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Transcript of The Roman Empire LVHS
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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
1) Why did people settle in Italy [Rome].
2) What various people made up the Roman people?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
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LEGENDARY BEGINNINGS
Long before Rome was a village,the Greeks fought against the
city of Troy
Among the Trojan warriors was
Aeneas, a poor sheepherder
Aeneas fought bravely against
the Greeks, but ultimately Troyfell
On the last night of the battle,
Hector appeared to Aeneas and
told him to flee
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LEGENDARY BEGINNINGS
Aeneas took his family and leftTroy. He lost his wife.
He wandered for many years insearch of a new place to call home
He had many adventures and wasultimately led by Athena to Italy
Eventually he found the TiberRiver and landed near Rome
He married a new wife, founded anew city called Alba Longa
His later decedents helped foundRome
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LEGENDARY BEGINNINGS
Another legend holds that Rome was founded byRomulus and Remus on April 21, 753 BC
These were the two sons of Rhea and Mars
Rhea, a Trojan princess was raped by Mars
Rheas husband told her to drown the boys
They were rescued and raised by a she-wolf
As they grew older they quarreled over whoshould rule their new land
Romulus named the city
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LAND AND PEOPLE
Italy is a peninsula extending
about 750 miles north to south
Width averages about 120miles
Italy is rather isolated, being
bordered on the north by the
Alps
It also has the Apennines
running north to southdividing the nation in half
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LAND AND PEOPLE
People were interested in Italydue to its central location
It is positioned where they couldtrade with Asia, Europe and
Africa
Italy also has great naturalborders
The soil is much more rich than
Greece and better for farming
Much of this is due to theApennines which brings silt tothe lowlands
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LAND AND PEOPLE
While this silt created good
farmland it also blocked the
mouths of rivers
Vast swamplands formed atleading to disease
Italy also lacks natural harbors
The early inhabitants were tied
to the land
Dominance at sea came later
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LAND AND PEOPLE
The neolithic people were thefirst to settle in Italy around
5000 BC
They built villages in the hillsand formed many tribes
New waves of people came
and settled from 2000 BC to
1000 BC
The Etruscans settled in the
North while the Umbrians and
Latins settled in central Italy
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LAND AND PEOPLE
Greeks settlers arrived later
around 900 BC
They traders sailed up thePeninsula and traded olives
and grapes
They also introduced the Greek
alphabet
Many Greeks settled in Sicilyand Southwest Italy
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HISTORICAL BEGINNINGS
The Etruscans in the northremain a great enigma to
historians
They did not speak a Indo-
European language
Their alphabet is similar to the
Greeks but only a few words
have been deciphered
Wall paintings and remains tellus a great deal
The Etruscans were great
innovators
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LAND AND PEOPLE
The Latin tribe settled to the
south of the Etruscans
Their city, Rome, is located in
central Italy
It is nestled in the mountains
along the Tiber River
Rome was good for farming,
trade, and defensible
The Tiber was inland, far
enough to allow trade, but also
safe against intruders and
pirates
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HISTORICAL BEGINNINGS
In 620 BC, the Etruscans
gained control of Rome
The powerful Tarquin family
ruled over them
They taught the Latin tribe
how to build with bricks androof with tile
They also taught the Latins art,
paved streets, and how to
build with arches
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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
1) How did Rome develop into a Republic?
