AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

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AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E C.E . . The Post-Classical Age The Post-Classical Age

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Transcript of AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

Page 1: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

AP TEST REVIEWSession 3

600 C.E. – 1450 600 C.E. – 1450 C.EC.E..

The Post-Classical AgeThe Post-Classical Age

Page 2: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

ISLAM BEGINS ISLAM BEGINS

• Prophet Muhammad in Mecca, early 7th century• Message from God was to make his people (Arabs) of one religion (monotheistic) to unify themselves and submit to his will• Polytheist Mecca rejected him, forcing his “Hijra” to Medina in 622 C.E.• Muhammad and his Umma return to Mecca and conquer it, thus beginning the spread of Islam throughout the Arab world and beyond

Page 3: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

•After Muhammad’s death in 632 CE, Abu Bakr takes over and becomes the

first CALIPH (political and religious leader combined)

– Islam will continue to grow and spread into Southwest Asia, Africa, and Europe

– Sunni and Shia Islam split over the issue of succession of Muhammad

Page 4: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

Umayyad CaliphateUmayyad Caliphate

• Capital located in Damascus, Syria• Arabic became the official language• Gold and silver became monetary standard• Conquered people were encouraged to convert to Islam for

sake of unity; those who did not convert were taxed• In power from 661-750 C.E.• Arabs were the higher social class (original converts to Islam,

therefore became the preferred social class)

Page 5: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

ABBASID CALIPHATEABBASID CALIPHATE• Reigned from 750 – 1258 C.E.• “Golden Age” of Islam• Built magnificent capital at Baghdad• Trade was a priority for the Abbasid• Huge innovations in science, math, medicine, literature• Established libraries that helped preserve Western

culture • Sufis helped convert people through their mystical,

romantic methodology which stressed personal relationship to Allah

• Converts to Islam (the “Mawali”) were treated better than in the Umayyad Caliphate where Arabs were the elites

Page 6: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

THE ABBASID GOLDEN THE ABBASID GOLDEN AGEAGE

Page 7: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

WOMEN IN ISLAM• Typical of a patriarchal society, women were viewed as property and had little rights• Women’s testimony was worth of a ½man’s• Qu’ran established basic rights for women and gave them equality before God• Khadija, Muhammad’s first wife, was an influential figure• Women were veiled in public (modesty and protection)• Women were kept at home mostly since domestic responsibilities were seen as their primary duty in life• Men could have many wives but women were required to be faithful to one man

Page 8: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

DECLINE OF THE ABBASID

• Weakened by:– conflict between

Sunni/Shia– Different ethnic

groups in expanding Muslim world

– Turkish Mamluks revolted (military slaves)

– Seljuk Turks were also threatening

– Mongol Invasion was the final blow that ended the Abbasid Caliphate in the 13th century

Page 9: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

BYZANTINE EMPIRE• The Roman Empire in the East (divided Empire)• Greek speakers (not Latin like in the West)• Orthodox Christianity (not Catholic)• Byzantine Rulers had absolute authority

– Caesaropapism (both emperor and pope)– Outlasts the Western Roman Empire by almost 1000 years

Page 10: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

JUSTINIAN & The Justinian JUSTINIAN & The Justinian CodeCode

Justinian ruled the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century CE and restored the glory of the Roman Empire at Constantinople. His legal system (Justinian Code), based on the 12 Tables of Rome, was significant because they kept a codified legal system in use in Europe. He also built the Hagia Sofia in Constantinople

Page 11: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

Justinian’s ReignJustinian’s Reign

• Constantinople’s glory was restored• Trade and the arts flourished• Justinian Code made laws codified and kept

Roman legal principles alive• Hagia Sofia was constructed

Page 12: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

HAGIA SOFIA (INSIDE)

Page 13: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

Orthodox vs. Catholic

• The two Christian denominations were at odds with each other over several theological issues– Language of the liturgy– Marriage of priests– Communion– Trinitarian nature of God

• Eventually there was a SCHISM in 1054 C.E. when leaders from both churches excommunicated each other!

