Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Suchopar Social Studies 7

Unit 2:

The Age of Exploration

MYP Inquiry Question:

WHY do people explore?

CAUSES OF EUROPEAN EXPLORATIONEARLY MIDDLE AGES (500-1100 C.E.)

Most Europeans had little knowledge of the world outside of their ___________. Manors were self-sufficient. This meant that there was little need for ___________ or ___________. Few could _________ or write. Most believed the world was __________.

THE CRUSADES (1100 - 1300)

European Christians fought seven different Holy Wars to capture the holy city of ______________ from _________________ control. These wars were called the _______________.

After 200 years of fighting, the Europeans failed to capture Jerusalem. The Crusades forced Europeans to travel beyond their villages and exposed them

to new goods and ideas. They began trading for new items from Asia such as _______________, _______________, _______________, and _______________.

Increased trade and travel led toMORE KNOWLEDGE & CURIOSITY ABOUT THE WORLD

This led to… (flip the page over)…

Slowly, this self-sufficient, uneducated lifestyle began to change…

In the space below, draw a picture of what you just learned:

In the year 1212, a group of over ten thousand European Christian children set out for Jerusalem, in what became known as the Children’s Crusade. Though they were unarmed and they never actually made it to Jerusalem, their journey led to the battle that became known as the Fifth Crusade.

Would you have left your village to attempt to fight in the Crusades and see different lands, or would you have stayed at home? Explain.

THE RENAISSANCE (1300s - 1600s) With this new curiosity about the world and a powerful new invention, a burst of

learning took place in Europe. This is called the _____________________. The ______________________, invented by a German scholar named

____________________________________, allowed large numbers of books to be produced at once. This made books cheaper and more widely available than ever before.

____________________________________________________

In the late 1400s, an Italian named ________________________________ traveled around Europe trying to convince leaders to pay for a new voyage to find Asia. After other monarchs in Europe turned him down, the king and queen of ___________ agreed to support his trip. His plan was to reach Asia by sailing _________ across the Atlantic. He made the trip in 1492, and arrived in a new land he thought was near Asia. It was really ________________________________.

Increased knowledge, curiosity, and desire to trade made Europeans

more eager to

NEW INVENTIONS MADE EXPLORATION EASIER! Caravel: Faster-sailing __________.Magnetic Compass: Device that told sailors the direction in which they were traveling.Astrolabe: Device that allowed sailors to figure out their ________________ at sea. Mercator Projection: Map that helped sailors plan an accurate sailing route.

Which of these inventions was the most helpful, in your opinion? Explain below._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

TRAVEL ROUTESEuropeans were really interested in exploring and trading with Asia, but getting there would not be easy. Traveling over land was _________________ and expensive. Muslim guards blocked routes through the Mediterranean Sea and Middle East. In the 1400s, the Portuguese tried to reach ______ by sailing south and east around Africa. That worked, but an explorer from Italy thought he had a better idea…

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Age of Exploration Social Studies 7

Using the worksheets for the causes of exploration, answer the following review question for this section:

1. Choose THREE of the following events or inventions and explain how each of the following helped to encourage European exploration…

a. The Crusades e. astrolabeb. The Renaissance f. magnetic compassc. printing press g. Mercator projectiond. caravel

Event/Invention 1: ___________________________________________________________________

o How did this help encourage exploration? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Event/Invention 2: ___________________________________________________________________

o How did this help encourage exploration? ___________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Event/Invention 3: ___________________________________________________________________

o How did this help encourage exploration? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The EncounterBy: Jane Yolen

Based on the cover and the title, what do you think this book is going to be about? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus traveled around Europe trying to convince leaders to pay for a new voyage to find Asia. After other monarchs in Europe turned him down, Spain’s King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella decided to fund the trip. He wanted to reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic, however, when he set sail in 1492, he did not realize that there were two entire continents blocking his path to Asia: the Americas!

As you listen to the story, put yourself in the shoes of the Taino [native] boy during his first encounter with a new group of people. This is not a true story. It is a fictional story using primary sources from the Age of Exploration and the author’s imagination. At certain points in the story you will be asked to explain how you are feeling as if you were the boy experiencing these things for the first time.

