By: Lord ElrondBy: Lord Elrond

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

What is the conflict What is the conflict about?about?• Essentially the conflict is over a particular space Essentially the conflict is over a particular space

or placeor place• The conflict is primarily between Israeli Jews The conflict is primarily between Israeli Jews

and Palestinian Arabsand Palestinian Arabs• The place is called Palestine by Arabs and Eretz The place is called Palestine by Arabs and Eretz

Israel (the Land of Israel) by JewsIsrael (the Land of Israel) by Jews• Since 1948 Israel has become the nation-state Since 1948 Israel has become the nation-state

of the Jews, something resented by the of the Jews, something resented by the Palestinian ArabsPalestinian Arabs

Arabs and JewsArabs and Jews• Both peoples have a common origin – Both peoples have a common origin –

ABRAHAMABRAHAM• Arabs regard themselves as descendants from Arabs regard themselves as descendants from

Abraham’s son – ISHMAELAbraham’s son – ISHMAEL• Jews regards themselves as descendants from Jews regards themselves as descendants from

Abraham’s son – ISAACAbraham’s son – ISAAC• So both see themselves as inheritors of So both see themselves as inheritors of

Abraham and biblical tradition including the Abraham and biblical tradition including the special land of Palestine/Israel promised by God special land of Palestine/Israel promised by God in a covenant with Abrahamin a covenant with Abraham

• Despite Islam only arising in the 7Despite Islam only arising in the 7 thth Century, Century, Arabs claim to be the original inhabitants – Arabs claim to be the original inhabitants – Canaanites, Philistines and Amorites were ArabsCanaanites, Philistines and Amorites were Arabs

Jews and Judaism, Jews and Judaism, Y’Israel Israelites and Y’Israel Israelites and

JerusalemJerusalem• Judaism - the religion of the Jewish people, arose Judaism - the religion of the Jewish people, arose during the 2during the 2ndnd millennium BCE, in Israel. millennium BCE, in Israel.

• Identity not only religious – some are agnostics and Identity not only religious – some are agnostics and atheists. Based on belonging to a distinct and atheists. Based on belonging to a distinct and ancient nation – the Jewish peopleancient nation – the Jewish people

• Abraham and Sarah settled in Israel, Abraham and Sarah settled in Israel,

• The 12 sons of the third patriarch – Israel (Jacob) The 12 sons of the third patriarch – Israel (Jacob) became the “12 tribes of Israel”. This group became became the “12 tribes of Israel”. This group became known as the People of Israel or Israelites.known as the People of Israel or Israelites.

• The Bible contains promises to the Israelites their The Bible contains promises to the Israelites their God that the land would be theirs. God that the land would be theirs.

By 1000 BCE the 12 tribes of Israel united to form the By 1000 BCE the 12 tribes of Israel united to form the Kingdom of Israel first under King Saul and then King Kingdom of Israel first under King Saul and then King David.David.

David made Jerusalem the capital –often referred to David made Jerusalem the capital –often referred to as Zion. as Zion.

King David’s son, Solomon, built the first Jewish King David’s son, Solomon, built the first Jewish temple around 960 BCEtemple around 960 BCE

135 CE the Romans expelled the Jews135 CE the Romans expelled the Jews

• During Roman rule, the Jews rebelled against pagan During Roman rule, the Jews rebelled against pagan customs and to win freedom customs and to win freedom

• In 70CE the Romans destroyed the Jerusalem TempleIn 70CE the Romans destroyed the Jerusalem Temple• Following their forced exile in 135CE, no matter where Following their forced exile in 135CE, no matter where

they lived, Jews maintained their strong sense of they lived, Jews maintained their strong sense of attachment to their nationhood and to Zion – the land of attachment to their nationhood and to Zion – the land of Israel and Jerusalem. The desire to return was captured Israel and Jerusalem. The desire to return was captured in their prayers and literature. in their prayers and literature.

• The modern Jewish nationalist movement called The modern Jewish nationalist movement called “Zionism” is about this desire to return“Zionism” is about this desire to return

Islam, Muslims, al-Quds Islam, Muslims, al-Quds and Filastinand Filastin

• Islam is the third great monotheistic religion Islam is the third great monotheistic religion • Muslims believe God’s final revelation was given to Muslims believe God’s final revelation was given to

Muhammad via the angel Gabriel as recorded in the Muhammad via the angel Gabriel as recorded in the Koran.Koran.

