The Scholarship of Engagement- The Scholarship of Engagement-

FDTL/HEFCE ConferenceFDTL/HEFCE Conference

‘Civic, Public and Employer ‘Civic, Public and Employer Engagement and the Scholarship of Engagement and the Scholarship of

Engagement’Engagement’

Professor John Annette, Professor of Professor John Annette, Professor of Citizenship and Lifelong Learning andCitizenship and Lifelong Learning and

Pro Vice Master,Pro Vice Master,Birkbeck College, University of London, Birkbeck College, University of London,

J.Annette@bbk.ac.ukJ.Annette@bbk.ac.uk

““What needs to happen to empower the What needs to happen to empower the student to feel part and to be an active part student to feel part and to be an active part

of his or her society?of his or her society?What need you to learn and must you be What need you to learn and must you be

able to do- and feel- to contribute to societal able to do- and feel- to contribute to societal learning? What are the learning? What are the skills of civic and skills of civic and political participationpolitical participation, and where do they , and where do they

appear in the appear in the curriculum of higher curriculum of higher education?education? It will be necessary to keep It will be necessary to keep

asking these questions to sustain a relevant asking these questions to sustain a relevant and effective lifelong curriculum.”and effective lifelong curriculum.”

Chris Dukes, “Towards a Lifelong Curriculum,” in Chris Dukes, “Towards a Lifelong Curriculum,” in Repositioning Higher Education, ed. P.CoffieldRepositioning Higher Education, ed. P.Coffield

When governments become interested in lifelong learning it is well to be cautious; when they add active

citizenship and social inclusion to the list, it may be time to be positively sceptical-not to say suspicious.

How do we cope with this sudden official enthusiasm for causes we have

long espoused?

Ian Martin(2000)

Ernest Boyer and the Scholarship Ernest Boyer and the Scholarship of Engagement, 1996of Engagement, 1996

Boyer, Ernest. (1996). The scholarship of Boyer, Ernest. (1996). The scholarship of engagement. engagement. Journal of Public OutreachJournal of Public Outreach 1,1,11-20.1,1,11-20.

Boyer suggests that American education Boyer suggests that American education has moved away from its traditional has moved away from its traditional commitment to public service and argues commitment to public service and argues for a new commitment to service that he for a new commitment to service that he calls calls the scholarship of engagementthe scholarship of engagement. He . He describes a new paradigm of scholarship (as describes a new paradigm of scholarship (as articulated in a Carnegie Foundation report articulated in a Carnegie Foundation report entitled entitled Scholarship ReconsideredScholarship Reconsidered) that ) that assigns four "interlocking functions" to the assigns four "interlocking functions" to the professoriate. professoriate.

The The scholarship of discoveryscholarship of discovery, is basic , is basic research, pushing back the frontiers of human research, pushing back the frontiers of human knowledge. knowledge.

The The scholarship of integrationscholarship of integration involves involves placing discoveries within a larger context and placing discoveries within a larger context and initiating more interdisciplinary conversations initiating more interdisciplinary conversations leading to a new paradigm of knowledge. leading to a new paradigm of knowledge.

The The scholarship of sharing knowledgescholarship of sharing knowledge recognizes the communal nature of scholarship recognizes the communal nature of scholarship and also recognizes other audiences for and also recognizes other audiences for scholarship than the scholar's peers. scholarship than the scholar's peers.

The report calls for the The report calls for the application of application of knowledgeknowledge as a reflective practice in which as a reflective practice in which theory and practice inform each other. theory and practice inform each other.

Higher Education and Higher Education and the Engaged Universitythe Engaged University

1. Engaged Learning and Research1. Engaged Learning and Research2. Civic Engagement2. Civic Engagement

3. Regional Social, Economic and 3. Regional Social, Economic and Cultural EngagementCultural Engagement4. Global Engagement4. Global Engagement

5. Engaged Staff5. Engaged Staff6. Engaged Management6. Engaged Management

(Institutional Strategy)(Institutional Strategy)

Civic Engagement?Civic Engagement?

1. What is ‘Civic Engagement’ and does it 1. What is ‘Civic Engagement’ and does it matter to HE students?matter to HE students?

2. Civic Engagement and Social Capital: 2. Civic Engagement and Social Capital: Why we need to go beyond volunteering?Why we need to go beyond volunteering?

