Arab-Israeli conflict 1948-9. Introduction The land known as Palestine had, by 1947, seen...
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![Page 1: Arab-Israeli conflict 1948-9. Introduction The land known as Palestine had, by 1947, seen considerable immigration of Jewish peoples fleeing persecution.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/5697bf861a28abf838c88538/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Arab-Israeli conflict 1948-9
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Where did it happen?
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Introduction• The land known as Palestine had, by 1947, seen
considerable immigration of Jewish peoples fleeing persecution. Zionist Jews were particularly in favour of getting Palestine as a new Jewish homeland.
• The local Palestinian population of Muslim Arabs felt that the influx of newcomers was threatening their way of life.
• Clashes between the Arabic and Jewish populations had been frequent and bloody.
• The British rulers of Palestine decided on a repression of the Arabic people to keep the peace. By 1947 this had achieved an unhappy calm between all three groups.
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May 15 1948?• The United Nations Partition Plan
(1947) had decided that partition was the best way to stop the fighting in Palestine. The Jews were to get c.55% of the land, and the Arabs, 45%.
• Naturally, the Palestinian Arabs rejected it.
• All sides knew, however, that the British rule was coming to an end. Their ‘Mandate’ (permission) to rule only lasted until May 15, 1948.
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UN PARTITION PLAN 1947
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May 14, 1948-Israeli Independence Day.
• The Arabic Palestinians moved first. There was a wave of anti-Jewish protests, Jewish shops were looted, and Jewish people attacked.
• The Jewish provisional government decided that they had to act independently. They felt that they had to act for themselves- and not wait for the British to leave.
• May 14, 1948 The Prime Minister Ben Gurion declared the Independence of Israel, only one day before the end of the mandate, and in a climate of fear and violence.
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David Ben Gurion.1886-1976
• Prime Minister of Israel 1948-1953, and 1955-1963.
• Born in Poland. He left in 1906 because of pogroms.
• Joined the British army in 1918 and got military experience.
• Ardent Zionist but not an extremist. Refused terrorism as a political tool.
• Urged Jews to form military self-defence force (Haganah).
• Declared Israeli independence despite Jewish opposition!
(Passed 6-4)• Credited with unifying all Jewish
forces into one IDF (Israeli defence force)
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Israel’s Independence May 14, 1948
Israel was quickly recognised by the USA and Russia. They were powerful, and rich, friends.
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1948-9 Israeli War of Independence
• Arab League countries declared war on the new Israel immediately. Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Jordan and Lebanon all planned invasions.
• The idea was to crush Israel before it could become established.
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1948 Arab Invasion plans of Israel ( in red.)
From Lebanon and Syria
From Transjordan and Iraq
From Egypt
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The war itself
• It was a disaster for the Arabic nations. The Israeli forces were far stronger than any of them expected.
• Many Jews had fought in World War II and they had reasonable weaponry-mostly also from World war II.
• The Jewish army also greatly increased in size, whereas the Arab forces grew only slowly..
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Army sizes
• Israeli Forces 1948
• Initial Strength: 29,000
• October: 92,275
• January: 108,300
Arab forces 1948
• July: 40,000
• October: 55,000
• January: 60,000
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The Avia S-199 Israel’s first fighter plane.
World War II experts may recognise it- it is, ironically, the old German Messerschmitt BF 109
which was now used by Israel to fight it’s old enemy the Spitfire- now being flown by the Egyptians. Israel also managed to buy some
Spitfires too!
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Israeli children today still make models of their nation’s
first plane.
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Old military equipment. This gun was pre-World War One vintage.
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Arab soldiers firing on an Israeli settlement
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Results of the war• Only the Jordanians and the Egyptians
made any real gains. The Jordanians grabbed East Jerusalem and the ‘West Bank’ land. The Egyptians gained a strip of coast-line called the ‘Gaza strip’.
• Elsewhere the Arabic forces were all pushed back.
• 1949 the United Nations declared a cease-fire on the ‘Green Line’.
• Israel signed armistice agreements with all the Arab states.
• Israel had expanded by another 25%!
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‘West Bank’-Jordanian
Gaza Strip-Egyptian
Israel
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Nakba ‘disaster’
• Up to ¾ of a million Arab Palestinians lost their homes in the war and fled South or East.
• Massive refugee camps sprang up and conditions were horrific.
• These camps proved ideal places for Arab resistance movements to begin recruiting members.
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Palestinian Arab
refugees
The seeds of years of future discontent ?
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More refugees…
• Meanwhile Jewish people fled in the into Israel, Europe, or even to the USA.
• Israel’s population doubled as Arabic states all expelled their Jewish population.
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Point of principal
• For now, Israel had won her right to exist.
• The Arab league had to think again before challenging this right.
• Palestinians who had lost homes were a strong voice of protest against the new Israeli state.
• Ben Gurion was a national hero.