• For 10 years Muhammad ruled over the Muslim For 10 years Muhammad ruled over the Muslim community in war and peace.community in war and peace.

• In 630 CE his army conquered Mecca which is now the In 630 CE his army conquered Mecca which is now the holiest place in Islam – Muslims face Mecca when they holiest place in Islam – Muslims face Mecca when they pray. 632 CE Muhammad died.pray. 632 CE Muhammad died.

• At the end of the 7At the end of the 7thth Century, Muslims conquered Al- Century, Muslims conquered Al-Quds or Jerusalem and its surrounding areasQuds or Jerusalem and its surrounding areas

• Palestine under Islamic rule until the end of World War I.Palestine under Islamic rule until the end of World War I.

CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3

THE ORIGINS OF THE THE ORIGINS OF THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICTARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT

The Origins and The Origins and Aspirations of ZionismAspirations of Zionism

• Middle of the 19Middle of the 19thth Century, 10 000 Jews in Century, 10 000 Jews in Palestine, mostly in JerusalemPalestine, mostly in Jerusalem

• End of 1880s – 25 000End of 1880s – 25 000• 1889 onwards Jews majority of the population 1889 onwards Jews majority of the population

in Jerusalemin Jerusalem• 1900 – 50 000 due to migration form Russia1900 – 50 000 due to migration form Russia• 1947 – 600 000, one-third of Palestine1947 – 600 000, one-third of Palestine• WHY? The movement called ZIONISMWHY? The movement called ZIONISM

Ideas and events that impacted Ideas and events that impacted Jews in 19Jews in 19thth Century Europe Century Europe

1.1. Until the mid-19Until the mid-19thth Century return based on the Century return based on the expectation of the coming of the Messiahexpectation of the coming of the Messiah

2.2. Before end of 19Before end of 19thth Century, Jews deprived Century, Jews deprived of of political and civil rights. Only permitted to political and civil rights. Only permitted to engage in certain trades and suffered engage in certain trades and suffered persecution and discrimination in Christian and persecution and discrimination in Christian and Muslim worlds. Muslim worlds.

However, the Enlightenment and liberalism However, the Enlightenment and liberalism encouraged the emancipation of disadvantaged encouraged the emancipation of disadvantaged groups such as the Jewsgroups such as the Jews

Western EuropeWestern Europe• Rabbis Yehuda Alkalai and Zvi Rabbis Yehuda Alkalai and Zvi

Hirsch Kalisher encourage Hirsch Kalisher encourage ZionismZionism

• 1862 – Moses Hess wrote 1862 – Moses Hess wrote “Rome and Jerusalem” stating “Rome and Jerusalem” stating the Jews are a “separate the Jews are a “separate nation” and should establish nation” and should establish own state which should be own state which should be socialist in naturesocialist in nature

• Strongly influenced early Strongly influenced early Zionist leaders like David Ben-Zionist leaders like David Ben-GurionGurion

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe• No change under Tsarist rule for centuriesNo change under Tsarist rule for centuries• Restricted to living in the “Pale of Settlement” Restricted to living in the “Pale of Settlement”

Approximately 5 million lived hereApproximately 5 million lived here• 1881 violent attacks against Jews in Russia triggered by 1881 violent attacks against Jews in Russia triggered by

the assassination of Tsar Alexander IIthe assassination of Tsar Alexander II• Pogroms were supported by government – thousands Pogroms were supported by government – thousands

massacred/homelessmassacred/homeless• Worse when new Tsar – Alexander III passed the “May Worse when new Tsar – Alexander III passed the “May

Laws” restricting Jews to ghettoes of the Pale of Laws” restricting Jews to ghettoes of the Pale of Settlement so expelled from smaller villagesSettlement so expelled from smaller villages

• Designed to 1/3 to emigrate, 1/3 accept baptism and 1/3 Designed to 1/3 to emigrate, 1/3 accept baptism and 1/3 to starveto starve