3. Civic Engagement and ‘political’ 3. Civic Engagement and ‘political’ participation: How will HE students people participation: How will HE students people

do itdo it and be active and be active andand democratic democratic citizens? citizens?

We aim at no less than a We aim at no less than a change in the political culture in change in the political culture in this country both nationally and this country both nationally and

locally; for people to think of locally; for people to think of themselves as active citizens….themselves as active citizens….

Education for Citizenship and the Education for Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy in SchoolsTeaching of Democracy in Schools

(‘Crick Report 1’) 1998,p.7(‘Crick Report 1’) 1998,p.7

Underlying Concepts of CitizenshipUnderlying Concepts of Citizenship

1. 1. Liberal individualismLiberal individualism (rights)- consumer (rights)- consumer citizen/human capital/volunteeringcitizen/human capital/volunteering

2. 2. CommunitarianCommunitarian (responsibility/volunteering)- (responsibility/volunteering)-good-active citizen/social capitalgood-active citizen/social capital

3. 3. Civic RepublicanCivic Republican/Deliberative Democracy (civic /Deliberative Democracy (civic engagement)- democratic citizen/service learning engagement)- democratic citizen/service learning

as political participation (Barber,Boyte,Crick)as political participation (Barber,Boyte,Crick)

John Annette,”Community, Politics and Citizenship John Annette,”Community, Politics and Citizenship Education,” in Andrew Lockyer,Bernard Crick and John Education,” in Andrew Lockyer,Bernard Crick and John

Annette, eds., Annette, eds., Education for Democratic CitizenshipEducation for Democratic Citizenship, , Ashgate, 2003Ashgate, 2003

Rethinking Politics and Everyday Rethinking Politics and Everyday Democracy-ReadingsDemocracy-Readings

NB. Bernard Crick, NB. Bernard Crick, In Defence of PoliticsIn Defence of Politics, 5, 5thth edition, Continum, 2005edition, Continum, 2005

Tom Bentley, Tom Bentley, Everyday DemocracyEveryday Democracy, Demos, 2005, Demos, 2005 Paul Ginsbourg, Paul Ginsbourg, The Politics of Everyday LifeThe Politics of Everyday Life, ,

Yale, 2005Yale, 2005 Chantal Mouffe, Chantal Mouffe, On the PoliticalOn the Political, Routledge, 2005, Routledge, 2005 Harry Boyte, Harry Boyte, Everyday Politics: Reconnecting Everyday Politics: Reconnecting

Citizens and Public LifeCitizens and Public Life, University of , University of Pennslyvania Press, 2004Pennslyvania Press, 2004

Gerry Stoker, Gerry Stoker, Why Politics Matters?: Making Why Politics Matters?: Making Democracy WorkDemocracy Work, Palgrave, 2006, Palgrave, 2006

Education for Democratic Education for Democratic Citizenship & Lifelong Learning in Citizenship & Lifelong Learning in

the UK Today???the UK Today???1. ‘Citizenship Education - Schools, post 16, 1. ‘Citizenship Education - Schools, post 16,

and Adult and Community Learning and Adult and Community Learning 2. Beyond Volunteering: Youth Citizenship, 2. Beyond Volunteering: Youth Citizenship,

Civic Engagement and ‘framing’ the Civic Engagement and ‘framing’ the political?political?

3. Community Empowerment’ Agenda: 3. Community Empowerment’ Agenda: ‘Active Learning for Active Citizenship’ Adult ‘Active Learning for Active Citizenship’ Adult

Learning and National Empowerment Learning and National Empowerment NetworkNetwork

4. What about Higher Education?4. What about Higher Education?

Higher Education Lifelong Learning and Higher Education Lifelong Learning and Community/Civic EngagementCommunity/Civic Engagement

UALL Community/Civic Engagement NetworkUALL Community/Civic Engagement Network HECP - HECP - Higher Education and Community Partnership Higher Education and Community Partnership

Network- CBLNetwork- CBL Higher Education Academy- CETL’s, Subject Networks Higher Education Academy- CETL’s, Subject Networks

and FDTL’s, eg. the ‘Scholarship of Engagement’and FDTL’s, eg. the ‘Scholarship of Engagement’ Student Volunteer, England, CSV, WiSCVStudent Volunteer, England, CSV, WiSCV

-certification-certification Science Shops- QUB, Liverpool,etcScience Shops- QUB, Liverpool,etc Global Citizenship and the ‘Development Education Global Citizenship and the ‘Development Education