2) How does a republic differ from a directdemocracy?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
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A NEW GOVERNMENT
In 620 BC, the Etruscans seized
control of Rome
In 534, Tarquin the Proud ruled
over Rome with violence
The Romans rose up andoverthrew the Etruscan king
The Romans created a new
government system
It was based on democratic
principals and called a
Republic
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A NEW GOVERNMENT
The Republic was stillinfluenced by Etruscan rule
Under the king, people were
called as advisors
Many were likely familymembers and were called
Patres or fathers
Other advisors were called
senators after Senex old men
After the king was removed,
these powerful advisors stillheld control
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A NEW GOVERNMENT
Most of Rome was made up of
farmers and craftsman
The Romans called them
Plebeians [commoners]
Both the Patricians fathers
and the Plebeians
commoners had voting
rights
At first only the Patricians held
public offices and created laws
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A NEW GOVERNMENT
The Patrician class organized
the government into two
bodies
An executive and a legislative
branch
The legislative branch
consisted of the assembly and
the senate who created laws
Roman senators were electedby the Plebeians and served a
life term in office
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A NEW GOVERNMENT
The executive branch washeaded by two consuls
These two men were also
elected into office and served a
one year term
They had to both agree upon
any action for it to be put into
effect
One could veto I forbid the
other
In times of crisis a temporarydictator could be elected
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A NEW GOVERNMENT
In 494 BC, many plebeians wereangered at their government
They represented the majoritybut had little voice ingovernment affairs
They refused to fight in theRoman army unless there waschange
The Patricians agreed to reforms
They allowed the plebeians theright to veto and make laws
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A NEW GOVERNMENT
The plebeians slowly moved Rome
towards democracy
The greatest plebeian victory was
the creation of written law
Previous laws benefited the rich and
powerful
Now the laws were equal
They were engraved on bronzetablets and set in the Roman forum
for all to see
It worked in similar fashion as our
constitution
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RELIGION
In early Roman history, theyworshipped spirits of nature
They had priests called
soothsayers who would
foretell the future
They did this by observing the
flight of birds and animal
intestines
Then the Romans began to be
influenced by Greek culture
Their spirits began to be calledGods and Goddesses
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RELIGION
They borrowed Greek Godsand Goddesses and gave them
Roman names
Ares = Mars, Aphrodite =
Venus and Zeus = Jupiter
Some aspects however were
distinctly Roman
They worshiped ancestralspirits
They also worshipped vesta,
the goddess of the hearth
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RELIGIONVesta was the goddess of home andfamily
At her shrines fires were burnedrepresenting life and the spirit ofcreation
The fires were kept alight and watchedover by Rome's only priest class, thevestal virgins
They tended the fires and made a 30 yearvow of chastity
Without them, it was believed Romewould not exist and it would lose contactwith the Gods
They enjoyed great freedom andprivileges but breaking their oaths was
severe
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FAMILY
Family was a core component ofRoman life
Families were large in size andincluded unmarried children,married sons, relatives and slaves
The father was the head of alldecisions, religion and education
He had the power to sell family
members into slavery or even killthem
Fathers however had a deepresponsibility to provide for itsmembers
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FAMILY
Roman wives had few rights butmore than Greek women
They hosted parties, cared for thefamily
Many had slaves who helped withhousehold work
Some spent their time learningGreek and running shops
Roman values surrounded theideas of thrift, discipline, selfsacrifice, and devotion to familyand the republic
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FOOD
Wealthy Romans reclined on theircouches while slaves fed them
Favored meals were: Boiled stingray
garnished with hot raisins, boiled
crane with turnips,roasted rabbit,
boar leg, wood pigeon baked pie,roasted flamingo with dates honey
and wine
Garum and Defrutum were used as
condiments
In later years, many Romans
practiced binge eating
They also had odd oral hygiene
practices
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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
1) How did Rome develop into an Empire?