1. After I saw the strangers come onto our land, I… ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. The strangers were behaving like human beings and giving items to our people. I felt… ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. After seeing my zemis, I knew that… ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. I knew that I had to escape the strangers. I swam to the shore because… ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. This is no longer my home. I look out on the water as a stranger in the place I was born. I feel…

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Age of Exploration Social Studies 7

“Encounter” Homework

Directions: After listening to and discussing “Encounter,” analyze the image below, which is the picture on the last page of the book. Based on the image and the story, answer the following questions.

The book is on my Teacher Website under today’s PowerPoint if you were absent or if you need to look back!!

1. Who is the man in the image?____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Based on the image above , state and explain one way that the lives of the Taino have changed since Columbus’s arrival.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the author’s [Jane Yolen] opinion of Columbus’s arrival in North America? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

4. Do you agree with the author’s opinion? Explain your answer.

____________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What’s For Dinner?

What is your favorite dinner? A cheeseburger and French fries? Some pizza and a salad? What about dessert? Ice cream? Brownies?

Write down your favorite dinner, including side dishes and dessert. Then, make a shopping list of ten ingredients you will need to prepare the meal.

Break down your list into basic ingredients. For example, pizza has dough, sauce, toppings, etc.

My favorite dinner is:

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

My shopping list for my favorite dinner:

1._____________________________2._____________________________3._____________________________

4._____________________________5._____________________________6._____________________________7._____________________________8._____________________________9._____________________________10.____________________________

The Columbian Exchange: Old World vs. New World

Old World = Europe, Asia, Africa

New World = The Americas

As Columbus and those who came after him explored the Americas, they brought new goods back to the Old World, and left things behind in the New World.

Type Old World List(what they had before 1492)

New World List(what they had before 1492)

Domesticated

Animals

camel cattle donkey fowl (ex: chickens) horse pig

fowl (ex: Canadian goose) guinea pig raccoon turkey

Domesticated Plants

bananas beans black pepper cabbage coffee citrus garlic lettuce oats onion

avocado beans cashew chili pepper (includes the bell

pepper) cocoa maize (corn) peanut pecan pineapple

peach pear rice rye sugarcane turnip wheat

potato squash (incl. pumpkin) sunflower strawberry sweet potato tobacco tomato vanilla

Based on the above lists, how would your favorite dinner change in each of these situations?

If I lived in the Old World prior to [before] 1492, I would NOT have been able to eat (which ingredients are NOT there yet?): _____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

If I lived in the New World prior to [before] 1492, I would NOT have been able to eat (which ingredients are NOT there yet?): ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Age of Exploration Social Studies 7

The Columbian ExchangeAs Christopher Columbus and those who came after him explored the New World, an exchange of goods began to take place. Many of the foods that we consume today were exchanged between the Old World and the New World. Since this exchange started with Columbus, it is called the Columbian Exchange:

TO EUROPE, AFRICA, & ASIA• New vegetables – corn, potatoes, beans, squash• Native American slaves• New hunting skills & farming methods• Tobacco

TO THE AMERICAS• Animals – horses, pigs, chickens, cattle New crops – bananas, sugar, wheat,

rice• Diseases – smallpox, measles, typhus New weapons – guns, swords• Christianity

Europeans adopted many aspects of Native American culture. From Native Americans, Europeans learned about crops such as corn, potatoes, beans, and squash. They also adopted Indian farming techniques. Native Americans taught Europeans hunting skills suitable [good] for the American land. Europeans also learned about Native American medicine. Native American cultures influenced the arts, sports, and government.Native Americans began raising animals brought from Europe, such as chickens and horses. They also learned how to work with iron to make tools.However, there were also many negative aspects of the Columbian Exchange. Europeans brought diseases to the Americas. These diseases spread through touch and through breathing. Smallpox, measles, chicken pox and whooping cough devastated Native American populations. Since Native Americans were never exposed to these diseases, they had no resistance to them. Historians estimate that within 75 years, diseases from Europe had killed almost 90% of the people in the Caribbean islands and in Mexico. Today, we control the spread of these diseases by administering [giving] vaccines.