Association’-HE GroupAssociation’-HE Group Beacons for Public EngagementBeacons for Public Engagement – Funding Councils – Funding Councils

and Research Councils and Research Councils ETCETC

Educating for Democracy: Preparing Educating for Democracy: Preparing Undergraduates for Responsible Undergraduates for Responsible

Political EngagementPolitical Engagement

Anne Colby, Elizabeth Beaumont, Thomas Anne Colby, Elizabeth Beaumont, Thomas Ehrlich, Josh Corngold -Jossey Bass, 2007 Ehrlich, Josh Corngold -Jossey Bass, 2007

Educating for DemocracyEducating for Democracy reports the reports the results of the results of the Political Engagement ProjectPolitical Engagement Project, , a study of educational practices at the a study of educational practices at the college level that prepare students for college level that prepare students for responsible democratic participation. This responsible democratic participation. This book shows that education for political book shows that education for political development can increase students’ development can increase students’ political understanding, skill, motivation, political understanding, skill, motivation, and involvement while contributing to and involvement while contributing to many aspects of general academic many aspects of general academic learning learning

Volunteering but not Community Based Volunteering but not Community Based Learning in the UKLearning in the UK

1. HEACF/TQEF and Student Volunteering1. HEACF/TQEF and Student Volunteering

2. Student Volunteer, England and WiSCV2. Student Volunteer, England and WiSCV

3. CSV and Student Volunteering3. CSV and Student Volunteering

4. Certificated Learning through 4. Certificated Learning through Volunteering- Careers Services, etc. and Volunteering- Careers Services, etc. and

CRAC AwardsCRAC Awards

Community Based Community Based Learning/Research and Higher Learning/Research and Higher

EducationEducation1. Community Based Learning or Service Learning 1. Community Based Learning or Service Learning

or Learning through Volunteeringor Learning through Volunteering2. Structured Learning Experience with 2. Structured Learning Experience with

Measurable Learning OutcomesMeasurable Learning Outcomes 3. Experiential Learning and Reflection 3. Experiential Learning and Reflection

(cf. David Kolb, David Boud,etc.)(cf. David Kolb, David Boud,etc.)4. Learning through Community Partnerships4. Learning through Community Partnerships

5. Learning for Key Skills and Active Citizenship5. Learning for Key Skills and Active Citizenshipcf. cf. John Annette,”Citizenship, Service Learning and Higher John Annette,”Citizenship, Service Learning and Higher Education,” in J. Cairns,et.al.,Education,” in J. Cairns,et.al.,Education for ValuesEducation for Values, Kogan , Kogan

Page,1999 and pb 2003Page,1999 and pb 2003

Why Community Based Learning?Why Community Based Learning?

1. Higher Education and Community 1. Higher Education and Community Partnerships- Knowledge Transfer (HEIF3)Partnerships- Knowledge Transfer (HEIF3)2. Learning for life skills for employability- 2. Learning for life skills for employability-

from HEACF to TQEF from HEACF to TQEF 3. Widening Participation, social capital and 3. Widening Participation, social capital and

student retentionstudent retention4. Civic Engagement and Higher Education 4. Civic Engagement and Higher Education

and learning for active citizenshipand learning for active citizenshipcf. John Annette, “Community and Higher cf. John Annette, “Community and Higher

Education” in James Arthur,ed, Education” in James Arthur,ed, Citizenship and Citizenship and Higher EducationHigher Education, Routledge, 2005, Routledge, 2005

Service Learning and HE Community Service Learning and HE Community Partnerships: Key IssuesPartnerships: Key Issues

1. HE need s to learn how to work in partnership 1. HE need s to learn how to work in partnership with local communitieswith local communities

2. Communities lack the capacity to work with HE2. Communities lack the capacity to work with HE

3. Need to measure equitable outcomes. 3. Need to measure equitable outcomes. (Gelmon, et.al., Campus Compact,2002) (Gelmon, et.al., Campus Compact,2002)

4. Community Partnerships as the unit of analysis; 4. Community Partnerships as the unit of analysis; Nadine Cruz and Dwight Giles, ‘Where’s the Nadine Cruz and Dwight Giles, ‘Where’s the

‘Community’ in Service learning’ Michigan Journal ‘Community’ in Service learning’ Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, special issue, of Community Service Learning, special issue,

Fall,2000)Fall,2000)