2) What conflict ushered in the Roman Golden Age?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
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EXPANSION
From 500 to 300 BC, Rome faced manythreats from its neighbors
To protect the new Republic, Rome
began a conquest of Italy
The most difficult challenge that facedthe Roman were the Greeks in SouthernItaly
The King of Macedon, Pyrrhus, came tohelp the Greek colonies
Each time the Romans attacked, theGreek armies threw them back
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EXPANSION
At the battle of Heraclea in 280 BC theGreeks prevailed though lost many oftheir best warriors
Pyrrhus offered a peace treaty to Romewhich they rejected
He then attacked Sicily and won, butlost more men
When he returned to Italy, the Romans
had built up another army
Pyrrhus won that battle in 275 but hisarmy was so depleted he withdrew
Winning through defeat is called a
Pyrrhic Victory
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EXPANSION
In 264 BC, Rome was back at war
An incredible sea power, Carthage, hadseized the Strait of Messina
Full scale war erupted between the twoancient powers
Carthage had existed for generations
They were kings of the Mediterranean
No one could challenge their power atsea
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EXPANSION
Their capital was situated in N. Africa
They controlled many of the islandsthat bordered Italy and Rome
War with Carthage would continue formany years
Today we see the conflict as 3 distinctwars
They have been referred to as the PunicWars
Punici is Latin for Phoenician
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EXPANSION
Rome had a difficult time withCarthage in the 1st Punic War
Rome was a land power, not good at
sea
When the Carthaginians defeated theRoman fleet, Rome built another
They created new tactics and invented
the Corvus or crow
The crow locked ships together andallowed the Roman to board their ships
This put Rome at an advantage
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A ROMAN SEA BATTLE
FROM BEN HUR
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A ROMAN SEA BATTLE
FROM BEN HUR
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EXPANSION
With the Corvus and a new fleet, Romedefeated Carthage
Rome added its first of many provinces,Sicily
Carthage however vowed revenge
They took control of Spain, and began
constructing a land army
This army would come to be lead byone of the greatest generals of theancient world, Hannibal
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EXPANSIONThe 2nd Punic War began whenHannibal led his army over the frostyAlps
He had 46,000 men in his army, alongwith 37 war elephants
Most of his elephants died crossing theAlps but this did not deter Hannibal
He met the Romans at several battlesand won victory after victory
The Romans combined all their legionsinto one great army to defeat Hannibal
The Battle of Cannae is one of the
worlds greatest ancient battles
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THE BATTLE OF CANNAE
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THE BATTLE OF CANNAE
Strength: Carthaginians = 35,000 Roman = 86,400
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THE BATTLE OF CANNAE
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THE BATTLE OF CANNAE
Losses: Carthage = 6,000 Rome= 76,000
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EXPANSION
After defeating the Romans at Cannae,Hannibal led his army to the gates ofRome
He feared being surrounded and hismen were low on supplies
Instead, Hannibal decided to attacksurrounding villages, and get Romesenemies to fight along side him
This permitted the Roman army time tore-group
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EXPANSION
The Roman army was then placed inthe hands ofScipio
Scipio was a brilliant general
He decided not to attack Hannibal inItaly, but to ravage his homelandCarthage as the army was away
As Scipio marched on Carthage
Hannibal had to leave quickly to protecthis homeland
Scipio and Hannibal met at the Battle ofZama
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EXPANSIONAmazingly, Scipio used the same battletactics Hannibal used at Cannae
Hannibal was later pursued, when onthe brink of capture, he took poison
Years later, Carthage and Rome went to
war again, urged by the Roman senatorCato
This time Rome had had enough
The 3rd Punic War involved Scipio
burning Carthage to the ground
With the defeat of Carthage, Romegained Sicily, Corsica and N. Africa
Empire building had begun
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION
1) How was the Roman military able to dominateEurope?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
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Rome leaned heavily on the strength of its
superior army
Since the 6th century BC, Rome had studied
and imported Greek ideals into its armies
For many years they fought in phalanxs
Later they expanded and elongated the size
of the phalanx
The typical Roman legion was composed of
6,000 soldiers
Legions were divided into maniples/cohorts
Those in turn were divided into centuries
THE ROMAN MILITARY
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The Roman legions were great atadaptation
They constantly improved uponweaponry and tactics
The short gladius replaced the spear,though the Roman pilium was notwithout use
Better armor was created
They adopted the shield from theGreeks and improved its length
They also improved the Macedoniansiege machines
THE ROMAN MILITARY
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Roman persistence, pride, discipline
and adaptation was paramount to theirsuccess
Many of the early legions were named
They carried the banner of their legion
and the standard of Rome, The Eagle
SPQR stood for: Senatus PopulusqueRomanus The Senate and People ofRome
If a legion was defeated and lost itsEagle standard it incurred great shame
With this elite fighting unit there waslittle that could stand in their way from
total conquest of Europe
THE ROMAN MILITARY
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Romes had a strong military due to
several reasons
Every male citizen had to serve in the
army
Roman soldiers were well trained,
deserters were punished by death
They were kept busy building roads and
creating forts and garrisons. Many were
paid in salt.