• Quotas on Jews in higher education, conscription for 12 Quotas on Jews in higher education, conscription for 12 year old Jewish boysyear old Jewish boys

• Many fled west to start a new, safer life others look to Many fled west to start a new, safer life others look to separate Jewish stateseparate Jewish state

West meets East: West meets East: The work of The work of

Theodore HerzlTheodore Herzl1897 – Theodore Herzl, a 1897 – Theodore Herzl, a Jewish journalist, helped found Jewish journalist, helped found the World Zionist Organisation the World Zionist Organisation dedicated to creating a modern dedicated to creating a modern Jeiwsh state in PalestineJeiwsh state in Palestine

Following Dreyfuss trial, Herzl Following Dreyfuss trial, Herzl convinced Jews would never be convinced Jews would never be left alone unless they had their left alone unless they had their own homelandown homeland

Vision was SECULAR, not Vision was SECULAR, not religiousreligious

1901 JNF (Jewish National Fund) was created to buy land in Palestine on behalf of Jewish people1881 - 1904, 25 000 Jews had immigrated to Palestine

Social StructureSocial Structure• Under Ottoman rule, Jews and Christians had the Under Ottoman rule, Jews and Christians had the

status of “dhimmi” – inferior to Muslims, unique status of “dhimmi” – inferior to Muslims, unique obligations, extra taxes on land + poll tax on all non-obligations, extra taxes on land + poll tax on all non-Muslim adult males, no chance of public office, Muslim adult males, no chance of public office, refusal of Muslim court to accept their testimony in refusal of Muslim court to accept their testimony in a case against a Muslim, refusal to approve new a case against a Muslim, refusal to approve new churches and synagogues etc. churches and synagogues etc.

• Majority of population Arab fellaheen (peasants) Majority of population Arab fellaheen (peasants) living in villages, working on the land, heavily living in villages, working on the land, heavily indebted to landownersindebted to landowners

• Urban elite were wealthy, powerful Muslim familiesUrban elite were wealthy, powerful Muslim families

• 1867 – foreigners right to own land as long as they 1867 – foreigners right to own land as long as they paid taxes to Ottomanspaid taxes to Ottomans

The First Aliyah 1882-The First Aliyah 1882-19031903• 25 000 Jews moved to Palestine following 1881 25 000 Jews moved to Palestine following 1881

pogromspogroms

• Established Moshav (cooperative farming Established Moshav (cooperative farming community) called Rishon Le-Zion (The First to community) called Rishon Le-Zion (The First to Zion)Zion)

• Some settled in towns/cities like JerusalemSome settled in towns/cities like Jerusalem

• Hebrew revivedHebrew revived

• Baron de Rothschild spent over $50 million and Baron de Rothschild spent over $50 million and helped pay for first electrical power station in helped pay for first electrical power station in PalestinePalestine

The Second Aliyah 1904-The Second Aliyah 1904-19141914• Many fleeing Pogroms of 1903 Many fleeing Pogroms of 1903

• BUT immigrants younger + influenced by BUT immigrants younger + influenced by SOCIALISM and COMMUNISMSOCIALISM and COMMUNISM

• David Ben Gurion who believed the fate of Zionist David Ben Gurion who believed the fate of Zionist settlement depended on a strong Jewish economysettlement depended on a strong Jewish economy

• Independence could only be accomplished through Independence could only be accomplished through creation of a Hebrew-speaking working class and creation of a Hebrew-speaking working class and highly centralised structureshighly centralised structures

• By WWI there 40 agricultural communities mostly in By WWI there 40 agricultural communities mostly in the north with about 12 000 peoplethe north with about 12 000 people

Dispossession of the Dispossession of the FellaheenFellaheen• 1882 to1948 JNF purchased 6% of Palestine1882 to1948 JNF purchased 6% of Palestine

• Landowners had to evict the fellaheen causing Landowners had to evict the fellaheen causing dispute between fellaheen and the Jewsdispute between fellaheen and the Jews

• Muslims offended women worked with men in fields Muslims offended women worked with men in fields in western “provocative” clothing in western “provocative” clothing

• Mufti of Jerusalem, called for foreign Jews to be Mufti of Jerusalem, called for foreign Jews to be “terrorised and expelled”“terrorised and expelled”