CBL and Learning Partnerships CBL and Learning Partnerships Partnership Partnership

Partnerships with Voluntary and Community Partnerships with Voluntary and Community Sector OrganisationsSector Organisations

Partnerships with Faith Based OrganisationsPartnerships with Faith Based Organisations Partnerships with Refugee Partnerships with Refugee

Council/OrganisationsCouncil/Organisations Partnerships with LSC’sPartnerships with LSC’s Partnership with RDA’sPartnership with RDA’s Partnership with CVS- local and regional Partnership with CVS- local and regional Partnership with Government Office’sPartnership with Government Office’s

Service Learning and HE in USAService Learning and HE in USA

1. Corporation for National Service 1. Corporation for National Service (cf. www.learnandserve.org)(cf. www.learnandserve.org)

2. Campus Compact (www.compact.org)2. Campus Compact (www.compact.org)3. AAHE/Service Learning(www.aahe.org)3. AAHE/Service Learning(www.aahe.org)

4. Barbara Jacoby, 4. Barbara Jacoby, Service-Learning in Higher Service-Learning in Higher EducationEducation,Jossey-Bass,1996,Jossey-Bass,1996

5. Janet Eyler and Dwight Giles,5. Janet Eyler and Dwight Giles,Where’s the Where’s the Learning in Service Learning?Learning in Service Learning? Jossey-Bass,1999 Jossey-Bass,1999

6. Kerry Strand,et.al.,eds., 6. Kerry Strand,et.al.,eds., Community Based Community Based Research and Higher EducationResearch and Higher Education, Jossey-, Jossey-

Bass,2003 Bass,2003 7. Michigan Journal of Community Service 7. Michigan Journal of Community Service

Learning (www.mjcsl.umich.edu)Learning (www.mjcsl.umich.edu)

Community Based Learning Community Based Learning InternationallyInternationally

Australian Universities Communities Australian Universities Communities Alliance- Alliance- www.aucea.net.auwww.aucea.net.au

Canadian Association for Community Canadian Association for Community Service Learning- Service Learning- www.communityservicelearning.cawww.communityservicelearning.ca

South Africa- Community Higher Education South Africa- Community Higher Education Service Partnership- Service Partnership- www.chesp.org.zawww.chesp.org.za

Association of Commonwealth Association of Commonwealth Universities- Universities- www.acu.ac.ukwww.acu.ac.uk –The Idea of –The Idea of Engagement :Universities in Society, 2003Engagement :Universities in Society, 2003

ETC… now Campus Engage, IrelandETC… now Campus Engage, Ireland

Where’s the ‘citizenship’ in service Where’s the ‘citizenship’ in service learning? The Research Agenda-USA?learning? The Research Agenda-USA?1. Richard Batttistoni, 1. Richard Batttistoni, Civic Engagement Across Civic Engagement Across

the Curriculumthe Curriculum, Campus Compact,2002, Campus Compact,20022. Joseph Kahne, et.al., “Service Learning and 2. Joseph Kahne, et.al., “Service Learning and citizenship: Directions for Research,”citizenship: Directions for Research,”Michigan Michigan

Journal of Community Service LearningJournal of Community Service Learning, special , special issue, Fall,2000issue, Fall,2000

3. Joel Westheimer and Joseph Kahne,”What Kind 3. Joel Westheimer and Joseph Kahne,”What Kind of Citizen: the Politics of Educating for of Citizen: the Politics of Educating for

Democracy,” American Education Research Democracy,” American Education Research Journal 2004Journal 2004

4. Anne Colby, et.al.,4. Anne Colby, et.al.,Educating CitizensEducating Citizens, The , The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of

Teaching, Jossey-Bass, 2003Teaching, Jossey-Bass, 2003

Education for Democratic Education for Democratic Citizenship and Deliberation Citizenship and Deliberation

Crick Report and Deliberative Democracy- Crick Report and Deliberative Democracy- ‘ability to make a reasoned argument-written ‘ability to make a reasoned argument-written and oral- ability to cooperate with others, to and oral- ability to cooperate with others, to appreciate their perspectives and experiences appreciate their perspectives and experiences and to tolerate other points of view’and to tolerate other points of view’

Linking Political Literacy with Civic Skills Linking Political Literacy with Civic Skills (Kirlin,Circle,2003)(Kirlin,Circle,2003)

Taking ‘political action’ ?Taking ‘political action’ ? Cf. Penny Eslin, Shirley Pendlebury and Mary Tjiattas, Cf. Penny Eslin, Shirley Pendlebury and Mary Tjiattas,

‘Deliberative Democracy, Diversity and the Challenges ‘Deliberative Democracy, Diversity and the Challenges of Citizenship Education,” Journal of the Philosophy of of Citizenship Education,” Journal of the Philosophy of EducationEducationvol.35,1,2001vol.35,1,2001

What is ‘Deliberative What is ‘Deliberative Democracy’?Democracy’?