Rome was both cruel and merciful
Those who surrendered were annexed
into Rome as citizens and enjoyed Roman
rights and protection
Those who resisted were put to the sword
THE ROMAN MILITARY
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A great example of Roman military prowess isthe rebellion of Boudicca
Rome entered England in 43AD
Britain was full of several warring tribes
One of the largest was the Iceni tribe
When the Romans hunted down andslaughtered the druids, the Iceni declared war
They Iceni destroyed a Roman legion and
burned London to the ground
They were led by Boudicca
The greatest showdown took place at WatlingStreet where 230,000 Iceni stood against 10,000Romans
THE ROMAN MILITARY
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BOUDICCAS REBELLION
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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
1) What problems did the Republic have that led to itsdownfall?
2) How and why did Julius Caesar overthrow theRoman Republic?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
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CONQUEST AND CRISISFor the next 50 years Rome wouldcontinue to expand its reign over theMediterranean Sea
Shortly after defeating Carthage, Romebegan a war against Greece
First it took Greek colonies
Then it marched on Macedonia itself
Later it annexed all of Greece and even
extended itself into Asia minor
By 126 BC Rome and conquered all theMediterranean
It renamed the Sea, Mare Nostrum
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Romes rapid expansion did not alwaysmean progress
Wealthy Romans pounced on the newlyadded territories
They used them for their own profit
By 100 BC, 30% of the Romanpopulation consisted of slaves
There was little need for farmers as thewealthy took the land and worked itthrough slave labor
The streets of Rome began to fill withthe landless poor
CONQUEST AND CRISIS
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The gap between the rich and poorwidened as did the peoples patience
Revolts became common place, Romehad to use its legions to keep the revolts
down
In 73 BC, a slave named Spartacus led amassive slave uprising
70,000 slaves united and ravished the
Italian countryside
The army of Spartacus was defeatedand 6000 were crucified along theAppian Way
CONQUEST AND CRISIS
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Tiberius Grachus, a Roman tribuneproposed land be taken from the richand redistributed to the poor
He was killed for his beliefs
Years later his brother Gaius gainedground fighting for the same thing andwas assassinated
With all of the political corruption,
many people turned to the army forhelp
The Roman Consul Marius was soonregarded as a savior
CONQUEST AND CRISIS
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In 113 BC, a series of Germanic tribesthreatened Rome
Marius reorganized the army and hiredthe landless poor by offering them landand wages
Marius led the Roman legions to victoryduring the crisis and became a hero
As a result of Mariuss reforms, soldierscame to honor the general of the Roman
army, not the senate
Fearing Mariuss power, the senateappointed Cornelius Sulla as dictatorand had him lead an army againstMarius
CONQUEST AND CRISIS
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Marius was defeated and had to live inexile
With Marius gone, the people of Rometurned to another general,Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar was born into thePartician Julia family
His ancestry was traced all the wayback to Aenaes himself
His mother had complications givingbirth to him and he had to be cut out
Thus the word Caesarian was born
CONQUEST AND CRISIS
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EXPANSIONCaesar was targeted by Sulla because hewas the nephew of Marius
His mother however saved his life
Caesar joined the army and served well
as a soldier
Later he returned home to find thatmost of his inheritance had beendestroyed or taken by Sulla
Caesar returned to the military andwhile at duty in Spain came across astatue of Alexander the Great
He was distraught at how little he hadaccomplished in life
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EXPANSION
Caesars popularity as a soldier soonhad him rising through the ranks
Eventually his success earned himelection as Consul
His stint as Consul did not go over well
Returning home, in debt and in ill favor,he decided to plunder Gaul and make aname for himself
Gaul was an area no Roman had beenable to take
Caesar decided it was free for his taking
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CAESARS MARCH TO GAUL
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CAESARS MARCH TO GAUL
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EXPANSION
Caesar adopted a plan of divide andconquer to subdue Gaul
He appeased and bought some tribeswhile waging war on others
Eventually, the Gauls began to uniteunder the leadership ofVercingetorix
Vercingetorix was proclaimed king and
defeated Caesars army
