The Revolution

Times That Try Men’s SoulsNovember 16, 1776

With the fall of Fort Washington, Greene the commander of Fort Lee is ordered to withdraw.

November 20, 1776Howe ordered Cornwallis to move against Fort Lee on the New Jersey side of the Hudson River.

December 19, 1776British forces go into winter quarters in New Jersey – Hessians at _______ and the British at _________

Times That Try Men’s Souls

Thomas Paine: The _____________ _______December 19, 1776These are the times that try men's souls:The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will,in this crisis,shrink from the service of his country;but he that stands it now,deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.…Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered;yet we have this consolation with us,that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph.

Advantages

British American

• 3:1 superiority in population

• Large, well-trained _____

• World’s largest _____

• Financial resources

• Fully organized & functioning __________ __________

• Fighting on their own __________

• Could appeal to England’s European enemies (France & Spain)

• British population was not united behind the war effort

British believed:a large ___________ ___________ existed, and the __________ __________ would be their allies.

ArmiesBritish American

Professional

Disciplined

Experienced

Well armed

Well supplied (____ ______ _____)

__________ Officer Corps

Senior officers ______________

MilitiaTraditional force

Raised, supplied and officered by __________ __________

Short Service – planting and harvesting season took ___________

_________ under Washington’s command

Continental LineLong Term Enlistments

Initially ____________

Well trained – especially after _____ __________

__________ under Washington’s command

Phases of the Revolution

Five Phases of the Revolution

1. Popular Uprising: April 1775 to July 1776

2. Northern Offensives: July 1776 to October 1777

3. Turning Point: Late Fall 1777 to Early Spring 1778

4. Southern Offensives: 1778 to October 1781

5. Peace Negotiations: October 1781 to September 1781

Popular Uprising April 1775 to July 1776

British goal: _________ _________ __________

American goal: Turn popular revolt into __________ ___________

KEY EVENTS: Lexington & Concord (April 19, 1775) Bunker (Breed’s) Hill (June 1775) British evacuate Boston (March 1776) Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)

The Declaration of Independence

Northern OffensivesJuly 1776 – October 1777

British goals: Destroy __________ ____; isolate radicals of New England.American goals: Protect weak forces by ______; local counterattacks when advantageous

KEY EVENTS: The New York Campaign (July – Oct., 1776) Trenton (Dec. 25, 1776) British capture Philadelphia (Sept. 1777) Battle of Saratoga (Oct. 1777)

Strategy of Attrition

Gradual wear down and weaken the enemy

Long lines of communication/supply for English

Popular English resolve is weak

English has enemies in Europe

SaratogaBritish forces move south from Canada in an effort

to finally an conclusively cut off New England.Battle of Freeman’s Farm on September 19, 1777

halts the British advance while inflicting serious casualties forcing the British commander to establish a defense behind redoubts. American General Benedict Arnold relieved of his command after the battle.

Battle of Bemis Heights on October 7, 1777 results in a solid victory for American forces. Benedict Arnold returns to the battlefield despite his earlier relief. British troops attempt to retreat north but are cut off and surrounded.

October 17, 1777 – with supplies running out, with a large number of wounded and with winter approaching British General Burgoyne surrenders his entire force ending the threat in the north.

Valley ForgeFall 1777 – Spring 1778

Entering Valley Forge:Had experienced many setbacks

Times that tried men soulsSome success

Untrained and largely undisciplined Following Valley Forge:

Trained, Disciplined Force Treaty of Alliance

Commissary

Southern Offensive Early 1778 - October 1781

British goals: Subdue the _____; coordinate with British troops in __________ __________

American goals: Use ______ ______ to weaken British; wait for __________ __________ for decisive blow

KEY EVENTS: British capture Savannah (Dec. 1779) British capture Charleston (May 1780) After initial success Cornwallis force to retreat toward

Virginia Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown (Oct. 1781)

________ __ ______

Bernardo de Gálvez

Prior to Spain’s official entry into the American Revolution Gálvez corresponded with Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry and Charles Henry Lee and received emissaries from them.

Gálvez secured the port of ____ _______ allowing only Spanish, French and American vessels to navigate the _________ _____ permitting access to arms, ammunition, military supplies, and money by the Americans.

Spain declared war on England in June 1779.

Bernardo de GálvezWith supply a problem, between 1779 and 1782 10,000 cattle were rounded up on ranches belonging to citizens and missions of ____ and ________ and Texas rancheros and their vaqueros trailed these herds to Nacogdoches, Natchitoches, and Opelousas for distribution to Gálvez's forces.In the fall of 1779 Gálvez advanced and defeated the British in battles at Manchac, Baton Rouge, and Natchez.On March 14, 1780, after a month-long siege with land and sea forces, Gálvez, with over 2,000 men, captured the British stronghold of Fort Charlotte at Mobile.

On May 10, 1781 Gálvez completed the Gulf Coast campaign by forcing the surrender of Fort George at ____________.On May 8, 1782 Gálvez and his Spanish forces captured the British naval base in the Bahamas at New Providence.Following the war Gálvez helped draft the terms that ended the war and was cited by the American Congress for his aid during the war.

Southern Offensive Early 1778 - October 1781

Charles TownCamden______ _________

Backwoods Scots and Irish defeat loyalist forces

Cowpen’s_______ ___________

_______ __________ proved to be the highwater mark of British military operations in the Southern Campaign. Weakened by his campaign against Greene, Cornwallis abandoned the Carolinas hoping for success in Virginia.

WilmingtonYorktown

YorktownSeptember 28 – October 19, 1781

The Surrender

Peace NegotiationsOctober, 1781 – September, 1783

British Goals: ______ _____ _____

American Goals: Contain British garrisons; attack British shipping

KEY EVENTS: Treaty of Paris (Sept. 1783)

The United States