1. A democratic process as a 1. A democratic process as a transformative processtransformative process2. Citizens participate in authentic 2. Citizens participate in authentic deliberation as opposed to simply deliberation as opposed to simply expressing their own preferences-the role expressing their own preferences-the role of trust or ‘mutual reciprocity’of trust or ‘mutual reciprocity’3. Equality and Inclusiveness3. Equality and Inclusiveness4. Deliberative Democracy and the 4. Deliberative Democracy and the framing of the ‘political decision-making’- framing of the ‘political decision-making’- the question of power.the question of power.5. Deliberative democratic practice as a 5. Deliberative democratic practice as a learning experience- civic skills or learning experience- civic skills or competenciescompetencies

The Practice of Public DeliberationThe Practice of Public Deliberation Institutional Design- citizens juries, Institutional Design- citizens juries,

citizens panels, visioning, deliberative citizens panels, visioning, deliberative polling, study circles, etc-IPPRpolling, study circles, etc-IPPR

Kettering Foundation and National Kettering Foundation and National Issues ForumsIssues Forums

Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin and Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin and ‘Deliberation Day’, Yale, 2005‘Deliberation Day’, Yale, 2005

John Gastil and Peter Levine, eds., The John Gastil and Peter Levine, eds., The Deliberative Democracy Handbook, Deliberative Democracy Handbook, Jossey Bass, 2006Jossey Bass, 2006

Rethinking the Political and Rethinking the Political and Participation in the UKParticipation in the UK

Power Inquiry- Power Inquiry- www.powerinquiry.org.ukwww.powerinquiry.org.ukBeyond the Ballot - 57 democratic innovations from Beyond the Ballot - 57 democratic innovations from

around the world. around the world. (2005) (2005)

Involve- Involve- www.involving.orgwww.involving.orgPeople and Participation: How to Put Citizens at the People and Participation: How to Put Citizens at the

Heart of Decision Making (2005)Heart of Decision Making (2005)

Deliberative Democracy and Deliberative Democracy and Education for Democratic Education for Democratic

citizenshipcitizenship Structured learning activities (Institutional Design) linked to political decision makingStructured learning activities (Institutional Design) linked to political decision making Civic Literacy (‘useful knowledge’)Civic Literacy (‘useful knowledge’) Civic DiscourseCivic Discourse Civic ListeningCivic Listening Civic ThinkingCivic Thinking Civic Understanding (Intercultural)Civic Understanding (Intercultural) Civic ActionCivic Action

Deliberative Democratic Deliberative Democratic Engagement and Lifelong LearningEngagement and Lifelong Learning

Linking Informal with Non-formal Linking Informal with Non-formal Learning for democratic citizenshipLearning for democratic citizenship

Diversity of voices and dialogue (Iris Diversity of voices and dialogue (Iris Marion Young)Marion Young)

From ‘conversation’- to- From ‘conversation’- to- ‘deliberation’- to- taking action‘deliberation’- to- taking action

Institutional Design and the Institutional Design and the ‘political’- cf. Jane Mansbridge‘political’- cf. Jane Mansbridge

Beacons of Public EngagementBeacons of Public Engagement Funding from Research Councils and Funding from Research Councils and

Funding CouncilsFunding Councils cf. cf. www.publicengagement.ac.ukwww.publicengagement.ac.uk

Bristol University and University of the West Bristol University and University of the West of England- National Coordinating Centreof England- National Coordinating Centre

from Dissemination to Co-production in from Dissemination to Co-production in ResearchResearch

the Scholarship of Engagement and the Scholarship of Engagement and Institutionalising Public EngagementInstitutionalising Public Engagement

Community Based ResearchCommunity Based Research

Leitch Report- ‘higher skills’Leitch Report- ‘higher skills’ The Government commissioned Sandy Leitch The Government commissioned Sandy Leitch

in 2004 to undertake an independent review in 2004 to undertake an independent review of the UK's long term skills needs. The of the UK's long term skills needs. The Review published its interim report "Skills in Review published its interim report "Skills in the UK: the long term challenge" in the UK: the long term challenge" in December 2005. The final report of the Leitch December 2005. The final report of the Leitch Review Review , Prosperity for all in the global , Prosperity for all in the global economy - world class skillseconomy - world class skills, was , was published on 5th December 2006.published on 5th December 2006.