• False accusations that they would take holy sitesFalse accusations that they would take holy sites

Initial Ottoman response to Initial Ottoman response to Arab opposition to ZionismArab opposition to Zionism• Ottoman responded to 1891 Arab petition by Ottoman responded to 1891 Arab petition by

passing discriminatory laws curtailing ability of Jews passing discriminatory laws curtailing ability of Jews to purchase land in Jerusalem for next decade and to purchase land in Jerusalem for next decade and restricting Jewish immigration to small groups only restricting Jewish immigration to small groups only permitted to stay for one yearpermitted to stay for one year

• 1900 new law – 3 months then be expelled1900 new law – 3 months then be expelled

• 1905 Zionist Congress called for increased Jewish 1905 Zionist Congress called for increased Jewish settlement SO Ottomans suspended all land settlement SO Ottomans suspended all land transfers to Jews of Jerusalem and Beirut regiontransfers to Jews of Jerusalem and Beirut region

• Reality – Arab landowners sold land at high prices Reality – Arab landowners sold land at high prices and often bribed Ottoman officialsand often bribed Ottoman officials

The Ottoman Empire in WW1

The Ottoman Empire in WW1

• End of 19End of 19thth Century Ottoman Empire on verge of Century Ottoman Empire on verge of collapsecollapse

• European powers looking to fill vacuum European powers looking to fill vacuum • Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire dissolved, Arab lands under League dissolved, Arab lands under League

of Nationsof Nations• New borders creating PALESTINE (+ TRANSJORDAN New borders creating PALESTINE (+ TRANSJORDAN

later), LEBANON, SYRIA + IRAQlater), LEBANON, SYRIA + IRAQ• Britain mandates over Palestine, Transjordan + Iraq. Britain mandates over Palestine, Transjordan + Iraq.

France over Lebanon + SyriaFrance over Lebanon + Syria• The mandate incorporated Britain’s wartime promise to The mandate incorporated Britain’s wartime promise to

the Zionist movement facilitating the establishment of a the Zionist movement facilitating the establishment of a national home for the Jewish peoplenational home for the Jewish people

Britain’s wartime Britain’s wartime negotiations and agreementsnegotiations and agreements

1.1. The Sykes-Picot Agreement, May 1916The Sykes-Picot Agreement, May 1916

2.2. The McMahon-Hussein The McMahon-Hussein correspondence, July 1915 to March correspondence, July 1915 to March 19161916

3.3. The Balfour Declaration, November The Balfour Declaration, November 19171917

If an Allied victory, it would divide and allocate If an Allied victory, it would divide and allocate Ottoman territory between BRITISH and Ottoman territory between BRITISH and FRENCH spheres of influenceFRENCH spheres of influence

While Britain would support the establishment While Britain would support the establishment of an independent Arab State or Confederation of an independent Arab State or Confederation of States in Areas A and B, they would establish of States in Areas A and B, they would establish direct influence in the region in the red and blue direct influence in the region in the red and blue zoneszones

Palestine was to be internationalisedPalestine was to be internationalised

The Sykes-Picot AgreementThe Sykes-Picot AgreementAfter Allied victory, would After Allied victory, would divide and allocate Ottoman divide and allocate Ottoman territory between BRITISH territory between BRITISH and FRENCH spheres of and FRENCH spheres of influenceinfluenceWhile Britain would support While Britain would support the establishment of an the establishment of an independent Arab State or independent Arab State or Confederation of States in Confederation of States in Areas A and B, they would Areas A and B, they would establish direct influence in establish direct influence in the region in the red and blue the region in the red and blue zoneszonesPalestine to be Palestine to be internationalisedinternationalised

Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

The McMahon-Hussein The McMahon-Hussein correspondencecorrespondence

• When Turkey (Ottomans) entered the war, the British When Turkey (Ottomans) entered the war, the British now looked to get the Arabs to help fight the Turksnow looked to get the Arabs to help fight the Turks

• Arabs would support Britain IF British promised them Arabs would support Britain IF British promised them independence in Arab provinces of Ottoman Empire and independence in Arab provinces of Ottoman Empire and recognise an Arab Caliphate under Hussein’s controlrecognise an Arab Caliphate under Hussein’s control