Vercingetorix received many losses inthe battle and retreated to a highmountain fort for protection
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EXPANSION
Julius Caesar devised an incredible plan
First he laid siege to the mountain lair
Hearing more Gauls were coming,
Caesar had to construct a second wallfor protection
Thus, one wall was used to assaultVercingetorix and another to defend
their position
This is the only time in history that adoughnut shaped defense has ever beenused
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VERCINGETORIX
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VERCINGETORIX
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EMPIRE
Caesars fame grew immense in all ofRome
Caesar was a bold, brave, and lovablegeneral
The senate did not enjoy that so manyadored him
In fear, they called him to the city, told
him to leave his army behind
Caesar feared a plot of assassination
He knew how corrupt senators could be
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EMPIRECaesar had to make a critical choice
He decided to march to Rome with hisarmy
He crossed the Rubicon, leading to the
modern phrase
As Rome saw Caesar, they feared hewas going to try and take their power,they sent out an army to attack him
The result was another Civil War
When the dust settled, Julius Caesarhad won
He assumed the role of dictator for life
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EMPIRE
Caesar began many reforms
He redistributed land to the poor
He also re-organized the senate to give
himself more power
Not approving of the loss of power, thesenate grew angry
A plot was hatched to assassinate
Caesar
Caesars good friend, Marc Antony,learned of the plot and ran to informhim
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EMPIRE
He was captured and detained
Caesar was also informed to beware of the
Ides of March [15th]
On that day, as he was gathered to meet
with senators the trap was sprung
One senator approached Caesar from
behind and stabbed him in the neck
As he tried to flee he tripped and fell and
was stabbed an additional 23 times
The Senates hope was to regain control
What they caused was another Civil War
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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
1) What form of government did Rome adopt under
Octavian [Augustus]
2) What kinds of problems emerged under the PaxRomana?
3) How did leaders like Caligula preclude Romes fall?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
EMPIRE
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EMPIRE
Two figures arose in the wake of JuliusCaesars death
His nephew Octavian and his cousinMarcus Antonius
Julius made Octavian his legal heir in his
will
With riots breaking out in Rome over thedeath of Caesar, Octavian and MarcAntony schemed for control
The two divided the Empire, Antony overthe east, Octavian over the west
While this ordeal worked for awhile,eventually they both clashed
EMPIRE
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Antony fell for Caesars old lover,Cleopatra of Egypt
Octavian convinced the Romans thatAntony and Cleopatra were conspiring forRome
He went to war with Antony
Antony, upon defeat, fell on his sword andinto Cleopatras arms
She allowed a poisonous snake to bite her
Octavian became the sole ruler of Rome
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EMPIRE
Octavian was declared Augustus, orrevered one
Octavian then became imperator, or
emperor of Rome
The Republic was no more
Augustus Caesar then instituted manyreforms and transformed Rome from
wood to marble
He ushered in the Pax Romana, 100years of peace and prosperity
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AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
Octavian wanted prestige like his uncleJulius
He decided to send the Roman armiesinto Germania
As the Roman legions entered the wetTuetoburg Forest they were surrounded
The German tribes annihilated the
Roman army [20,000 killed]
The defeat would later be avenged by apromising young general namedGermanicus Julius Caesar
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AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
As Augustus neared death, heproclaimed Tiberius Julius Caesaremperor
Tiberius was another general but of no
relation to Augustus
Tiberius was never comfortable beingemperor
Many favored Germanicus, the greatwar hero
Tiberius enjoyed power and sawGermanicus as a threat
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AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
Tiberius sent Germanicus to Egypt
Away from Romes watchful eye hestruck
Germanicus mysteriously died
Many suspected that Tiberius had himsecretly killed
The wife of Germanicus and his eldest
son were exiled and they committedsuicide
His other son was put in prison andstarved to death
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THE DEATH OF GERMANICUS
O SS
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AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
Germanicus youngest son was namedGaius Germanicus
