The Rise of Islam - lcboe.net
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Unit 4: Africa, Middle East, & Islam Middle Ages The Rise of Islam
Transcript of The Rise of Islam - lcboe.net
Unit4:Africa,MiddleEast,&IslamMiddleAges
TheRiseofIslam
Islam• SSWH5Examinethepoli7cal,economic,andcultural
interac7onswithintheMedievalMediterraneanWorldbetween600CE/ADand1300CE/AD.
• 5a.AnalyzetheoriginsofIslamandthegrowthoftheIslamicEmpire.
• 5b.UnderstandthereasonsforthesplitbetweenSunniandShi’aMuslims.
• 5c.AssesstheeconomicimpactofMuslimtraderoutestoIndia,China,EuropeandAfrica.
• 5d.Iden7fythecontribu7onsofIslamicscholarsinscience,math,andgeography
• 5e.Analyzetherela7onshipbetweenJudaism,Chris7anity,andIslam.
• 5a.AnalyzetheoriginsofIslamandthegrowthoftheIslamicEmpire.
Islam• BasedontheteachingsofaMeccantrader,Muhammad• Muhammadclaimedtohavebeenvisitedbytheangel
GabrielwhotoldhimtopreachthatAllahwastheoneandonlygod
• Statementofbelief:“ThereisnogodbutAllahandMuhammadisthemessengerofAllah.”
• Theword“Allah”wasnotoriginallyapropernameforthegodofIslam;itisderivedfrom“al”(Arabicfor“the”)and“ilah”(Arabicfor“god”)
• AllahwasworshippedbyArabslongbeforeMuhammedasoneofmanygodsintheirpantheon;somescholarsequateAllahwiththemoongodofthepre-IslamicArabs
Islam
• SomeMeccanswerehosLletomonotheismcausingMuhammed&hisfollowerstomigratetoMedina(thehijrah)wherehebecameapoliLcal&religiousleader.
• MuhammedreturnedtoMeccawith10,000followersin630,tookoverthecity&causedmanytoconvert.
• Hediedin632attheageof62.
Islam
• FivePillars– Statementoffaith– Prayer:5LmesadayfacingMecca;someassembleatmosquesoraMuslimplaceofworship)
– Charity:almsforthepoor– Pilgrimage(hajj):toMeccaifpossible– FastduringRamadan(amonth):nofoodbetweendawn&sunset;mealatday’send
Islam
ReligiousCustoms/Beliefs• Forbiddentoeatpork• Forbiddentodrinkalcoholicbeverages• CommunalworshiponFridaya\ernoon• BeliefinAllahastheoneandonlyGod.• Beliefinangels.• Beliefintheholybooks.
IslamCustoms/Beliefscon7nued
• BeliefintheProphets...e.g.Adam,Ibrahim(Abraham),Musa(Moses),Dawud(David),Isa(Jesus).
• Muhammadisthefinalprophet.• BeliefintheDayofJudgement...Thedaywhenthelifeofeveryhumanbeingwillbeassessedtodecidewhethertheygotoheavenorhell.
• BeliefinPredes7na7on...– ThatAllahhasalreadydecidedwhatwillhappen.– Muslimsbelievethatthisdoesn'tstophumanbeingsmakingfreechoices.
Islam TheQur’an• holybookoftheMuslims• Muhammad’srevelaLonsfromGabriel
• RevelaLonsmemorizedbyhisfollowers&wri_endowna\erhisdeath
• OnlyinArabicisitconsideredthetruewordofAllah
• Sharia:Islamiclaw(Qur’an&theSunnaorMuhammed’sexample)regulatesdailylifeforMuslims
• TheHadithisalsoamajorsourceofguidanceforMuslim&containtradiLonsaboutMuhammed&sayings
MuslimExpansion
• Abu-Bakr:firstsuccessortoMuhammed;invokedjihad(strivingagainstunbelievers)tojus7fyIslamicexpansion
• Umar:2ndCaliph;underhimMuslimscontrolledArabia,Syria,lowerEgypt
• Uthman&Ali:next2caliphs;bothassassinated• Umayyadfamilytookoverin661;movedcapitaltoDamascus;changedfromsimplelifetoluxuryofnon-Muslimrulers;causedSunni-Shi’asplit
MuslimExpansion
MuslimExpansion
• MuslimBerberstookSpainbutdefeatedatBa^leofTours(France),732
• SeveralrebelgroupsoverthrewUmayyads&Abbasidstookoverin750
• CapitalmovedtoBaghdadin762toincreasetrade&communica7on
• Developedbureaucracy,treasury,militaryoffice,sentambassadorstoEurope
MuslimExpansion
• 5b.UnderstandthereasonsforthesplitbetweenSunniandShi’aMuslims.