1. What was the Columbian Exchange? Why was it called that? ____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. What positive effects did the Columbian Exchange have on Native American life?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. What negative effects did the Columbian Exchange have on Native American life?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4. How did European life change as a result of the Columbian Exchange?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Directions: Complete the following questions according to the graph belowThe Aztecs and the Incas were two Native American groups that lived in the Americas. They had thriving, advanced civilizations before the Spanish arrived. However, Spanish conquerors eventually took over both civilizations. The chart below shows the effect of these events.

1. According to the title of the chart, what can you find out by reading it? Put the answer in your own words. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What group of people caused the collapse of the Aztec and Inca empires? __________________

3. What was the Aztec population in:1520? __________ 1620? _________

4. What was the Inca population in: 1520? ___________ 1620? _________

5. Think back to what you just read about the Columbian Exchange. Why do you think that there was such a dramatic decrease in the population of these civilizations? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Aztec

Inca

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Age of Exploration Social Studies 7

You have likely heard the jingle, “In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue…”. But how much about his fateful voyage do you really know? Let’s find out!

The 5 W’s of Columbus’ Voyages! WHO: Christopher Columbus, an Italian sea captain, and a crew of 90 sailors. They

sailed under the Spanish flag, for King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. WHAT: A voyage that was supposed to end in Asia, but ended instead in the

Americas. WHERE: Columbus set off from Spain and landed in small islands off the coast of

North America. These islands later became known as the West Indies. WHEN: Columbus first set sail in 1492 WHY: Trade with Asia. The land route from Europe to Asia was dangerous for

Europeans to travel. Sailing around Africa took a very long time. Columbus wanted to see if he could get to Asia by traveling west.

NEWSFLASH! We have just found out about a petition to Congress, asking that Columbus Day be removed as a Federal holiday. This would be a major decision, and the first of its kind in United States history. Our New York State Senators have asked you to use the skills of a historian to provide them with evidence on the legacy of Christopher Columbus.

Your group’s job is to examine a source on this issue, and then work with other groups to decide the answer to this question: Should Columbus Day be removed from our calendar? Why or why not?

Step 1: Small Groups

Analyze the source that your group was assigned to. After, fill out the information below. You and your partners need to decide whether your source portrays Columbus as being a hero or a villain. Then, you will explain your choice using specific information from the source.

Title of our source: _____________________________________________________

Does this source portray Columbus as being heroic or not heroic? _________

Each member of your group needs to come up with one text-based argument to support whether or not Columbus is heroic. Please write that argument on the paper hanging next to your document, and write your name next to your argument.

Step 2, Rotate: When all groups on your side are done writing their summaries, you will rotate to another document. Please analyze that document, and add any more arguments to the paper hanging next to the documents that your group can come up with. Write your name next to any argument that you add to the list.

Step 3 Summarize: Based on all documents (on quiz sheet)- prepare what you will say and write your detailed summary

Prepare for a debate! What text or image-based arguments and supporting details will your side use to win the debate? Use the debate sheet to plan. Everyone in your group needs at least one argument and supporting details to go along with that argument.

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Age of Exploration Social Studies 7

CLASS DEBATE – THE LEGACY OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

Step 1: Which side is your group on/did you work effectively in your groups? (Check the side you are assigned to)

___ Columbus IS a hero and SHOULD be celebrated.

___ Columbus is NOT a hero and should NOT be celebrated.

I did/did not (circle one) work well in both of my groups, because:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

______ /1 pt.

Step 2: Formulating your argument

With your larger group, develop an argument and supporting details that YOU WILL SAY to support your position. You need to write a one-sentence main idea, in which you should choose one word or a short phrase to describe Columbus. Next, provide supporting details to back your argument up. This information should come from what you wrote on the paper next to your document.

