The River Valley Civilizations … · Indus River Civilization •Indus River civilization emerged...
Transcript of The River Valley Civilizations … · Indus River Civilization •Indus River civilization emerged...
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The River Valley Civilizations
Tigris-Euphrates, Ancient Egypt, and Indian and Chinese River Valley Civilizations.
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Tigris-Euphrates
• First civilization formed along Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers in Mesopotamia.
– Middle East leaders in agriculture, metalworking, and
village structure.
– Civilization formed from scratch.
• By 3500 BC the Sumerians had established
Cuneiform.
– Began as pictures, but later used geometric shapes
– 300 symbols, but possibly 2000 at first.
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Cuneiform Tablets
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Sumerian Ziggurat
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Tigris-Euphrates
• Sumerian Art:
– Statues filled the temples of the gods. Statues of gods in individual homes.
• Sumerian Science:
– Learned about movement of sun and stars. Created constellation charts still used today.
• Sumerian Religion:
– Complex rituals with patron gods for each city.
– Ziggurats – massive towers operated by professional priests. Polytheistic. Prayer very important to them.
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Tigris-Euphrates
• Sumerian Politics:
– Tightly organized city-states ruled by a king who
claimed divine authority. Court system in interest
of justice. Had slavery (original slave owners).
• Sumerian Economy:
– Agriculture. Used fertilizer. Used silver as early
form of money.
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Tigris-Euphrates
• This region was hard to defend and was always a temptation to invaders (even today).
– Fell to Akkadians who continued much of culture.
– Later conquered by Babylonians – King Hammurabi.
• Hammurabi’s Code: rules of procedure for courts of law and harsh punishments for crime. Ideas used for most judicial systems today.
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Egyptians
• Built up along Nile River in North Africa
around 3000 BC.
• They traded with Mesopotamian societies but
their culture was very different.
• Less open to invasion, and actually maintained
a unified state.
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Egyptians
• Pharaoh was the ruler – had immense power.
• Economy more government directed due to need for complex irrigation.
• Pharaohs thought of as gods.
– Elaborate pyramids built for them from 2700 BC
– This framework of Egyptian society lasted till after 1000 BC.
• Neither hieroglyphs nor science as elaborate as Sumerian, but math more advanced. Idea of 24 hour day.
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Egyptian PyramidsGreat pyramids of Giza. One of the 7 wonders of the World.
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Egyptian
• Art: Lively with cheerful colorful pictures in
tombs, palaces, and furnishings.
• Religion: polytheistic.
– Ra: god of the sun. Eye of Ra popular in
decorations. Many other gods and goddesses.
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Egyptian Mythology
• Ra - God of the Sun• Isis - Mother Goddess• Osiris - God of the Underworld, God of the Dead• Anubis - God of Mummification/Afterlife - Jackal head• Horus - God of the Sky - Falcon head- son of Isis/Osiris• Hathor - Goddess of Love and Fertility• Apep (Apophis) - God of Darkness - serpent head• Ammit - Devourer of the Dead - crocodile head• Amun - The Creator God• Baal - God of Storms• Setesh (Seth) - God of the Desert - dog/fox head
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Egyptian Mythology
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Indus River Civilization
• Indus River civilization emerged by 2500 BC
– Many large cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
– Houses had running water!!!
• Developed own distinct writing and art.
• Indo-Europeans invaded and destroyed this
society, so very little is known about the
nature of this culture or its influence on India.
– Harappan writing has yet to be deciphered.
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Indus River Valley
City
Writing
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Chinese Civilization
• Civilization along the Huang-he (Yellow River)
developed in considerable isolation.
– Civilization legendary in China and people revered
as godlike kings.
• Chinese had elaborate concept of their
history.
– Part fact-part fiction records of early kings.
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Chinese Civilization
• Accomplishments:
– By 2000 BC had advanced technology and
elaborate intellect.
– Learned to ride horses and make pottery.
– By 1000 BC were using iron and coal.
• Writing evolved from knotted ropes to
scratches on bone to the type of symbols we
know today.
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Ancient Chinese Writing
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Judaism
• The Jews gave the world the first monotheistic
religion.