Sunni/Shi’aSplit
• 656A.D.:3rdCaliph(leader)ofIslamisassassinatedbyarmyrebels
• 4thCaliph,Ali(relaLveofMuhammed)waschallengedby2ofMuhammedfriend’s&hisfavoritewifeA’ishabutdefeatedthemintheBa_leoftheCamel
• AliisalsochallengedbyMu’awiyabutatrucewasnegoLatedwithhim
• SomeofAli’sfollowersdisagreedwithhisdecisiontonegoLate&hadhimassassinated
Sunni/Shi’aSplit
• Ali’sdeathallowsMu’awiyatobecomecaliph&establishtheUmayyadCaliphate.
• Ali’ssonHusayntriedtoreclaimhisfamily’srighttorulein680buttheUmayyad’smassacredhim&hisfamily
• Husaynbecameamartyrtohisfollowers&formedtheShi’abranchofIslam
• SupportersoftheUmayyadsbecameknownasSunni
Islam
Sunni Shi’a
Believethefirstfourcaliphswererightlyguided
BelievethatAli,(Muhammad’sson-in-law)shouldhavesucceededMuhammed
BelieveMuslimrulersshouldfollowSunna(Muhammad’sexample)
BelieveMuslimrulersshouldbedescendedfromMuhammad;donotrecognizeSunniauthority
ClaimShi’ahavedistortedtheQuran ClaimSunnihavedistortedtheQuran
90%ofMuslims 9%ofMuslims
Contras7ngMuslimSects
• 5c.AssesstheeconomicimpactofMuslimtraderoutestoIndia,China,EuropeandAfrica.
MuslimExpansion&Trade• Muslimstradedwiththerestoftheworldthrough:
• theMediterraneanSea• IndianOcean• SilkRoadsofChina/IndiaconnnectedEurope&Africa
• Trans-Saharancaravanroute• Muslimbanksissuedle^ersofcreditcalledsakksformerchantstoexchangeforcashotherpartsoftheempire.Hencetheuseofchecks.
MuslimTradecont.
• Therouteslinkedthemanufactures,mines,andmarketsofChine,SEAsia,India,EastAfrica,theMiddleEast,CentralAsia,WestAfrica,&Europe
• Silk&PorcelainfromChina• Spices&texLles(cloth)fromSouth&SoutheastAsia
• Ivory,slaves&goldfromAfrica• GlassfromEurope• Metalware,slaves&texLlesfromtheMiddleEast
MuslimTradecont.
• Thesetraderouteswerefacilitatedbytechnologicaladvances:
• ArabshipsontheIndianOcean(calleddhows)hadalateen(triangularshaped)sailthatalloweditmoremaneuverabilityagainstthewind(tack)
• Arabiacamelsaddlesimprovedsecurity&efficiencyofthetrans-SaharantradeinNorthAfrica
MuslimTradecont.
• TheseAfro-EurasiantraderoutesconnectedintheMuslimworld&increaseeconomicgrowthoftheenLreregion
• ManyadheredtoMuslimmoralcodespromoted&protectedtradeaswell
• 5d.Iden7fythecontribu7onsofIslamicscholarsinscience,math,andgeography
MuslimCulture
• Ci7eslikeCordoba(Spain),Jerusalem,Damascus,&BaghdadwerecentersofMuslimculture&learning
• 4socialclasses:-1st:PeoplebornMuslim-2nd:ConvertstoIslam-3rd:Protectedpeoples(Jews,Chris7ans,Zoroastrians)-4th:Slaves
MuslimCultureMuslimWomen:• Expectedtosubmittomen• Shari’agavelegalrightsforfamily,marriage,&property
• Poorerwomenworkedthefield;wealthierwomenmanagedthehousehold.Somewereeducated&becamepoets&scholars
• Expectedtocareforchildren• Becameisolatedover7me;expectedtobeveiled
MuslimCulture
• A“burkha”wornbyMuslimwomen
MuslimArt&Science
• Literature:Qur’an,AThousandandOneNights• Medicine:Al-Raziwrotemedicalencyclopedia&aboutsmallpox&measles;IbnSinawroteaboutmeningi7s,theeye,heartvalves,&nerves/painIbnal-Haythem’sop7csstudieshelpeddevelopmicroscope&telescopelenses
• Math:Muslimscholarsbelievedmathwasthebasisofallknowledge;Al-Khwarizmidevelopedal-jabroralgebra
MuslimArt
MuslimArts&Science• IbnBa^uta,agreattravelermadecontribu7onstocultural&physicalgeography
• Astronomy:observedplanets,stars,comets;developedastrolabetomeasureposi7ononearth&7me
• Calligraphy:decora7vewri7ng• Art:usedgeometricshapes,Arabesque,intricatedetail,symmetry
• Architecture:blendedMuslimconceptswithothercultures.
