The Right Forages for Dairy Heifers - USDA ARS...• Routinely test forages and have ration balanced...
Transcript of The Right Forages for Dairy Heifers - USDA ARS...• Routinely test forages and have ration balanced...
The Right Forages for Dairy HeifersWayne K. Coblentz, USDA-ARS
U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Marshfield, WI
Some Thoughts About Forage Quality
Forage quality is highly dependent on climate, forage
type, harvest management, and many other factors.
83.0
69.9
64.4
24-h Dig
84.077.8.15Veg
70.765.2.16Bud
65.858.9.13Mid Bloom
48-h Dig
12-h Dig
Kd, /h
81.1
74.4
65.2
24-h Dig
84.971.4.102nd
Node
80.363.2.08Boot
72.054.2.07Full Head
48-h Dig
12-h Dig
Kd, /h
Orchardgrass →
← Alfalfa
Sources: Hoffman et al., 1993
0
20
40
60
80
0 20 40 60 80 100Incubation T ime (h)
% D
M R
emai
ning
Alfalfa (late vegetative)Alfalfa (late bud)Alfalfa (midbloom)
0
20
40
60
80
0 20 40 60 80 100Incubation Time (h)
% D
M R
emai
ning
Orchardgrass (2nd node)
Orchardgrass (boot)
Orchardgrass (fully headed)
Maturity
68.4
81.1
24-h Dig
79.652.9.06VegRegrowth
(AR)
84.971.4.082nd node (WI)
48-h Dig12-h DigKd, /h
Sources: Hoffman et al., 1993; Ogden et al. (2005)
Temperature
0
20
40
60
80
0 20 40 60 80 100Incubation T ime (h)
% D
M R
emai
ning
Orchardgrass (2nd node)
Orchardgrass (Veg, AR)
0
20
40
60
80
0 20 40 60 80 100Incubation Time (h)
% D
M R
emai
ning
Alfalfa (late bud)Orchardgrass (boot)Bermudagrass (WS)
0
20
40
60
80
0 20 40 60 80 100Incubation Time (h)
% D
M R
emai
ning
Alfalfa (midbloom)Orchardgrass (fully headed)Bermudagrass (42 days)
69.0
74.4
69.9
24-h Dig
80.654.5.05BG
80.363.2.08OG
70.765.2.16Alfalfa
48-h Dig
12-h Dig
Kd, /h
56.0
65.2
64.4
24-h Dig
69.344.2.03BG
72.054.2.07OG
65.858.9.13Alfalfa
48-h Dig
12-h Dig
Kd, /h
Moderate Quality →
← High Quality
Sources: Hoffman et al., 1993; Galdamez-Cabrera et al., 2003; Ogden et al., 2003.
Forage Type
IVDMD vs. Maturity (Alfalfa)
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 20 40 60Days from May 28
IVD
MD
, % o
f DM
LeafStem
Adapted from Van Soest, 1982
IVDMD vs. Maturity (Van Soest, 1982)
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 20 40 60Days from May 28
IVD
MD
, % o
f DM
LeafStem
Adapted from Van Soest, 1982
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Incubation Time (h)
% N
DF
Rem
aini
ng
Alfalfa, 10% BloomEastern Gamagrass, Mature
26.3.0378.0Eastern gamagrass
32.3.0840.9Alfalfa
NDFD*, %Kd, /hNDF, %
* Effective degradability of NDF calculated on the basis of a 6%/h passage rate.
47.7.0925.4Leaf
32.3.0840.9Whole-plant
20.2.0559.4Stem
NDFD*, %
Kd, /h
NDF, %
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100Incubation Time (h)
% N
DF
Rem
aini
ng
Alfalfa (late vegetative)Alfalfa (late bud)Alfalfa (midbloom)
47.9.1131.0Veg
32.0.0942.6Bud
28.6.0747.3Midbloom
NDFD*, %
Kd, /h
NDF, %
Source: Coblentz et al. (1998)
Source: Hoffman et al. (1993)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100Incubation T ime (h)
% N
DF
Rem
aini
ng
LeafStemWholeplant
Alfalfa - Maturity (NDF)
Alfalfa - Plant Part (NDF)
*Passage rate = 6%/h
A discussion of appropriate forage quality (the right forage) is highly
dependent on what you intend to feed.
