THE ROOTS OF GENOCIDE RACE, ETHNICITY, AND POWER IN RWANDAN COLONIAL HISTORY.
Transcript of THE ROOTS OF GENOCIDE RACE, ETHNICITY, AND POWER IN RWANDAN COLONIAL HISTORY.
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THE ROOTS OF GENOCIDERACE, ETHNICITY, AND POWER IN RWANDAN COLONIAL HISTORY
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WHO’S HUTU? WHO’S TUTSI? AND WHY DOES ANYONE CARE?
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RACE IN RWANDA
Three major groups
Hutu (now 85% of population)
Tutsi (14%)
Twa (1%)
Hard to tell how the groups originated, because early Rwandan history was preserved orally
Big question: Are Hutu and Tutsi genetically different, or is their difference socially constructed?
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RWANDA BEFORE IMPERIALISM
First populated by Twa (traditionally forest people)
Hutu and Tutsi pushed out Twa people
Hutu and Tutsi mixed extensively and developed a shared language (Kinyarwanda) and religion
Hutu were farmers
Tutsi were cattle herders – a much more profitable occupation
Tutsi gradually became a social elite
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RWANDAN GOVERNMENT BEFORE IMPERIALISM
Established a monarchy by the 18th century
Most (but not all!) government officials were cattle-owners, or Tutsis
People generally married within their social class (cattle-owners or farmers)
Consequently, physical distinctions between groups emerged
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RACE, ETHNICITY, AND IMPERIALISM
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EUROPEANS IN RWANDA: A BRIEF TIMELINE
1899 – Germany colonizes Rwanda1919 – Germany loses WWI; Belgium takes over in Rwanda1950s – increasing waves of decolonization around the
world; unrest in Rwanda1959-1961 – Hutu revolution against Tutsis and Belgians1962 – Rwanda becomes independent
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THE HAMITIC THEORY
Developed by John Hanning Speke, a British explorer
Published 1863
Described Africans as belonging to two races: Hamitic – more “civilized” and originating in
Ethiopia (and looking more like Caucasians)
Negroid – more “barbaric” and originating in Central Africa
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HOW DID THE BELGIANS RULE RWANDA?
Believed in the Hamitic theory
1920s: changes in government Required all government officials to be Tutsi
More power to central authorities
1933-34: issued identity cards listing a person’s race
Taught Tutsi superiority and racial differences
Effects: Limited opportunities for Hutu resentment
Sense of superiority among Tutsi
Reinforced idea that races were different
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DIFFERENCES IN CHARACTERISTICS
Hutu Tutsi
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THE END OF EMPIRE
1945: Belgium starts preparing for Rwandan independence
Gradual attempts to include Hutu in public life
Hutu start organizing opposition to Belgian rule and Tutsi supremacy
1957: Hutu Manifesto – published by Hutu activists
Describes Tutsi as “foreign invaders”
Calls for majority rule in Rwanda
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THE HUTU REVOLUTION
PARMEHUTU (Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement) founded 1957 – all-Hutu political party
November 1959: violence between Tutsi and Hutu political activists
1960 and 1961: PARMEHUTU wins local elections
Belgium actively encourages Hutu violence against Tutsis
1962: Rwanda achieves independence
Nearly 20,000 Tutsi killed and 160,000 made refugees
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THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
1962-1973: PARMEHUTU rules Rwanda; systematic violence against Tutsis
1973: General Juvenal Habyarimana stages a coup and makes himself president
Passed stronger laws against Tutsis
1990-1993: Rwandan Civil War
Rwandan Patriotic Front – primarily Tutsi exiles
Led to backlash against Tutsis in Rwanda
April 6, 1994: Habyarimana killed in a plane crash