As Germanicus traveled amongst hissoldiers with his young son in tow,
soldiers began to call the child Caligula,little boots
Caligula was spared death by Tiberius
He was raised by Tiberius when the
emperor was living at his retreat on theIsland of Capri
Here Caligula was subject to all kinds ofterrible things, his mind twisted
AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
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AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
As Tiberius grew old, Caligula struckand killed him in secret, seizing power
In his first two years he was immenselypopular, riding on the prestige of his
father
In the 3rd year of his reign, Caligula felldeathly ill
When he came back he was a different
person
He killed scores of people he believedwere plotting to kill him; close relativesand members of the Praetorian guard
AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
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AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
Soon, Caligula began to live inextravagance
Eating and drinking, wasting thepublics money
His wealthy lifestyle soon bankruptedRome, which in turn caused him to taxeverything and everyone for money
He taxed food, prostitutes, poor and
even killed wealthy citizens to acquiretheir property
When the public turned on him, hebuilt two massive floating ships on lakeNemi as a retreat
AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
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AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
Soon Caligula began claiming that hewas a God
He started to dress as Hercules, Apolloand even Venus
Other scandals surrounded Caligulaslife, scandals such as: raping the wivesof other men, then bragging about it.Killing for amusement. Erecting a statueof himself in Jerusalem for worship.Making his horse a consul
Eventually Caligula was assassinatedby his own guard
Poor leadership such as this broughtRome to its knees
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AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
Following the death of Caligula, thePraetorian Guard proclaimed Claudiusas Emperor
He was the brother of Tiberius
Claudius was not well received by thepeople of Rome
He walked with a limp and was
partially deaf
He proved a great leader however,conquering Britain and building twogreat aqueducts
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION
1) How did Rome treat early Christians? Why?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
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Claudius had a wife named Agrippina
He frequently quarreled with her andvowed to adopt another child as his son
Some sources say that she poisoned his
food with mushrooms so her son couldbecome Caesar
Upon the death of Claudius, Nerobecame emperor of Rome
Nero was young, only 17, and thus hismother often made decisions for him
Many felt Rome was in the hands ofAgrippina
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Nero began to exercise his ownauthority and pushed his mother aside
She threatened to put his brother intopower so Nero had him put to death
Later, after other attempts to wrenchaway control, Nero had his motherkilled
Some sources indicate that he killed hispregnant wife
He later decided that he wanted tobuild a luxurious palace
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The problem with his desire was therewas nowhere in Rome where be could
build
He thus decided to set fire to the city
It was said that as people fled, he stoodatop the the walls and played his lyre
He blamed the fire on Christians andthus commenced the Great Persecution
To re-build Rome, he raised taxes whichled to his unpopularity
Rather than be removed he committedsuicide
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Leaders like Caligula and Nero beganRomes demise
The end would not come yet
The city would look outward to themilitary for good leadership
In the process, borders broke down,armies were defeated and enemies
began to surround Rome
The Empire would live on but thewriting was on the wall
EARLY CHRISTIANITY
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EARLY CHRISTIANITY
Augustus Caesar, relied heavily uponreligion
Saw Romes success was based upon its
worship of the Gods
Romans worshipped the same Gods asthe Greeks, only under different names
Their chief Gods and Goddesses were:
Jupiter, Mars, Juno and Minerva
The Romans were tolerant to allreligions
EARLY CHRISTIANITY
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As Rome conquered the Middle East,other religions came to Rome
Many Roman citizens were quick toadopt these new religions, because they
provided answers to the afterlife
Christianity would have the greatestaffect of all the religions upon Rome
Christianity arose out of Judaism,which is the Jewish faith
It originated in Jerusalem, in modernday Israel
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In 6 AD, Jerusalem fell under thecontrol of Rome