• McMahon committed Britain in vague terms to McMahon committed Britain in vague terms to “recognise and support the independence of the Arabs” “recognise and support the independence of the Arabs” in return for support against the Turksin return for support against the Turks

• Hussein argued all Arab territories should be included Hussein argued all Arab territories should be included BUT McMahon identified areas “reserved” for British and BUT McMahon identified areas “reserved” for British and French interestFrench interest

In the end it was left unresolvedIn the end it was left unresolved

• After the war, controversy about whether or not After the war, controversy about whether or not Palestine had been promised to the Arabs in the Palestine had been promised to the Arabs in the McMahon-Hussein correspondence.McMahon-Hussein correspondence.

• Hussein argued Arab regions not mentioned in the Hussein argued Arab regions not mentioned in the correspondence should be included correspondence should be included

• British denied Hussein’s claim to and in a 1922 British denied Hussein’s claim to and in a 1922 White Paper, declared Palestine WEST of the River White Paper, declared Palestine WEST of the River Jordan was not part of its pledgeJordan was not part of its pledge

• Today Arabs claim that Britain promised Today Arabs claim that Britain promised Palestine to the Hashemites and reneged Palestine to the Hashemites and reneged on the promise despite the fact Britain on the promise despite the fact Britain partitioned Palestine into two and gave the partitioned Palestine into two and gave the area east of the Jordan River to themarea east of the Jordan River to them

• The Arabs point to the Balfour Declaration The Arabs point to the Balfour Declaration as an example of Britain’s duplicity or as an example of Britain’s duplicity or double dealingdouble dealing

The Balfour DeclarationThe Balfour DeclarationDomestic policy issues: The 1905 Aliens ActDomestic policy issues: The 1905 Aliens Act•1880 – 1914 – 3 million Jews fled pogroms in Russia•Most went to America, Britain and W. Europe•In Britain, Jews met with hostility resulting in the “Aliens Act”•1916 Lloyd George PM, Arthur Balfour Foreign Minister•Balfour was asked by the WZO to support Zionism•Dr Chaim Weizmann, a scientist who had helped Britain’s bomb making ability, argued support for Zionist movement would help victory in the war and extend British interest in the Middle East in the postwar period•This appealed to British interests•Also thought it would encourage Russia and America in the war

British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration,

1917

British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration,

1917

Sir Arthur James Balfour

Br. Foreign Secretary

Sir Arthur James Balfour

Br. Foreign Secretary

His Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine…

Conflicting Jewish and Arab responsesConflicting Jewish and Arab responses

Arab response:Arab response:

Shock, sense of betrayalShock, sense of betrayal

Believed the land belonged to them, the Believed the land belonged to them, the McMahon-Hussein Correspondence had McMahon-Hussein Correspondence had promised itpromised it

Arab protests ignoredArab protests ignored

Postwar events: Palestine becomes a Postwar events: Palestine becomes a British mandateBritish mandate

The 1919 Paris Peace ConferenceThe 1919 Paris Peace Conference•Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire dissolved, Arab lands under dissolved, Arab lands under League of NationsLeague of Nations•New borders creating PALESTINE (+ New borders creating PALESTINE (+ TRANSJORDAN later), LEBANON, SYRIA + IRAQTRANSJORDAN later), LEBANON, SYRIA + IRAQ•Britain mandates over Palestine, Transjordan + Britain mandates over Palestine, Transjordan + Iraq. France over Lebanon + SyriaIraq. France over Lebanon + Syria•The mandate incorporated Britain’s wartime The mandate incorporated Britain’s wartime promise to the Zionist movement facilitating the promise to the Zionist movement facilitating the establishment of a national home for the Jewish establishment of a national home for the Jewish peoplepeople

The Faisal-Weizmann Agreement 1919The Faisal-Weizmann Agreement 1919Weizmann believed Arab opposition due to Weizmann believed Arab opposition due to misunderstanding based on economic matters and misunderstanding based on economic matters and believed this could be overcomebelieved this could be overcome

After discussions, they signed the Faisal-Weizmann After discussions, they signed the Faisal-Weizmann Agreement on 3 January 1919 encouraging and Agreement on 3 January 1919 encouraging and facilitating the immigration of Jews into Palestine on a facilitating the immigration of Jews into Palestine on a large scalelarge scale