[1 point per argument, 2 points for supporting detail(s)] ______/3 pts

My Argument(one sentence main idea) My Supporting Details (backing up the main idea…go back to the

argument that you wrote on the paper next to your document)

Christopher Columbus was (choose your adjective/short phrase and

write it below)…

____________________________

Step 3: The Debate

Did you participate in the discussion? (Circle one)

Yes!

No (If no, explain why you did not participate?): ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______ /2 pts (Failure to participate will result in the loss of these points)

Step 4: After the Debate

Give a summary of the arguments presented on the other side. Include and explain at least three specific details (9 pts.)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total Points earned: ____________/15

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Age of Exploration Social Studies 7

Why did Europeans explore?

Think of the THREE Gs:

1. __________ : ___________________________________________

“Goods” could refer to any kind of wealth: gold and silver, items received from trading, etc. We will look at what “goods” meant for each of the different countries we learn

about.

2. __________ : ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________

3. ________ : ________________________________________________________________________________

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Age of Exploration Social Studies 7

Using the worksheets for the Encounter, the Columbian Exchange, Columbus’ voyage, and the three Gs, answer the following review questions for this section:

1. How did Columbus and his crew interact with the Taino? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What was exchanged during the Columbian Exchange…A. From Europe, Africa, and Asia to the Americas (going west):

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

B. From the Americas to Europe, Africa, and Asia (going east): _______________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Why did Columbus sail from Spain in 1492? What was he looking for? Why? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Explain the three reasons that Europeans wanted to explore beginning in the 1500s: _________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Age of Exploration Social Studies 7

Explorers by Country: The Spanish settle New Spain

The 3 Gs for the Spanish

To the Spanish, “goods” meant finding and taking gold and silver coins and items from the natives that they encountered. It also meant trading various items.

The Spanish achieved “glory” by sailing all the way around the world to prove that it was round, by claiming the Pacific Ocean for their country, and by conquering the Aztec and Inca civilizations. Their settlements in the New World stretched from North American all the way down to South America. However, though some tried, the Spanish did not succeed at finding the Northwest Passage.

Some Spanish felt it was their mission to achieve the “God” goal by teaching Native Americans about Christianity and trying to get them to convert, or change, their religion to become Christians.

Meet the Spanish Explorers:Two examples of Spanish Explorers:

1. According to the video clips that we watched, what happened to both Magellan and Balboa? _________________________________________________________________________

2. If you were an explorer and you heard about the fate of Magellan and Balboa, how would you act towards different civilizations you met as you explored? _________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Meet the Spanish Conquistadors:Two examples of Spanish Conquistadors:

Map of “NEW SPAIN.”WHY do you think this area was called “New Spain”? ______________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ferdinand Magellan

Led an expedition that circumnavigated (sailed around) the world

Made Europeans aware of the true size of the world Magellan

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Discovered the Pacific Ocean and claimed it for Spain.

Hernando Cortez

Conquered the Aztec Empire and claimed Mexico for Spain (Cortes Aztec Mexico- CAM)

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered the Inca Empire and claimed much of South America for Spain (Pizarro Incas Peru- PIP)

GUESS the Spanish explorer or conquistador:1. I led group of people to the Pacific Ocean and claimed it for Spain. Who am I?

____________________________

2. I conquered Tenochtitlan, the capital city of this empire, by convincing the people that I was their sun god, who they had been making many “hearty” sacrifices to. Who am I, and what civilization did I conquer? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. I was in charge of a group of people who sailed all the way around the world and discovered how large the Pacific Ocean really was. Who am I? ____________________________________________________________________

4. I climbed to this civilization’s capital city, Machu Picchu, using the terraces that were built into the mountainsides. When I reached the top, I convinced the emperor that I was one of the gods that his people worshipped. Who am I, and what civilization did I conquer? ______________________________________

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Age of Exploration Social Studies 7

Effects of Spanish Exploration in the New World

1. Colonies in the Americas:

The areas in North and South America that were known as New Spain were colonies of the European country, Spain. A colony is an area that a country claimed and sent people over to settle on. The colonies were an important part of the trading system

WHAT is a colony? Put the answer in your own words! _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

2. A Successful Trade Relationship

Map of “NEW SPAIN.”WHY do you think this area was called “New Spain”? ______________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Recall: What is this chart of? Why is this is an important effect of Spanish exploration in the New World? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. A Layered Society

Spanish society in the colonies was made up of distinct social classes. The people in each class had to follow specific rules. This system of social classes and rules in the Spanish colonies was known as the Laws of the Indies.