Assuming this is a 1200-lb (pregnant, nonlactating) beef cow wandering aimlessly in
the Ozarks, the required energy density of her diet
should be about 47.1% TDN.
XX X
Relationship between TDN and NDF (NRC, 2001)
LegumeY = 0.016x2 - 1.93x + 112.5
R2 = 0.978
Cool-Season GrassY = 0.012x2 - 1.86x + 125.5
R2 = 0.991
50
54
58
62
66
70
30 40 50 60 70
NDF, %
TDN
, %
Corn Silage
300 lbs
600 lbs
900 lbs1200 lbs
Within this context ……,
maturing forages are not necessarily a problem, and in many cases actually may be desirable.
The “right forage” may not be the one with the best or highest quality.
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
ND
F or
TD
N, %
of D
M
0 5 10 15 20Days from Stage 2
NDF TDN
● linear increase of NDF (0.4 percentage units/day), plus an associated reduction of TDN (0.25 percentage units/d) following Stage 2
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000D
M Y
ield
, lbs
/acr
e
0 5 10 15 20Days from Stage 2
adapted from Brink (unpublished)
● mean of eight harvests of ‘Affinity’ alfalfa over two years (2004-2005)
● increase of 92 lbs DM/acre/d following Stage 2
● results in improved harvest efficiency and (possibly) fewer harvests.
Effects of Maturity on Alfalfa Yield and NDF
Relationship between CP and NDF (NRC, 2001)
LegumeY = 0.017x2 - 1.86x + 69.2
R2 = 0.962
Cool-Season GrassY = 0.043x2 - 5.53x + 189.1
R2 = 0.959
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
30 40 50 60 70NDF, %
Cru
de P
rote
in, %
Corn Silage
300 lbs
600, 1200 lbs900 lbs
Effects of Alfalfa Harvest Timing on Estimates of RDP by SGPMethod (Coblentz et al., 2008)
18
20
22
24C
P, %
of D
M
0 5 10 15 20Days from Stage 2
2004, Quadratic (P < 0.001)
60
65
70
75
RD
P, %
of C
P
0 5 10 15 20Days from Stage 2
2004, Linear (P < 0.001)
Increased maturity also results in lower CP and rumen degradable protein (RDP), both of which are desirable generally for dairy heifers.
A Practical Application
Many commercial dairy heifer growers would like to maximize the use of corn silage and by-
products of the ethanol industry in the diets of replacement
heifers.
● This has created the need for ‘cutter’ forages that (ideally) exhibit:
- high DM yield
- high fiber (~ 70% NDF)
- low energy (45 – 50% TDN)
- high protein (~ 15% CP)
- low K (~ 1.5%)
22393962.31200
15434363.3900
0505066.0600
Grain505068.0300
Cutter Forage
(48% TDN)
Alfalfa Silage
(60% TDN)Corn Silage (72% TDN)
Energy Requirement,
TDNBodyweight,
lbs
------------- % of Dietary DM -------------
Source: P. C. Hoffman, University of Wisconsin
eastern gamagrasstropical corn
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
TDN
, %
B1 B2 B3 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 O9
Sample Number
Energy Density of Oat and Barley Straws
1) delayed harvest schedules
2) comparisons of straws
3) tropical corn
4) perennial warm-season grasses
Source: P.C. Hoffman, University of Wisconsin
Synchrony of Forage and Livestock Needs
All of these forages might be the “right forage”, it just depends.
Final Thoughts• Alfalfa and corn silage tend to
complement each other in heifer diets, and often do not allow for incorporation of other low-cost nutrients, especially those with relatively high energy densities.
• Use of significant proportions of corn silage may necessitate limit feeding or the use of an ‘energy diluting’ forage.
Final Thoughts
• Producers might consider being proactive in their harvest management of legumes and grasses – “dairy quality” is not necessarily helpful.
• Avoid being “boxed in”, where you have only “dairy quality” or low-energy forages available.
• Routinely test forages and have ration balanced (energy, protein) based on appropriate heifer size/weight.