Faisal supported this on the grounds the Arabs Faisal supported this on the grounds the Arabs attained their indepdendenceattained their indepdendence

However, when he was expelled from Syria he However, when he was expelled from Syria he went back on this agreement and opposed went back on this agreement and opposed ZionismZionism

The 1920 San Remo Conference and the The 1920 San Remo Conference and the Mandate of PalestineMandate of Palestine

April 1920 system of Mandates endorsedApril 1920 system of Mandates endorsed•Syria/Lebanon under FranceSyria/Lebanon under France•Palestine under BritainPalestine under Britain

Ratification of Balfour Declaration enraged Arab Ratification of Balfour Declaration enraged Arab nationalists, concerned about flood of immigrationnationalists, concerned about flood of immigration

THIRD ALIYAH – 1919-23 35 000 Jewish immigrants THIRD ALIYAH – 1919-23 35 000 Jewish immigrants arrivedarrived

April 1920 riotsApril 1920 riots

• Muslim leaders stirred up crowd with false Muslim leaders stirred up crowd with false accusations that Jews planning to destroy accusations that Jews planning to destroy Muslim holy sitesMuslim holy sites

• Pilgrims called to “spill Jewish blood for Pilgrims called to “spill Jewish blood for Palestine”. Crowd chanted, “We will drink Palestine”. Crowd chanted, “We will drink the blood of the Jews”the blood of the Jews”

• Arabs entered Jewish Quarter in Jerusalem Arabs entered Jewish Quarter in Jerusalem resulting in ransacking of property, 300 resulting in ransacking of property, 300 Jews evacuated, 7 Jews and 4 Arabs killedJews evacuated, 7 Jews and 4 Arabs killed

The HaganahThe Haganah

Jews decided that the British could not Jews decided that the British could not protect them so they established own protect them so they established own security force - the Haganahsecurity force - the Haganah

High Commissioner to PalestineHigh Commissioner to Palestine

• Herbert Samuel was appointed High CommissionerHerbert Samuel was appointed High Commissioner

• He passed Land Transfer Ordinance enabling land He passed Land Transfer Ordinance enabling land sales to Jews and unrestricted Jewish immigrationsales to Jews and unrestricted Jewish immigration

A distinctive Palestinian Arab nationalism A distinctive Palestinian Arab nationalism begins to emergebegins to emerge

• After July 1920 Palestinian territorial nationality After July 1920 Palestinian territorial nationality develops develops

• Rejected Jewish political and moral rights to Rejected Jewish political and moral rights to PalestinePalestine

• Call a halt to transfer of land to JewsCall a halt to transfer of land to Jews

• Call for an end to further Jewish immigrationCall for an end to further Jewish immigration• Call for recognition of Palestinian Arab Executive Call for recognition of Palestinian Arab Executive

CommitteeCommittee

The 1921 Riots and the June 1922 Churchill The 1921 Riots and the June 1922 Churchill White PaperWhite Paper

• Week long violence - 48 Arabs, 47 Jews killed ,over Week long violence - 48 Arabs, 47 Jews killed ,over 200 injured200 injured

• High Commissioner’s Inquiry found the Arabs guilty High Commissioner’s Inquiry found the Arabs guilty due to discontent, particularly amongst evicted due to discontent, particularly amongst evicted felaheenfelaheen

• White Paper reassured Arabs there wouldn’t be White Paper reassured Arabs there wouldn’t be a Jewish majority and that Jewish immigration a Jewish majority and that Jewish immigration would be permitted only if it did not exceed the would be permitted only if it did not exceed the economic capacity of the country to absorb new economic capacity of the country to absorb new arrivalsarrivals

• Rejected by Arabs because didn’t provide Rejected by Arabs because didn’t provide complete end to Jewish immigrationcomplete end to Jewish immigration

Palestine under British Palestine under British

Mandatory Rule 1922 to 1947Mandatory Rule 1922 to 1947

British Mandatory rule British Mandatory rule 1922 to 19391922 to 1939

Population growth during the Mandate PeriodPopulation growth during the Mandate Period

1900 – Palestine’s population over ½ million

1948 – Palestine’s population 1.8 million

Transformation in SIZE and COMPOSITION

1900 – 80% population Muslim Arabs, 10% Christian Arabs, 10% Jewish

1948 – two-thirds Arab (8% Christian), one-third Jewish (Arabs 1.2 million, Jews 600 000

There were three periods of Jewish immigration before WWII.