At the top were peninsulares, or people born in Spain (Spain is located on a peninsula in Europe). Peninsulares filled the highest positions in the colonial governments. They were also very wealthy.

Next came creoles, who were 100% Spanish, but were born in the Americas. Creoles owned most of the plantations, ranches, and mines. However, though they were wealthy, they did not hold political power.

Lower social groups reflected the mixing of Spanish and Native American populations. They included mestizos, who were people of Native American and European descent. Usually, mestizos did not own land.

Native Americans formed the lowest social class, known as the I ndian class . People of African descent who were later brought over to the Americas by the Spanish fell into this lowest class, too. This is where we see the first signs of slavery in the Americas. Oftentimes, Native Americans and Africans would be forced to work as slaves for Spanish owners.

The Laws of the Indies

Laws of the Indies: A system of laws set up by the Spanish government to control the Spanish colonies in the Americas; divided people into social classes based on race.

Using the word box to the right and the “A Layered Society” reading on the other side of this worksheet, label the pyramid according to the Laws of the Indies. Write the name of the social classes in the boxes. The highest class should be written in the top box, and the lowest class should be written in the bottom box.

TO THE AMERICAS• Animals – horses, pigs, chickens, cattle New crops – bananas, sugar, wheat, rice• Diseases – smallpox, measles, typhus New weapons – guns, swords• Christianity

TO EUROPE, AFRICA, & ASIA• New vegetables – corn, potatoes, beans, squash• Native American slaves• New hunting skills & farming methods• Tobacco

1. a.) How is this social class system different from our society today? Explain.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b.) How is this social class system similar to our society today? Explain ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why do you think the Spanish government chose to make this system so unequal? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Age of Exploration Social Studies 7

Explorers by Country: The Friendly French

WORD BOX

Mestizos

Creoles

Indian Class

Peninsulares

The 3 Gs for the French

To the French, “goods” meant getting wealthy from trade with the Native Americans. The French developed a friendship with many Native American tribes in North America, who allowed them to settle on and share native lands. The two groups enjoyed a peaceful trading relationship for hundreds of years.

The French achieved “glory” by discovering the east coast of North America, by discovering and claiming the Saint Lawrence River, and by creating a colony based along that river. The French settlement went through most of what is today eastern Canada and the United States. Though some tried, the French did not succeed at finding the Northwest Passage.

Some French felt it was their mission to achieve the “God” goal by teaching Native Americans about Christianity and trying to get them to convert, or change, their religion to become Christians.

Use the information above to answer the following questions:

How were the French and the Spanish goals similar? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How were the French and the Spanish goals different? _____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Meet the French Explorers!

Giovanni da Verrazano

Discovered much of North America’s east coast

Jacques Cartier

Discovered the Saint Lawrence River and claimed it for France

Samuel de Champlain

Established the colony of New France (Quebec) along the Saint Lawrence River. This was the first permanent French settlement in the New World

Guess the FRENCH Explorer!

1. I sailed up and down Canada’s Saint Lawrence River. Who am I? ____________________________________________________________________________________

2. I explored a lot of the east coast of North America. Today, I have a New York bridge named after me. Who am I? ______________________________________

3. I founded the first permanent French settlement in the New World. Who am I and what was this colony called? ____________________________________________________________________________________

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Age of Exploration Social Studies 7

Decoding the Dutch!Directions: Using the following link (you can get to it on my eBoard or just type it in), answer the questions below:

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nl.html

1. Although “Dutch” is what we call the people, there is a different name for the country that the Dutch live in. What is this country called? ____________________________________________________________

2. Click on “Geography.” What two countries does the Netherlands border? _________________________

What sea does the Netherlands border? __________________________

What continent is the Netherlands a part of? ______________________

*When you are done answering these questions, click back on “Geography” to close the tab. Then, move on to the next question.