40% of the workforce to have ‘higher skills’ 40% of the workforce to have ‘higher skills’ at least level 4 by 2020at least level 4 by 2020

http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk./independenthttp://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk./independent_reviews/leitch_review/review_leitch_index.cf_reviews/leitch_review/review_leitch_index.cfmm

HEFCE and Employer EngagementHEFCE and Employer Engagement HEFCE has welcomed the Government's HEFCE has welcomed the Government's

announcement of at least £105 million over the next announcement of at least £105 million over the next three years to support new employer-focused higher three years to support new employer-focused higher education provision. education provision.

The new funding will support innovative links between The new funding will support innovative links between higher education and employers to help better meet higher education and employers to help better meet employer skills needs and enable universities and employer skills needs and enable universities and colleges to boost their capacity to contribute to the colleges to boost their capacity to contribute to the development of a world-class workforce. The development of a world-class workforce. The announcement reflects the Government's announcement reflects the Government's commitment to address the skills needs of employers commitment to address the skills needs of employers set out in the set out in the LeitchLeitch Review of Skills Review of Skills. .

.'.'

Community Based Learning and Community Based Learning and EmployabilityEmployability

1. Dearing Commission Report, 19971. Dearing Commission Report, 1997 Leitch Report, 2007 Leitch Report, 2007

2. HEFCE- TQEF and University TLA 2. HEFCE- TQEF and University TLA StrategiesStrategies

3. HEFCE and PDP’s3. HEFCE and PDP’s4. Generic and Subject LTSN’s4. Generic and Subject LTSN’s

5. CETL’s5. CETL’s6. HE Academy (6. HE Academy (www.heacademy.ac.ukwww.heacademy.ac.uk) cf. ) cf. ESSECT and the work of Lee Harvey and ESSECT and the work of Lee Harvey and

Brenda Little Brenda Little

But What About Learning and But What About Learning and Democratic CitizenshipDemocratic Citizenship

the fundamental problem facing civil the fundamental problem facing civil society is the challenge of providing society is the challenge of providing citizens with “the literacy required to citizens with “the literacy required to live in a civil society, the competence to live in a civil society, the competence to participate in democratic communities, participate in democratic communities, the ability to think critically and the ability to think critically and act act deliberatelydeliberately in a pluralist world, the in a pluralist world, the empathy that permits us to hear and empathy that permits us to hear and thus accommodate others, all involve thus accommodate others, all involve skillsskills that must be acquired.” that must be acquired.” ((Barber, Benjamin, An Aristocracy of Everyone, Barber, Benjamin, An Aristocracy of Everyone, Oxford University Press,1992Oxford University Press,1992 ) )

Texts (UK/Europe)Texts (UK/Europe) David Watson, David Watson, Managing Civic and Community Managing Civic and Community

EngagementEngagement, Open University Press, 2007, Open University Press, 2007 Lorraine McIlraith and Iain Mac Labhrainn, Lorraine McIlraith and Iain Mac Labhrainn,

Higher Education and Civic Engagement: Higher Education and Civic Engagement: International PerspectivesInternational Perspectives, Ashgate, 2007, Ashgate, 2007

A. Hart, E.Maddison and D.Wolff,eds., A. Hart, E.Maddison and D.Wolff,eds., Community-University Partnerships in PracticeCommunity-University Partnerships in Practice, , NIACE, 2007NIACE, 2007

John Annette, Higher Education and Public John Annette, Higher Education and Public Engagement- Engagement- Special Issue BJESSpecial Issue BJES, 2008, 2008

John Annette, John Annette, Civic and Community Engagement Civic and Community Engagement and Higher Educationand Higher Education, Routledge, 2009, Routledge, 2009

Are we experiencing or even Are we experiencing or even participating in the decline of participating in the decline of the public (David Marquand) the public (David Marquand)

and and the ‘public service the ‘public service

university’?university’?

J.Annette@bbk.ac.ukJ.Annette@bbk.ac.uk