The Third Aliyah from 1919 to 1923 35 000 immigrants – 53% from Russia, 36% from Poland

The Fourth Aliyah mid 1924 to 1931 88 000 immigrants – many shopkeepers and artisans from Poland

The Fifth Aliyah from 1932 to 1939 215 000 Jews mostly from Germany many were medical practitioners or distinguished academics

Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920 Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920

× In 1920, there

was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs inPalestine.

× By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs forevery Jew.

× In 1920, there

was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs inPalestine.

× By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs forevery Jew.

The Arabs felt that they were losing control of their “country!”

The Arabs felt that they were losing control of their “country!”

British Mandate

in PalestineCreated

July, 1922

British Mandate

in PalestineCreated

July, 1922

Jewish Settlements: The Kibbutz SystemJewish Settlements: The Kibbutz System

First one founded in 1908.

Communal living.

“Make the DesertBloom!”

First one founded in 1908.

Communal living.

“Make the DesertBloom!”

Institution building within Institution building within PalestinePalestine

In 1921 Samuel appointed Hajj Amin as Grand Mufti of In 1921 Samuel appointed Hajj Amin as Grand Mufti of JerusalemJerusalem

Hajj Amin fostered Arab opposition against BritishHajj Amin fostered Arab opposition against British

Failed in a petition to abandon Balfour DeclarationFailed in a petition to abandon Balfour Declaration

Institution building within the Institution building within the Arab communityArab community

Hajj Amin al-Husseini became President of the Hajj Amin al-Husseini became President of the Supreme Muslim Council, the highest body in charge Supreme Muslim Council, the highest body in charge of Muslim affairs in Palestine. of Muslim affairs in Palestine.

Rivalries between the dominant Arab familiesRivalries between the dominant Arab families

By 1939, endemic rivalry between Arab elites and By 1939, endemic rivalry between Arab elites and the absence of unified policies the absence of unified policies

By 1935 many Palestinian Arabs concluded that By 1935 many Palestinian Arabs concluded that political and diplomatic efforts were ineffective and political and diplomatic efforts were ineffective and only anti-British armed rebellion would succeedonly anti-British armed rebellion would succeed

Institution building within the Jewish Institution building within the Jewish CommunityCommunity

1919 to 1948 – the Yishuv established the institutions 1919 to 1948 – the Yishuv established the institutions necessary for a sovereign state including a parliament necessary for a sovereign state including a parliament (Knesset), health services, education system and defence (Knesset), health services, education system and defence force. force.

Hisdarut trade union organisation established to facilitate Hisdarut trade union organisation established to facilitate an autonomous Jewish economy within Palestine.an autonomous Jewish economy within Palestine.

Social services and security, helped absorb new Jewish Social services and security, helped absorb new Jewish immigrantsimmigrants

The Jews success in creating a coherent and effective The Jews success in creating a coherent and effective political structure was largely due to David Ben-Gurion’s political structure was largely due to David Ben-Gurion’s leadership whose Mapai Party dominated in the 1930sleadership whose Mapai Party dominated in the 1930s

The 1929 riotsThe 1929 riots

1929 – violence following a long-running dispute concerned 1929 – violence following a long-running dispute concerned in the Kotel (Western Wall of Jerusalem’s Temple Mount).in the Kotel (Western Wall of Jerusalem’s Temple Mount).

September, 1928 – trouble began with Jews movable September, 1928 – trouble began with Jews movable screenscreen

Mufti claimed the Zionists threatened the Holy Places of Mufti claimed the Zionists threatened the Holy Places of both Muslim and Christian Arabs. both Muslim and Christian Arabs.

Jews responded with counter demonstrations.Jews responded with counter demonstrations.