Under the bondage of Roman rule,many Jews adhered to the teachings ofthe Old Testament in the Bible
On such scripture told of the coming ofa Messiah, or anointed one, who wouldcome and save them
Jesus Christ proclaimed himself thisperson
The Jews were split over him, manybelieved in his teachings, others rejectedhim because he was not a military man
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Jesus taught the people to love one
another, not to hate and kill
This was not seen in good light by all
Soon, many rallied and desired that
Jesus be put to death
He was given a Roman trial, anddespite a valid trial, he was put to death
by crucifixion
His followers proclaimed he had risenfrom the dead after the 3rd day,conquering death
His teachings continued to be taughtand many would be converted
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EARLY CHRISTIANITYJesus, upon his resurrection, told hisdisciples to continue to preach his word
They then went out and taught all overthe world
Their story is found, as well as the
teachings of Jesus, in the NewTestament of the Bible
Peter, went to Rome, experiencedsuccess but was ultimately put to death
by upside down crucifixion
James went to Spain and he was killedas well as many others
Christianity however, could not be
stopped
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EARLY CHRISTIANITYIn 70 AD, Jerusalem was completelydestroyed by Titus
Over 1 million people were killed
The last remnants were killed atop thefortified city of Masada
Many committed suicide rather thanRoman Capture
Those who survived were taken captiveback to Jerusalem
The Jewish temple was destroyed, itsriches carried back to Rome
The slaves and captured goods would fund
the construction of the Coliseum in Rome
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EARLY CHRISTIANITYIn 70 AD, Jerusalem was completelydestroyed by Titus
Over 1 million people were killed
The last remnants were killed atop thefortified city of Masada
Many committed suicide rather thanRoman Capture
Those who survived were taken captiveback to Jerusalem
The Jewish temple was destroyed, itsriches carried back to Rome
The slaves and captured goods would fund
the construction of the Coliseum in Rome
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The site where Christ was crucified wastransformed into a Roman temple
Christs tomb was allegedly buried by
the Romans to make them forget
Upon the tomb was constructed aRoman temple to Venus
Temples to Venus were essentially
houses of prostitution
The actual site however, is still heavilydebated
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Over time, many in Rome wouldconvert
This eventually became a majorproblem to Roman authority
As early as 54 AD, Christians began tobe persecuted in Rome
Nero blamed them for the fire that hadburned the city
Later, as Roman power began todecline, many Romans blamedChristians for their fall and defeats
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Under Diocletian, Rome underwent arecovery project to protect the Empire
All citizens were told to worship theEmperors Gods
When Christians refused, they wereseverely persecuted, an event known as
the Great Persecution
1000s were put to death
Co-Emperor Galerius would feed
Christians to the lions for entertainmentwhile he ate lunch
Competitions were held to see whocould persecute and kill a Christian inthe most horrible way
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Despite the persecutions, Christianswould adhere to their beliefs
Their church meetings would be heldunderground in tunnels beneath Rome
Here we find the earliest of Christianart called the Orans
Christianity would ultimately win
supreme victory over Rome
It would all happen with the reign ofConstantine the Great
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Despite the persecutions, Christianswould adhere to their beliefs
Their church meetings would be heldunderground in tunnels beneath Rome
Here we find the earliest of Christianart called the Orans
Christianity would ultimately win
supreme victory over Rome
It would all happen with the reign ofConstantine the Great
EARLY CHRISTIANITY
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EARLY CHRISTIANITY
Despite the persecutions, Christianswould adhere to their beliefs
Their church meetings would be heldunderground in tunnels beneath Rome
Here we find the earliest of Christianart called the Orans
Christianity would ultimately win
supreme victory over Rome
It would all happen with the reign ofConstantine the Great
EARLY CHRISTIANITY
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EARLY CHRISTIANITY
Despite the persecutions, Christianswould adhere to their beliefs
Their church meetings would be heldunderground in tunnels beneath Rome
Here we find the earliest of Christianart called the Orans
Christianity would ultimately win
supreme victory over Rome
It would all happen with the reign ofConstantine the Great
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION
1) What impact did Constantine have on Rome andWestern Civilization?