MuslimArchitecture
MuslimCalligraphy
TheCrusades
• 1095:PopeUrbanIIcalledforWesternEuropeanstoaidtheByzan7nesagainsttheTurks&fighttoregaintheHolyLandfromMuslimcontrol
• 1stCrusade:HolyLandregained;4feudalstatesestablished
• 2ndCrusade:Unsuccessfula^empttoretakepartoffeudalstateswhichhadbeena^ackedbyMuslims(1144).SaladintakesJerusalemin1187.
• 3rdCrusade:RichardI(Lion-heart)ofEnglanda^ackedwithotherkings.MuslimskeptHolyLandbutatruceallowedChris7anpilgrims.
TheCrusades
TheCrusades
• 5morecrusadeswereunsuccessfulinretakingtheHolyLand
• 1492:SpanishdroveouttheMuslimsfromSpain(theReconquista)
• Inquisi7on:CatholicSpanishcourtwouldtry,torture,&executethosesuspectedofheresy(falseChris7andoctrine)includingJews&Muslims
• 1492:Allprac7cingJews&MuslimswereexpelledfromSpain
EffectsoftheCrusades
• Showedpower/influenceoftheCatholicChurch
• Gaveopportuni7esforwomen&othersathometomanageestateaffairsoroperatebusinesses
• IncreasedtradebetweenEurope/SWAsia(Fruits,spices,cloth)
• Lessenedpapalpower
EffectsoftheCrusades
• IncreasedpowerofkingsinEurope• WeakenedByzan7neEmpire• LenMuslimsbi^er&rela7onswithChris7ans&JewsinMuslimcontrolledregionsworsened
• IncreasedJewishpersecu7oninEurope
• 5e.Analyzetherela7onshipbetweenJudaism,Chris7anity,andIslam.
RelaLonshiptoJudaism&ChrisLanity
• MuslimsviewJesusasaprophetandnotasGodandthesonofGod;JewsdonotacceptJesusasMessiah(Heisthemaindifferenceinthethreereligions.)
• SomehaveclaimedthatallthreeworshipthesameGodbutthisfactsetsChris7anity&Judaismapart&inopposi7ontoIslam
• AllthreeacceptprophetssuchasAbrahamandMoses• MuslimsacceptOld&NewTestamentsbutbelievetheyhave
beendistortedover7me• AllthreeareMonotheis7c• Allclaimancestryand/ororiginsthroughAbraham• Allbelieveinheaven,hell,andjudgment• AllclaimJerusalemasaholycity
DifferencesinChrisLanity&Islam
• InMa_hew11,Jesussays“comeuntomeallwhoareburdened&Iwillgiveyourest”butintheKoranCh.35:18itsays“youmustbearyourownburdens,noonecanbearthemforyou”
• John3:16saysthatGodgavehisonlybego_ensonsothatwhoeverbelievesinhimmighthaveeverlasLnglife.IntheKoran112:3says“he(Allah)begetsnotnorishebego_en”
DifferencesbetweenChrisLanity&Islam
• ChrisLansholdtothecrucifixion(death),burial,&resurrecLonofJesusaskeytotheirfaith.TheKoranin4:157says“theydidnotkillhim(Jesus)nordidtheycrucifyhim,itwassomeonelikehim”
• AllahandYahweh(Jehovah)arenotthesameGod.ChrisLansbelieveinoneGodbutwith3disLnctpersons(Trinity);Muslimswouldviewthisaspolytheism
DifferencesbetweenChrisLanity&Islam
• SalvaLoninChrisLanityisbasedonfaithinJesusChristandHissacrificeforusonthecross—wecouldnotearnitbecausewewerebornintosin&neededasaviortoreuniteuswithGod
• SalvaLoninIslamisworksbasedandarbitrary.“Allahleadsastraywhomeverhepleases”14:4.Allahactsarbitrarily.
• ChrisLansaccepttheOldandNewTestamentsasdivinelyinspired.MuslimsaccepttheTorah,thePsalmsofDavid&theGospelbutnotwhatwehavetoday;Muslimsbelievethesehavebeencorrupted
NotesQuiz1. WhoisthefounderofIslam?2. List2ofthe5PillarsofIslamthatMuslimare
requiredbytheirreligiontodo.3. WhatisthemaindifferenceintheSunni&Shi’a
Muslims?4. WhichdynastytookovertheruleofIslamin661
A.D.?5. Whatarethe4traderoutesmadesuccessfulbythe
Muslims?6. Whatisanexampleoftechnologytheimprovedtrade
routes?
NotesQuiz
7. WhichMuslimscholarswroteaboutmedicine?
8. WhichMuslimscholar&travelerwroteaboutgeography?
9. WhatisanexampleofsomethingChrisLans,Muslims,&Jewsallshare?
10. Whatisthemaindifferenceinthe3religions?