3. Click on “People and Society.” What language do people in the Netherlands speak? _________________

What is the religion practiced by about 23% of the people? _________________

*Close the “People and Society” tab and move on to the next question.

4. Click on “Government.” What type of government does the Netherlands have? _____________________

What is the name of the capital of the Netherlands? ______________________

*Close the “Government” tab and move on to the next question.

5. Find one other fact on this site that you thought was interesting about the Dutch. Write it down here:

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Age of Exploration Social Studies 7

The 3 Gs for the Dutch

To the Dutch, “goods” meant getting wealthy from trade with the Native Americans. Though the Dutch were not as friendly to the Natives as the French were, they still had a successful trading relationship with them.

The Dutch achieved “glory” by discovering what is today the Hudson River, as well as present-day New York City. They settled in what is today New York and New Jersey. However, though some tried, the Dutch did not succeed at finding the Northwest Passage.

Unlike the French and the Spanish, the Dutch were not as involved in achieving the “God” goal. The Dutch colonies had more religious freedom than the Spanish and French colonies.

Use the information above to answer the following questions:

How were the Dutch goals similar to the French and the Spanish goals? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How were the Dutch goals different to the French and the Spanish goals? __________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Dutch Explorers and Colonies

Henry Hudson was an English explorer and navigator who explored parts of the Arctic Ocean and northeastern North America. The Hudson River, Hudson Strait, and Hudson Bay are named for Hudson. In 1609, Hudson was hired by the Dutch to try to find the Northwest Passage. On this trip in a ship called the Half Moon, Hudson found what is now called the Hudson River. Hudson is also credited with discovering the location which is now New York City. Though he realized that this was not a route to India, his reports resulted in many Dutch settlements in the area. Like the Spanish and French, the Dutch set up a colony in the New World hoping to become wealthy. They named this colony New Netherland.

Henry Hudson(1565-1611)

Claimed areas of present-day New York and New Jersey for the Dutch

In 1626, Dutch businessman Peter Minuit led a group of Dutch settlers to the opening of the Hudson River. There, he bought Manhattan Island from local Native Americans for only $24. Minuit called this settlement “New Amsterdam” (today New York City). New Amsterdam soon became a busy trading port.

Directions: Below is an original letter from the purchase of Manhattan Island. As you read this letter to yourself, highlight and annotate the text. In other words, write down questions, comments, circle words that you do not know, and highlight what you think the main idea of the letter is.

7 November 1626High and Mighty Lords,

Yesterday the ship the Arms of Amsterdam arrived here. It sailed from New Netherland out of the River Mauritius on the 23d of September. They report that our people are in good spirit and live in peace. The women also have borne some children there. They have purchased the Island Manhattes from the Indians for the value of 60 guilders. It is 11,000 morgens in size. They had all their grain sowed [spread] by the middle of May, and reaped [collected] by the middle of August They sent samples of these summer grains: wheat, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, canary seed, beans and flax. The cargo of the…ship is:

7246 Beaver skins178½ Otter skins675 Otter skins48 Mink skins36 Lynx skins

33 Minks34 Muskrat skins

Many oak timbers and nut wood.

In Amsterdam, the 5th of November anno [year] 1626.

Your High and Mightinesses’ obedient, P. Schaghen

The Dutch Influence

Dutch colonists soon began to settle farther up the Hudson River from Manhattan Island. New Netherland welcomed people of many nations and religions to their colony. About

50 years later, Peter Stuyvesant, the governor of New Netherland, gave up power of the colony to the English. New Netherland eventually became the colonies of New York and New Jersey. Pieces of Dutch culture can still be found in our modern-day culture.

The names of many places in New York have the origin in Dutch colonial times. Try to figure out the modern name of each of the locations listed below:

Conyne Eylandt ______________________________Greenwyck___________________________

Breuckelen __________________________________Haarlem_____________________________

Bronck’s River________________________________ Lange Eiland ________________________

Thinking back to the primary source letter that you analyzed earlier and looking at the image above, what was the main reason for Dutch exploration and colonization in the New World?