2) Why did Constantine build a new city in the east?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
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The Emperor Marcus Aurelius died in180 AD
He was considered the last of the greatRoman Emperors
The years that followed would becomeembroiled in chaos and Civil War
From the years 235 to 284, twenty two
people were named Emperor
Most were powerful military leaders,seizing power, only to be assassinated
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CONVERSION & DECLINEWhile turmoil and decay persistedinside of Rome, enemies tookadvantage
In Persia, the Sassanid Empire retookmany Roman lands
Germanic tribes began to win victoriesin Gaul, Spain, and the Balkans
Also the 3rd century experienced amassive plague
Trade reduced dramatically, in manyareas money was reduced to barter
Things got so bad that Rome began torecruit German mercenaries to fight for
them
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A last effort was put forth by theEmperor Diocletian to stop thedownward spiral
He formed the Tetrarchy, composed of 4emperors
He repaired and restored the economy
He rebuilt and fortified the Romanborders
He also unified Rome in religion,beginning the great persecution
In all, he restored Rome to a sense ofnormalcy
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CONVERSION & DECLINE
One of the tetrarchs was Constantius
Constantius reigned in Gaul andBritannia
His son Constantine was born inIlliyricum
Constantius was a good man, did notpersecute the Christians
Galerius took the initiative to raiseConstantine
Purpose was to keep his power in check
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Many times, Galerius secretly tried tokill Constantine by putting him inimpossible battles
Time and again Constantine would win
In time, as Constantine grew, his fatherbecame ill in Britannia
Called for his son to return
In a drunken stupor, Galerius permittedConstantine to leave
Constantine found and lived with hisfather for one year in Britannia
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When Constantius died, Constantinewas made his replacement
In Rome, the people protested a new taxand selected Maxentius to becomeCaesar
Maxentius, declared war onConstantine in order to take his position
Efforts were made to attack Maxentiusbut no one could assault the AurelienWall
Thus it was left to the young andundefeated Constantine to remove theusurper
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CONVERSION & DECLINE
Constantine took his army into Italy to
attack and rescue Rome
He first had to attack a small town justinside the Alps, Torino
Burned the cities gates, the citysurrendered
The next city, terrified, welcomed himwith open arms
Later he fought the Roman HeavyCalvary, beat them by creating ironclubs
Finally, he fought and laid siege toVerona, secured his rear
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Next objective was to assault Rome
No one in over 1000 years had defeatedthe capital city
Aurilian Wall was seen as impregnable
Constantine knew he was outnumberedand the battle seemed almost hopeless
In his march to Rome, he went out and
prayed
Prayed to the highest God for assistance
He received an answer
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As Constantine prayed he saw in thesky the Christian Chi Rho
He then heard the words, En hoc singo
vinces by this sign you shall conquer
Constantine took this as an answer tohis prayers
Marked all of his mens shields, armor
and flags with the Christian Chi Rho
Began his march onward to Rome
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CONVERSION & DECLINE
As Constantine prayed he saw in thesky the Christian Chi Rho
He then heard the words, En hoc singo
vinces by this sign you shall conquer
Constantine took this as an answer tohis prayers
Marked all of his mens shields, armor
and flags with the Christian Chi Rho
Began his march onward to Rome
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CONVERSION & DECLINE
Maxentius too had consulted the sagesfor wisdom
Received a prophecy that foretold his
victory
He marched out to fight Constantine inpitched battle, leaving the city walls
The battle took place near the Mulvian
Bridge
Maxentius had a deceptive plan
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Maxentius believed he could lureConstantine across the Mulvian Bridgewhich was made of boats
Then, when Constantine was atop thebridge, they would pull the pins and
drown him
In the battle, Constantine was soferocious that Maxentius men werepushed into the Tiber River
As Maxentius retreated, luringConstantine across the bridge, hehimself fell in and drown
The body was found and decapitated
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Constantines army then marched intoRome bearing the Christian symbols
With the victory Constantine convertedto Christianity
As Constantine converted, and peopleheard of his victory over Rome, theyassumed his God to be true
Constantine then had to learn what it
was to be a Christian
Went to great efforts to restore whathad been lost
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Sick of Rome and its politics,Constantine decided to build a newcapital in modern day Turkey
He named it Constantinople
It was chosen for it impressive naturaldefense
Also for its easy trade access to the east
Another reason was to create a
Christian capital, untainted by paganbeliefs
Some historians consider this event theend of the Roman Empire
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CONV S ON & C N
Constantine would lead in a new age of
progress for Rome
He would organize the Roman CatholicChurch, or set its foundations
He called the council of Nicaea inattempt to unify all Christians underone doctrine
Many religions see this act as aseparation from truth
In any case, what Constantine did wasraise Christianity to prominence
Without Constantine, Christianity maynot have survived
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After Constantines death, his sonswould take control of the Empire
They proved poor leaders
Focus turned to the east and the westwas left vulnerable
Eventually Rome would comesusceptible to attack due to poor
leadership
Within the next century, the Roman