• Settled near the Mediterranean around 1200
BC
• Jewish culture remains much the same today.
• Basis for both Christianity and Islam.
• Religion for Jews is a way of life, not just
traditions and ceremonies.
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Accomplishments of These Civilizations
• Pyramids
• Taming the horse
• Creation of alphabets and writing systems
– Almost all alphabets today derived from some river valley writing system.
• Development of key math concepts (square roots)
• Development of well organized monarchies and beurocracies.
• Invention of functional calendars.
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Decline of River Valley Civilizations
• By 1000 BC most river valley civilizations in
decline.
• They flourished for 2500 years and influenced
later cultures, such as Greeks.
• Phonecians devised simplified alphabet with
22 letters – predecessor of Greek/Latin
alphabet.
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Egyptian Gods & Goddess
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Ra / Re / Amen-Ra■ King of the Gods■ Sun god■ Falcon head with a sun on top.■ Sometimes seen as the creator of men
(Egyptians called themselves "the cattle of Ra”)■ Since heaven and the underworld have water,
Ra uses a boat (Madjet (“strong”) while rising and Semektet ("becoming weak") when setting. He often has help from other gods to successfully navigate his boat.
■ He constantly had to fight monsters (Sebau, Nak, and Apep)
■ The phoenix is one of his symbols
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Osiris■ God of the earth and vegetation ■ Symbolized the yearly drought and
flooding of the Nile.■ Gave Egypt civilization.■ Married his sister, Isis■ Osiris rules Egypt and he leaves Isis in
charge when he is gone■ Set and 72 conspirators kill him by
chopping him up into pieces■ Isis found almost all the pieces and put
him back together (making the missing part out of clay)
■ King of the afterlife■ Usually shown as a bearded,
mummified human with green skin and wearing the atef crown. His hands come out from the mummy wrappings and hold the flail and crook.
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Horus■ Falcon headed■ The Pharaoh was supposed to be his
earthly embodiment. ■ Son of Osiris (after his resurrection) ■ Set is always trying to hurt him■ Stunted from his waist down■ In art, he is often shown standing on
crocodiles■ His sons are born from Isis. Each take
care of the organs during the mummification process■ Duamutef (stomach)■ Imsety (liver)■ Hapi (lungs) ■ Qebehsenuef (intestines)
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Isis■ Isis was the sister/wife of Osiris■ Shown as a a woman wearing a
vulture head-dress and the solar disk between a pair of horns
■ Isis suckles the pharohs■ May be one of the judges of the
dead■ Has great magical powers■ Created the cobra and uses the
cobra bite to make Ra reveal to her his secret name
■ The purest example of the loving wife and mother
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Set
■ God of evil, the desert, storms, and chaos
■ A devil figure■ Antelopes are sacred to him■ Hates Osiris (jealous)■ Kills Osiris and becomes king
before he is killed by Horus■ Part pig and part donkey
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Hathor
■ Usually depicted as a cow or as a beautiful woman wearing a horned headdress
■ She is both wife/ daughter of Ra■ Also married Horus■ Suckled Horus when he was
young and took care of him after Set blinded him
■ Her milk is food of the gods■ She offers food and drink to the
dead■ Women aspire to be her
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Anubis
■ Son of Nephthys and either Set or Ra – adopted servant of Isis
■ Head of a jackal■ Guides the dead to the
underworld and weighs their heart (bad deeds make your heart weigh more)
■ Works with Osiris in the underworld
■ Mummification god
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Ammut
■ “Eater of the Dead”■ She stands by the scales of the hearts
and eats the hearts of the wicked (a final death)
■ Head of a crocodile, body of a leopard, hind legs of a hippo (apparently wicked hearts are fattening – who knew?)
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Thoth
■ Moon god■ Head of an ibis■ Scribe (records the weight of the hearts
in the underworld)■ Invented writing ■ From the Book of the Dead:
“Hear the word of the very truth. I have judged the heart of the deceased, and his soul stands witness for him. His deeds are righteous in the great balance and no sin has been found in him.”
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Sekhmet
■ Lion headed■ Wife of Ptah (an early
creator god)■ Breathes fire against
her enemies■ Delivers punishment to
the gods