Age of RevolutionsAge of Revolutions

Scientific Revolution – 1500’sScientific Revolution – 1500’s

Copernicus – heliocentric theoryCopernicus – heliocentric theory

Galileo – support for heliocentric theory; Galileo – support for heliocentric theory; telescopetelescope

Newton - used math to prove force that kept Newton - used math to prove force that kept planets in their orbit; gravityplanets in their orbit; gravity

Scientific Revolution influences the Age of Scientific Revolution influences the Age of EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Scientific Method: experimentation and Scientific Method: experimentation and observationobservation

Rene Descartes – power of human reasoning; Rene Descartes – power of human reasoning; challenged the Church’s teachings challenged the Church’s teachings

Discovered natural laws could apply to human Discovered natural laws could apply to human behaviorbehavior

Enlightened Thinkers:Enlightened Thinkers: John Locke - Life, liberty, property John Locke - Life, liberty, property Thomas Hobbes - People are greedy;need Thomas Hobbes - People are greedy;need

powerful gov’tpowerful gov’t Voltaire - Freedom of speech/religionVoltaire - Freedom of speech/religion Rousseau – Social Contract; Will of the Rousseau – Social Contract; Will of the

majoritymajority Montesquieu - Separation of gov’t Montesquieu - Separation of gov’t

powerspowers Mary Wollstonecraft – women’s rightsMary Wollstonecraft – women’s rights

Enlightened DespotEnlightened Despot

Absolute ruler who uses enlightened Absolute ruler who uses enlightened ideas to reform societyideas to reform society

Maria Theresa – improved tax system & Maria Theresa – improved tax system & offered primary educationoffered primary education

Joseph II – religious toleration & Joseph II – religious toleration & abolished serfdomabolished serfdom

Catherine the Great – promoted education Catherine the Great – promoted education & religious toleration& religious toleration

French RevolutionFrench RevolutionCausesCauses

1.political – absolute ruler1.political – absolute ruler2. social inequality2. social inequality3. economic inequality3. economic inequality

StagesStages1. Calling of Estates General1. Calling of Estates General2. Reign of Terror2. Reign of Terror3. Directory Phase3. Directory Phase4. Age of Napoleon4. Age of Napoleon

French RevolutionFrench RevolutionNapoleon’s achievementsNapoleon’s achievements

1.Economic prosperity in France 1.Economic prosperity in France

2. Public School System2. Public School System

3. Legal code – many enlightened ideas & 3. Legal code – many enlightened ideas & religious toleration religious toleration

ImpactImpact

1. Spread of democratic ideas1. Spread of democratic ideas

2. Inspired nationalism throughout 2. Inspired nationalism throughout Europe and Latin AmericaEurope and Latin America

Latin American Independence MovementsLatin American Independence Movements

Haiti Haiti Toussaint L’OuvertureToussaint L’Ouverture

Mexico Mexico Miguel HidalgoMiguel Hidalgo

N. South America (Ecuador,Venezuela, N. South America (Ecuador,Venezuela, Colombia) Colombia)

Simon BolivarSimon Bolivar

Southern South America (Argentina, Chile) Southern South America (Argentina, Chile)

Jose de San MartinJose de San Martin

ReactionReaction Against Revolutionary Ideas Against Revolutionary Ideas Congress of Vienna – 1815Congress of Vienna – 1815 Goal: restore stability and order to EuropeGoal: restore stability and order to Europe

Austria – Austria – von Metternichvon Metternich

Restore Europe to 1792Restore Europe to 1792legitimacy legitimacy balance of powerbalance of power

Russia – Alexander IRussia – Alexander I Create a Concert of Europe to Create a Concert of Europe to maintain peacemaintain peace

England –England –CastlereaghCastlereagh

Weaken FranceWeaken France

France -TalleyrandFrance -Talleyrand Maintain equalityMaintain equality amongst amongst nationsnations

Absolutism in Czarist RussiaAbsolutism in Czarist RussiaMaintained feudal society but gradually freed Maintained feudal society but gradually freed

the serfs under Alexander IIthe serfs under Alexander II

Policy of Russification – to encourage unity and Policy of Russification – to encourage unity and discourage nationalism of ethnic minoritiesdiscourage nationalism of ethnic minorities

Practiced pogromsPracticed pogroms

Mexican Revolution 1910-1930Mexican Revolution 1910-1930

Causes Causes

1. Dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz1. Dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz

2. Unequal distribution of wealth 2. Unequal distribution of wealth

Effects Effects

1. Constitution of 1917 1. Constitution of 1917

2. Social reforms - libraries and schools2. Social reforms - libraries and schools

3. Economic nationalism – nationalized industries3. Economic nationalism – nationalized industries

4. Diego Rivera – muralist cultural nationalism4. Diego Rivera – muralist cultural nationalism

Global NationalismGlobal Nationalism Nationalism – pride and loyalty in one’s countryNationalism – pride and loyalty in one’s country

Italian Unification - Cavour, Garibaldi, MazziniItalian Unification - Cavour, Garibaldi, MazziniGerman Unification - Otto VonBismark German Unification - Otto VonBismark Unifies German states through a series of warsUnifies German states through a series of wars

1. Danish War1. Danish War 2. Austro-Prussian War2. Austro-Prussian War 3. Franco-Prussian War3. Franco-Prussian War

Zionism Zionism goal: movement to find a Jewish state in goal: movement to find a Jewish state in

Palestine (1896)Palestine (1896)

Examples of Nationalist MovementsExamples of Nationalist MovementsIndia India Indian National Congress Indian National Congress Goal: independence from BritainGoal: independence from Britain

