- there are
electrons embedded in a sea of positive charge)
and form a hypothesis
( If Thomson's Plum Pudding model was to be accurate, then big alpha particles will pass through the gold foil with only a few minor deflections because alpha particles are heavy
and the charge in the "plum pudding model" is widely spread.)
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The next step scientists take is to create and conduct an experiment to test their hypothesis.
( Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment)
Controls- same (atoms Thompson investigated)
Independent variable- what the experimenter manipulates (changes)…
(Alpha particles- large and positive were used and fired through Gold leaf)
Dependent variable-What the experimenter is measuring
(Angle of deflection)
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RESULTS, ANALYSIS, and CONCLUSION:
Finally you gather information based on your experiment, analyze the data to determine what your experiment showed you about the phenomena you questioned, and come up with a conclusion based on it. Was your hypothesis correct? Incorrect? Why? What other questions does it leave you with?
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The steps of the Scientific Method are:
Observations lead to Questions Background Research-what do we
already know Hypothesis- what do we expect will occur Conduct Experiment- Procedures/Method Collect and Analyze
Results/Table/stats/graphs Conclusion
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PERSPECTIVE CHANGES EVERYTHING
IS SCIENCE OBJECTIVE OR SUBJECTIVE???
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A lesson in perspective:What we see is dependent on our gaze
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What we see is dependent on…
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WHAT WE SEE IS DEPENDENT
…ON HOW CLOSE WE LOOK…
CONCLUSIONS ARE NEVER OBJECTIVE…ALWAYS SUBJECTIVE
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SI units: The International System of Units
WHY SI??? To be on the same page…comparing apples to apples (meters to meters, liters to liters)…KING HENRY!
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Derived Units Base Units – independent of other units Derived Units – combination of base units
Examples density g/L (grams per liter) volume m x m x m = meters cubed
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Reliability of Measurement
ACCURACY – how close a measured value is to the accepted value
PRECISION – how close measurements are to one another - if measurements are precise they show little variation
* Precise measurements may not be accurate
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Precision- refers to how close a series of measurements are to one another; precise measurements show little variation over a series of trials but may not be accurate.
LESS THAN .1 IS PRECISE Oscar performs an experiment to determine
the density of an unknown sample of metal. He performs the experiment three times:
19.30g/ml 19.31g/ml 19.30g/ml
Certainty is +/- .01 Are his results precise?
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Accuracy and Precision Accuracy – refers to how close a measured value
is to an (theoretical) accepted value. The metal sample was gold( which has a density of
19.32g/ml) Certainty is
+/- .01 Are his results accurate? Need to calculate
percent error. 5% OR LESS IS ACCURATE Oscar finds the volume of a box 2.00cm3 (ml) It is really 3.00ml is it precise? Accurate?
Percent error
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NEXT…
PROPERTIES AND CHANGES CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER