The Role of Geography in Planning and Decision Making *What does it mean? *What are the desired...
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Transcript of The Role of Geography in Planning and Decision Making *What does it mean? *What are the desired...
The Role of Geography in Planning and Decision Making
*What does it mean? *What are the desired
outcomes and aims?
What is Geographical Decision-Making?
Decision-making is the process of evaluating the alternatives and choosing a course of action in order to solve a problem.
Geographical decision making is the systematic process of evaluation the alternatives and choosing a course of action in order to solve a geographical problem, issue or need.
Geographical decision-making typically involves trying to make sense of, and resolve complicated people – environmental relationships.
Better
Same
Worse
Geographical Decision-Making and the People – Environment Relationship
Present Future
Time
Predicted Trend of Change
Geographical Decisions Strategy
Undesirable Trend Decisions needed to reverse or limit Deterioration
No Change but Decisions needed to sustain Environment
Desirable Trend: Decisions needed to increase rate of Progress
Improve
Maintain
Restore
Qua
lity
of P
eopl
e –
Envi
ronm
ent
Rel
atio
nshi
p
Geography Decision Makers often works with
Complex relationships of issues, options and evidence
Uncertainty about the future
Wide range of natural and cultural factors
Rapidly changing situations
Imperfect or incomplete evidence
Conflicting viewpoints/value judgements
Wide ranging impacts and implications
More than one decision at a time
Different scales local -global
Short and long term timeframes
Geography and PlanningPlanning:
is a PROCESSdone BY PEOPLE for people is about reaching COMPROMISES provides a FRAMEWORK(S) for systematically
gathering and presenting informationincludes EVALUATING and MONITORING the
outcomesresults in BETTER decisions
A prime ingredient of planning is INFORMATION • Relevant• Source• Up to dateRelies on INTERPRETATION• Values • Perceptions• Priorities• Time framesInvolves ACTION implementing decisions• Plans • Concepts• modelDeals with multiple objectives Social, Physical, Environmental,
Economic, Political etc.
- People from different disciplines perceive the situation differently
- Geographers attempt to take all viewpoints into account
Role of Geography in Planning and Decision Making
Geography – is broad basedable to see relationshipsis issues basedinterested in people and the environment relationshipsrelevant skills and concepts
Geographers can provide specialist Input into planning and decision making
Acheivement Standard 90703 (3.3) Level 3 Credits 3
Explain the contribution of geography to planning and decision-making
processes • Achievement• Analyse the planning and decision-making processes. • Explain the contribution of geography to the planning and decision-
making processes.
• Achievement with Merit • Analyse, in detail, the planning and decision-making processes. • Explain, in detail, the contribution of geography to the planning and
decision-making processes.
• Achievement with Excellence• Comprehensively analyse the planning and decision-making
processes. • Explain and evaluate the contribution of geography to the planning
and decision-making processes.
Contribution of Geography to Planning and Decision making
What does the geographer bring to the issue?
Geographers…… Take a broad perspective on an issue Understand Natural and Cultural elements and
interactions Have and use a wide range of skills Use Geographic models Appreciate different perceptions viewpoints and values Apply geographic theories and approaches Use geographic ideas Collect and use a wide range of information
Context• Place • Environment• Connections • interdependence
Change• Historical perspective• Reasons explanations• Processes involved
Choices• Political• Decision making• Processes and
actions• Roles, rights and
responsibilities
Futures• Impact of change• Landscape• Sustainability• Local global• Quality of life• Equity and justice
People and viewpoints
• Community response
• Personal response• Alternative views• Cultural aspects
IssueAnd
Enquiry
1 Context What/where is this place/issue?
2 Change How is it changing?
3 ViewpointsWhy is it
like this?
4 Futures What might the future be probable or preferred?
5 Choices Who will decide?
Outcome
DESISION
Consensus/ negotiation
1
option
2
Option
3
Option
Inve
stig
atio
n P
roce
ss
(Res
earc
h C
ompo
nent
s)
Possible Courses of
Action
Con
stra
ints
Issue Identified
Interested groups & individuals involved
Why do it? To introduce students to informed planing and decision making
processes and the importance of the role of geography within it.
Create an awareness that informed decision making:
Utilises careful planning approaches
Helps to structure and understand the problem/issue
Ensures tasks are accomplished without omission
Frameworks help reduce duplication
Easier to apply the correct techniques at the right time
Provides confidence to tackle any problems
The logical sequence helps presentation
Careful planning can result in better decisions
Invaluable for students’ future activities in their communities and or vocations.
Enables students to appreciate the broader picture, to see local issues, needs case studies in terms of:
- sustainability; - citizenship;- principles of the Treaty of Waitangi; - Kaitiakitanga;- interacting natural and cultural processes and- environmental polices and strategies.
Although the study content will not be directly assessed in the external exams the methods, skills, issues, models,
concepts, ability to analyse and synthesise etc will be indirectly assessed in Achievement Standard 3.4.
Formatting
• Be realistic about 6,000 words plus maps figure diagrams and references
• An abstract (summary of issue, role of geography, background, student’s methods, findings predictions)
• Contents page• Figures list• Introduction integrating the geographic significance and role of
geography into description explanation and background of the issue• Body of report including research methods and findings re alternative
courses of action based on evidence• Conclusion of findings • Recommendation(s) /decision containing a well developed argument
for course of action and weakness / constraints of the other option.• Analysis of Geographer’s contribution including evaluation of the
methodology and validity of findings.
REFERENCESAkehurst, N, et al 2001, University Bursary and Scholarship Geography, ESA Year 13 Study Guide, ESA Publications Auckland.Hensman, J.M. and Hensman, J.R. (Eds), 1992, Planning and Decision-Making, New House, Auckland.Le Heron, R , Flaws, M. & Logie, J. (2003), The role of Geography - Getting the most out of the NZGS Planning and Decision making competition, New Zealand Journal of Geography. Brebner Print, Hamilton.Lennon, B.J. and Cleves, P.G.(1983), Techniques and Fieldwork, Bell and Hyman, LondonMinistry of Education,(1990), Syllabus for Schools: Geography Forms 5-7, Learning Media, Ministry of Education, Wellington.Ministry of the Environment,(1993), People, Policies and Plans: Planning Resource Management in New Zealand at http://.www.mfe.govt.nz
Regional Councils Treaty of Waitangi – consultation
TKI KaitiakitangaAchievement Standards 3.3, 3.5 and 3.6
Transit NZ