__________________________________

Would you say that the Dutch were successful in this goal? Were they successful as a colony? Explain. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Overall, do you think the Spanish, the French, or the Dutch were the most successful during the Age of Exploration? Explain your answer using specific details from our lessons!__________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Exploration Social Studies 7

European Explorers DialogueTask: Now that you are aware of the goals of Spanish, French, and Dutch exploration, you are going to write a dialogue (conversation) between three characters:

Two characters will be explorers that you learned about (you choose which two you want to include from our lessons). The third character will be a Native American. The characters should debate with each other, arguing why their culture should be able to claim the most land in the Americas.

You must include the following ideas in your dialogue: The three Gs The dialogue must be AT LEAST 12 sentences long (at least 4 sentences for each

character). Please make sure to label each character with their name (go back to our lessons

for Spain, France and the Netherlands to choose your two explorers). You can make up a name for the Native character.

Write your dialogue here. If you need more space, use the back!

__________________________________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

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The Search for a Northwest Passage

Throughout the 1500s, European nations continued to look for new ways to reach the trade and riches of Asia. Magellan’s route around South America was too long and difficult. They wanted to discover a shorter Northwest Passage, or waterway through or around North America. This passage would join the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

It was very difficult to find a route through the Canadian archipelago (chain of islands) north of the Canadian mainland. The ice was a huge obstacle and presently it still is not easy to overcome. In addition the region is a maze of islands, sounds, bays and channels that were not explored. A lack of maps, along with fog and ice, meant that sometimes explorers thought they reached the Pacific Ocean, when in reality they had sailed into a large bay. It was an extremely dangerous passage, and some explorers would go missing. For example, Sir John Franklin’s expedition disappeared in 1845-47 with a total of 129 men!

1. What is the Northwest Passage? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Explain two obstacles that explorers faced when searching for the Northwest Passage: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Using the map and knowledge from the reading, trace the route of Northwest Passage from Europe to Asia.

Norwegian Roald Amundsen was the first successful explorer of the Northwest Passage from 1903-1906. His ship was called the Gjøa. There were six people who helped Amundsen explore the passage. Despite many bad storms, a fire in the engine room, and a close-call to being shipwrecked, the Gjøa reached Nome, Alaska on August 31st, 1906! The Northwest Passage had been traversed [crossed]!

Effects of the Age of ExplorationDirections: Complete the Venn Diagram by writing the number of each characteristic below in the section in which it belongs (not all sections will be filled in):

1. Wanted to achieve the 3 Gs2. “Glory”: created New Netherland colony in present-day New York and New Jersey3. “Glory”: created colonies in North and South America4. “Glory”: created Quebec colony on the St. Lawrence River in present-day Canada and the

U.S.5. New Amsterdam became a busy trading area6. Enslaved natives through Laws of the Indies7. “Goods” meant friendly fur and crop trading with natives8. “Goods” meant trading and stealing from natives, especially gold and silver9. Achieved “God” goal by converting natives to Christianity10.Practiced more religious freedom than the other European countries 11.Searched for but could not find Northwest Passage12.Jacques Cartier, Giovanni da Verrazano, Samuel de Champlain

13.Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, Vasco Balboa, Hernando Cortez, Francisco Pizzaro

14.Henry Hudson, Peter Minuit

How did the Age of Exploration impact Native Americans?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

OVERALL Effects of the Age of Exploration:1. ____________________________________________________________________________________

New Spain

New France New Netherland

New France and New Netherland

All 3

New Spain and New France

New Spain and New Netherland

2. ____________________________________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________________________________

A Spanish caravel

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Age of Exploration Social Studies 7

Using the worksheets for the Laws of the Indies, the Northwest Passage, and the effects of exploration, answer the following review questions for this section:

1. Put the 4 categories of the Spanish social class pyramid in order from highest to lowest, and explain each one. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why did many European countries search for a Northwest Passage? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What were the similarities and differences between Spanish, French, and Dutch exploration? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What were the overall effects of European exploration on both the Old World and the New World? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Age of Exploration Social Studies 7

Terms: You need to be familiar with the following terms.