Muslim LeagueMuslim League Leader - Muhammad Ali JinnahLeader - Muhammad Ali JinnahSeparate Muslim state in Pakistan (1947)Separate Muslim state in Pakistan (1947)

TurkeyTurkey – Young Turks (1890) strengthen the Ottoman – Young Turks (1890) strengthen the Ottoman empire; end western imperialism empire; end western imperialism

Armenian Massacre – 1900’s – Muslim Turks killed over a Armenian Massacre – 1900’s – Muslim Turks killed over a million Christian Armeniansmillion Christian Armenians

Examples of Nationalist MovementsExamples of Nationalist Movements

BalkansBalkans

Powder Keg of WWI Powder Keg of WWI

Multi-nationalist groups wanted independence Multi-nationalist groups wanted independence and self-rule and self-rule

Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, BulgariaGreece, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria

Economic and Social RevolutionsEconomic and Social Revolutions Agrarian RevolutionAgrarian Revolution

increased food productionincreased food productionnew technologynew technologyenclosureenclosure

Result - ^ PopulationResult - ^ PopulationIndustrial Revolution – Industrial Revolution – production of goods production of goods

were produced by machines instead of by handwere produced by machines instead of by handBegan in Britain in 1750 b/c Began in Britain in 1750 b/c 1. 1. Location Location 2. 2. Labor Labor 3.3.Capital Capital 4.4.TechnologyTechnology5. 5. Energy resourcesEnergy resources

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial RevolutionFactory system and mass production on the Factory system and mass production on the

assembly lineassembly line

Effects of Industrial RevolutionEffects of Industrial Revolution

1. laissez-faire economics1. laissez-faire economics

2. rise of big business2. rise of big business

3. new class structure – middle class 3. new class structure – middle class

4. urbanization – crowded cities, pollution 4. urbanization – crowded cities, pollution

5. working conditions – long hours and low 5. working conditions – long hours and low wageswages

6. rise in standard of living6. rise in standard of living

Competing PhilosophiesCompeting PhilosophiesLiberalism: gov’t should protect individual’s freedomsLiberalism: gov’t should protect individual’s freedoms

Conservatism: little social or political changeConservatism: little social or political change

Socialism business should be owned by everyone; end Socialism business should be owned by everyone; end gap between rich and poor gap between rich and poor

Marxist Socialism- Marx/EngelsMarxist Socialism- Marx/Engels

Communist Manifesto Communist Manifesto

working class – proletariat - would overthrow the working class – proletariat - would overthrow the capitalists - bourgeoisiecapitalists - bourgeoisie

Japan and the Meiji RestorationJapan and the Meiji Restoration

Tokugawa Shogunate – Commodore Matthew Perry – Tokugawa Shogunate – Commodore Matthew Perry – Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

Meiji Restoration – strengthen Japan against the west; Meiji Restoration – strengthen Japan against the west; modernize and industrialistmodernize and industrialist

Zaibatsu – wealthy business class families in JapanZaibatsu – wealthy business class families in Japan

Sino-Japanese War – Japanese win! – TaiwanSino-Japanese War – Japanese win! – Taiwan

Russo-Japanese Ware – Japanese win! Russo-Japanese Ware – Japanese win! Manchuria/KoreaManchuria/Korea

Imperialism Imperialism

Old Imperialism v. Old Imperialism v. New ImperialismNew Imperialism

1500-18001500-1800 1870-19141870-1914

America, India America, India Asia and AfricaAsia and Africa

CausesCauses

1. nationalism/social darwinism1. nationalism/social darwinism

2. militarism2. militarism

3. economic motives – raw materials3. economic motives – raw materials

4. White Man’s Burden4. White Man’s Burden

British in IndiaBritish in India

Jewel of British EmpireJewel of British Empire

Sepoy Mutiny – 1857 – revolt against the Sepoy Mutiny – 1857 – revolt against the British forcing culture onto the Indians; British forcing culture onto the Indians; India becomes a colony of BritainIndia becomes a colony of Britain

Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa

1884 – Berlin Conference – to divide up Africa 1884 – Berlin Conference – to divide up Africa – Africans were not invited– Africans were not invited

Zulu resistance v. British/Boers – superior Zulu resistance v. British/Boers – superior weaponry of British help to defeat the Zulusweaponry of British help to defeat the Zulus

Boer War – 1890 – British v. Boers; British Boer War – 1890 – British v. Boers; British defeat Boers and took over South Africadefeat Boers and took over South Africa

ChinaChinaOpium War and Treaty of Nanjing 1842 Opium War and Treaty of Nanjing 1842

extraterritoriality/ Hong Kong > Britainextraterritoriality/ Hong Kong > Britain

Taiping Rebellion – 1850-1864 – peasants rebel Taiping Rebellion – 1850-1864 – peasants rebel against Qin dynasty and western influenceagainst Qin dynasty and western influence

Boxer Rebellion – 1900 – kick out foreigners; Japan Boxer Rebellion – 1900 – kick out foreigners; Japan and west crushed uprisingand west crushed uprising

Sun Yixian and Chinese Revolution – end foreign Sun Yixian and Chinese Revolution – end foreign domination, representative gov’t, economic securitydomination, representative gov’t, economic securityFather of Chinese RepublicFather of Chinese Republic

Effects of ImperialismEffects of ImperialismShort TermShort Term

1. Asians/Africans under foreign rule1. Asians/Africans under foreign rule

2. Spread of western culture2. Spread of western culture

3. Traditional political units were disrupted3. Traditional political units were disrupted

Long Term Long Term

1. Western culture influenced much of the world1. Western culture influenced much of the world

2. Improvement in medicine, transportation, education2. Improvement in medicine, transportation, education

3. Growth of nationalist movements3. Growth of nationalist movements