Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment

Scientific RevolutionThe roots of the Scientific Revolution can be found in the Renaissance with the work of Copernicus, Galileo, Harvey and other scientists. It rejected traditional authority and church teachings in favor of the direct observation of nature. The revolution in science was based on the new scientific method – in which people observed nature, made hypotheses through experiments.

1. State the problem2. Gather information3. Form a hypothesis, or educated guess4. Experiment to test the hypothesis5. Record and analyze data6. State a conclusion7. Repeat the steps

Scientific Revolution Causes:Knowledge acquired from translated works

of Muslims scholars during the CrusadesClassical Greek and Roman manuscripts

were circulated by the printing pressThe Age of Exploration and the its focus on

navigation led to greater research in mathematic and science

Major Causes of the Scientific Revolution

First to propose a heliocentric model of the universe

Nicolaus Copernicus

Scientific MethodStressed experimentation and observation

Wanted science to make life better for people

Francis Bacon

Proved Copernicus’ theory that the sun was the center of the solar system

His views were not supported by the Roman Catholic Church and he was tried for heresy

Galileo Galilei

“Father of Modern Philosophy”cogito ergo sum (“I think, therefore I am”)

Rene Descartes

Discovered the nature of elements and compounds, the basis of modern chemistry

Explained how volume, temperature, and gas pressure affects each other

Robert Boyle

Devised principles to explain universal gravitation

Adapted the ideas of Galileo in three laws of motion

“for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”

Help develop a new branch of math called calculus

Isaac Newton

1500-1700: European scientists using reason to discover laws of nature• Very successful: Planetary movements,

chemistry, vaccine for smallpox, etc.Early 1700’s: If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws?• Laws that govern human nature• Reformers begin studying human nature

and societal problems

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION LEADS TO ENLIGHTENMENT

John Locke

ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS

Baron de Montesquieu

Voltaire

HOBBES: SOCIAL CONTRACT

Thomas Hobbes John Locke•Humans are naturally cruel, greedy and selfish.•To escape this “brutish” life people entered into a social contract.•Only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society.•Believed only an absolute monarchy could keep a society completely orderly.

•Humans are naturally reasonable, moral and good•Humans have natural rights: life liberty and property•People form governments to protect natural rights•Best government was one with limited power•If a government violates people’s natural rights, people have the right to overthrow government

JOHN LOCKE

Thomas Hobbes John Locke•Humans are naturally reasonable, moral and good•Humans have natural rights: life liberty and property•People form governments to protect natural rights•Best government was one with limited power•If a government violates people’s natural rights, people have the right to overthrow government

Baron de Montesquieu: Criticized absolute monarchy

and admired British government

British protected themselves from tyranny by dividing

powers of government between three branches: legislative,

executive and judicial (misconception)

Each branch of government should be

able to ‘check’ the other twoWhat government does this

sound like?

SEPARATION OF POWERS

Detested the slave trade and slavery Deplored religious prejudice Defended freedom of speech Attacked divine right theory

Urged education for all Hated unequal distribution of

property Believed governments should be

freely elected Women’s first duty was to her family

MAJOR ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS FOR SOCIETY

Women: Women were not equal and were criticized for attempting to

gain equalitySalons: Men and women gather in

living rooms to discuss Enlightenment ideas (chat rooms)Music: Ballets and operas become

popular (Bach, Handel, Mozart)Art: Baroque gives way to rococo art (simple, elegant and charming)

Literature: Novels become popular (Robinson Cruesoe)

ENLIGHTENMENT CHANGES SOCIETY

WILLIAM BLACKSTONE

Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765-

1769)best-known description of

the doctrines of English law; it became the basis

of university legal education in England and North America.

Established the standard for American Law

Enlightenment:

Music & Art

Baroque vs. RococoBaroque:• During time of absolute monarchs• Grand & complex; painting were huge, colorful, & full of

excitement• Glorified historic battles or lives of saints• Matched the grandeur of European courts

Rococo:• mid-1700s• Personal, elegant, charming, delicate• Rural settings surrounded by happy servants and pets

Baroque or Rococo?

Baroque or Rococo?

Enlightenment Music: from Baroque to Classical

• New kinds of musical entertainment evolved during this era – ballets and operas

• Music followed ordered, structured forms suited to the Age of Reason (Enlightenment)

Johann Sebastian Bach1685-1750

• Baroque Period - wrote complex, beautiful religious works for organ and choirs

• Works include the Brandenburg Concertos, Fugue in C Minor, Fugue in D Minor

George Frederick Handel1685-1759

• Baroque Period - wrote Water Music for King George I of England

• Most famous work, the Messiah, is a standard at Christmas and Easter

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart1756-1791

• Classical Period - wrote over 600 works including brilliant operas, symphonies, and religious music that defined a new style of composition (see p. 454)

• Works include Eine kleine Nachtmusik, Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute, The Marriage of Figaro

Ludwig van Beethoven1770-1827

• Classical Period-regarded as one of the most important of a generation of young composers following Haydn and Mozart

• Completely deaf by his 30s, he continued to compose, conduct, and perform

• Works include Symphony No. 3 (Eroica), Symphony No. 5, Symphony No. 9 (Ode to Joy), Für Elise, Piano Sonata No. 8 in C Minor, Op. 13 (Pathétique)