Middle Ages time period in Europe between the fall of the Roman empire and the beginning of the Renaissance; sometimes considered the “Dark Ages”

Crusades Holy wars between Muslims and Christians over the holy land of Jerusalem

Renaissance “rebirth” of learning that took place in Europe between the 1300’s and 1600’s

printing press machine that increased the speed at which books and other printed materials could be produced.

magnetic compass device that indicates the direction of northastrolabe device that helped people use objects in the sky to determine

latitude.

UNIT REVIEW SHEET #2Age of Exploration

caravel fast-sailing ship with rudder and triangular sails that could sail against the wind

Mercator Projection Map that helped sailors plan an accurate sailing route.Columbian Exchange

trading of goods, ideas, and diseases between the Old World and the New World

conquistador Spanish conqueror

Laws of the Indiessystem of laws set up by the Spanish government to control the Spanish colonies in the Americas; divided people into social classes based on race

peninsulares people living in the Spanish colonies that were born in Spain; highest social class set up by Laws of the Indies and usually the ruling class

creolespeople living in the Spanish colonies that were born in America but had Spanish parents; second-highest social class set up by Laws of the Indies

mestizospeople living in the Spanish colonies that were part Spanish and part Native American; second-lowest social class set up by Laws of the Indies

Indian classpeople living in the Spanish colonies that were full-blooded Native Americans; lowest social class set up by Laws of the Indies and usually enslaved

People: You need to be familiar with the following people.

Tainos Native American group living on the Caribbean island of San Salvador when Columbus arrived there in 1492

Christopher Columbus

Italian-born explorer who sailed for Spain in 1492 looking for a faster route to Asia and accidentally discovered the Americas

Ferdinand Magellan

Spanish explorer who led an expedition that circumnavigated (sailed around) the world

Hernando Cortez and Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistadors who conquered the Aztec and Inca civilizations in the Americas

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer who established the colony of New France (Quebec) along the Saint Lawrence River

Peter Minuit Dutch explorer who bought Manhattan from local Indians and created the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam.

Henry Hudson Dutch explorer who claimed areas of present-day New York and New Jersey for the Dutch

Unit Overview

The following is a list of topics from this unit that you should know for our unit test. REMEMBER, this review sheet is a study tool. You are still responsible for knowing material from class handouts.

Topic Which Worksheet? Topic Questions

Causes of Exploration “Causes of European Exploration”

1. Choose THREE of the following events or inventions

and explain how each of the following helped to encourage European exploration…

e. The Crusadesf. The Renaissanceg. printing pressh. caraveli. astrolabej. magnetic compassk. Mercator projection

The Encounter “The Encounter” “Encounter Homework”

2. How did Columbus and his crew interact with the Taino?

The Columbian Exchange

“The Columbian Exchange” 3. What was exchanged during the Columbian Exchange?

a. From Europe, Africa, and Asia to the Americas (going west)

b. From the Americas to Europe, Africa, and Asia (going east)

Christopher Columbus “The 5 W’s of Columbus’ Voyages”

4. Why did Columbus sail from Spain in 1492? What was he looking for? Why?

European Exploration “Why did Europeans Explore?”

5. Explain the three reasons that Europeans wanted to explore beginning in the 1500s?

Spanish Exploration “Explorers by Country: The Spanish Conquistadors”

“Effects of Spanish Exploration in the New World/The Laws of the Indies”

6. Put the 4 categories of the Spanish social class pyramid in order, and explain each one.

The Northwest Passage “The Search for a Northwest Passage”

7. Why did many European countries search for a Northwest Passage?

Effects of Exploration All worksheets!8. What were the similarities

and differences between Spanish, French, and Dutch exploration?

9. What were the overall effects of European exploration on both the Old World and the New World?

We will review these questions in class before the test, but you should answer

them in advance before the day of review, using the appropriate

worksheets.

To answer the questions, please use a separate sheet of paper with each question correctly numbered. ALL ANSWERS CAN BE FOUND IN YOUR PACKET WORKSHEETS! Good luck!