1929 – a young Jewish boy kicked a football into a 1929 – a young Jewish boy kicked a football into a neighbouring stabbed after ball goes into Arab neighbouring stabbed after ball goes into Arab neighbourhood, violence ensuesneighbourhood, violence ensues

The 1930 Passfield White PaperThe 1930 Passfield White PaperThe British Commission found cause to be the Jewish The British Commission found cause to be the Jewish demonstrations BUT said deeper causes from Arab demonstrations BUT said deeper causes from Arab anger over Mandate and Jewish immigration and land anger over Mandate and Jewish immigration and land purchases purchases

The 1930 Passfield White Paper recommended The 1930 Passfield White Paper recommended Palestinian Arabs have economic parity with the Jews Palestinian Arabs have economic parity with the Jews and that the Jewish area of Palestine should not be and that the Jewish area of Palestine should not be permitted to develop unless the Arab area did too. permitted to develop unless the Arab area did too.

Jews denounce paper, and are given assurances that Jews denounce paper, and are given assurances that Jewish immigration and land settlement would Jewish immigration and land settlement would continue.continue.

Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936-1939

Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936-1939

The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj

Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.

The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj

Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.

An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.

An end to the transferof lands to Jewish owners.

A new “generalrepresentative government.”

An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.

An end to the transferof lands to Jewish owners.

A new “generalrepresentative government.”

Their Goals:Their Goals:

The Peel Commissi

on Partition

Plan, 1937

The Peel Commissi

on Partition

Plan, 1937

1939 MacDonald White Paper of 1939

1939 MacDonald White Paper of 1939

Limited Jewish immigration toPalestine to 75,000 over the next five years.

It ended Jewish landpurchases.

Independence forPalestine within 10 years.

It is NOT British policythat Palestine become aJewish state.

Limited Jewish immigration toPalestine to 75,000 over the next five years.

It ended Jewish landpurchases.

Independence forPalestine within 10 years.

It is NOT British policythat Palestine become aJewish state.

ARAB RESPONSE – rejected the White ARAB RESPONSE – rejected the White Paper, demanded state of Palestine nowPaper, demanded state of Palestine now

JEWISH RESPONSE – rejected the White JEWISH RESPONSE – rejected the White Paper which failed to give autonomy to the Paper which failed to give autonomy to the Jews at a time when Hitler was persecuting Jews at a time when Hitler was persecuting themthem

The “Jewish Brigade” of the

British Army During WW2

The “Jewish Brigade” of the

British Army During WW2

Hitler’s

“FinalSolutio

n”

Hitler’s

“FinalSolutio

n”

The Jewish population in each country in 1942.

The Jewish population in each country in 1942.

Nazi Concentration & Extermination Camps

Nazi Concentration & Extermination Camps

The Nazi HolocaustThe Nazi Holocaust

6,000,00 Jews killed by the Nazis [1/2 in the concentration camps.]

6,000,00 Jews killed by the Nazis [1/2 in the concentration camps.]

Aliyah Bet : Illegal Jewish Immigration

Aliyah Bet : Illegal Jewish Immigration

Aliyah Bet Aliyah Bet

Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.

The Exodus, 1947.

Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.

The Exodus, 1947.

Palestine

Population in 1946

Palestine

Population in 1946

British “Detention” Camps

in Cyprus : 1946-1948

British “Detention” Camps

in Cyprus : 1946-1948

Jewish “Freedom Fighters”

(or “Terrorists”?)

Jewish “Freedom Fighters”

(or “Terrorists”?)

Irgun Zvai Leumi[Natl. Military

Org.]

Irgun Zvai Leumi[Natl. Military

Org.]

Avraham Stern &The Stern Gang

Avraham Stern &The Stern Gang

U. N. Partition Plan of 1947

U. N. Partition Plan of 1947

Israel Becomes a Nation:

May 14, 1948

Israel Becomes a Nation:

May 14, 1948

David Ben-Gurion,

1st Prime Minister

David Ben-Gurion,

1st Prime Minister

Chaim Weizmann,

1st President

Chaim Weizmann,

1st President

War Begins!: May 15, 1948

War Begins!: May 15, 1948

Arab Refugees, 1948Arab Refugees, 1948

The Palestinian Diaspora begins!The Palestinian Diaspora begins!

Armistice Signed, 1949Armistice Signed, 1949