• East vs. West

Page 14: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

RUSSIARUSSIA• Vladimir converts the people of Kiev to

Orthodox Christianity; will stay distinct from Western Europe as a result

• St. Cyril uses Greek alphabet to create a Slavic alphabet in order to better reach his potential converts

Page 15: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

FRANKS VS. MUSLIMS

• In Europe, Christianity was growing but so was the threat from Islam (Spain and southern Italy)

• King Clovis of the Franks (Germanic tribe) unified the region under the religion of Catholicism, making it easier to fight another religion like Islam

• Charles Martel helped defeat Muslim army at the Battle of Tours in 732 (stopping Islam from dominating northern Europe)

• Martel forms the Carolingian Dynasty and crowns his son Pepin (who gets blessed by the Pope, a sign of the power of the Papacy in northern Europe)

Page 16: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

CHARLES MARTELand the Battle of Tours, 732

C.E.

Page 17: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

• Pepin’s son Charles (Charlemagne) will build the empire and it will come to be called the Holy Roman Empire

Page 18: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

CHARLEMAGNE

Page 19: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

A Different Kind of Empire:

• The Holy Roman Empire was small, decentralized, and relatively weak

• Local lords had a great deal of power and did not consult Charlemagne on everything

• Charlemagne did not collect taxes and did not build a very strong empire

• Treaty of Verdun breaks the empire into thirds in 843 C.E. (going to his 3 grandsons)

Page 20: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

OMG!!!RUN FOR YOUR LIFE!

Page 21: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

THE NORSEMEN THE NORSEMEN (VIKINGS)(VIKINGS)• Excellent seafarers

from northern Europe who also were really excellent raiders

• Also good fishermen & merchants

• Eventually converted to Christianity, and they weren’t quite as much fun to be around (according to this guy)

Page 22: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

FEUDALISM IN EUROPE

Page 23: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

FEUDAL PYRAMID

• KING– NOBLES

• LESSER LORDS (VASSALS)– LESSER VASSALS

» PEASANTS (serfs)

Page 24: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

FEUDAL SYSTEM• Estates given to vassals = FIEFS (later manors)• Lord and peasants lived on the manor• Peasants worked for the lord in exchange for

protection and homes• Serfs were tied to the land and couldn’t leave or

move without permission• Code of Chivalry in place to keep lords (knights)

in line• Women of elite class were valued for feminine

traits but still essentially considered property

Page 25: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

HANSEATIC LEAGUE

• A trade alliance throughout northern Europe• Made possible due to the growth of towns

thanks to the decline of the manor system and the birth of the middle class in Europe

Page 26: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

ARCHITECTURE: GOTHIC STYLE

Gothic Architecture was known for pointed spires, flying buttresses, and stained glass

Page 27: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

THE CRUSADESTHE CRUSADES

• Military campaigns to take back the Holy Military campaigns to take back the Holy Land and convert Muslims and non-Christians Land and convert Muslims and non-Christians to Christianityto Christianity

• Control of the trade routes of the Control of the trade routes of the Mediterranean and Silk Roads was also vitalMediterranean and Silk Roads was also vital

Page 28: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

The Church MilitantThe Church Militant• Pope Innocent III issued decrees on church

doctrine• Jews and heretics were persecuted

(tortured, excommunicated, killed, or exiled)

• The Inquisition with Pope Gregory IX

Page 29: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

Bubonic PlagueBubonic Plague• Estimated 35 million deaths• Started in China and spread due to trade

and the Mongol control of Silk Road• Helped bring an end to feudalism in

Europe (loss of workers meant more value to peasants/serfs)

• Social and economic changes were sped up

• Church lost power and believers

Page 30: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

CHANGES IN EUROPE• England unifies under William

the Conqueror– Magna Carta (1215 C.E.) gives

rights to nobles and lessens absolute power of king

• Germanic and Italian city-states decentralize

• “Countries” start to form, along linguistic and cultural lines

• France and England begin fighting, and haven’t really stopped hating each other since…Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

• Queen Isabella marries Ferdinand and unifies Spain (with the Catholic Church’s blessing and assistance)

• Spain becomes a world power and the world is about to change in a big way

Page 31: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

TANG DYNASTY TANG DYNASTY CHINACHINA

• Ruled from 618-907 CE• Expanded into Manchuria, Tibet, Korea,

Mongolia• Overexpansion led to lack of control and

warlords seized power, Tang collapsed

Page 32: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

CHINA- continued

• Tang and Song Dynasties used the civil service examinations which began under the Han

• This kept numbers of educated, Confucianist, loyal government workers in bureaucracy

• Tang collected tribute from other countries including Vietnam and Korea

• Moveable Type helped literacy (Song)• Song also developed gunpowder and the junk ship,

along with the magnetic compass• Champa rice helped double the population and

contributed to urbanization in China

Page 33: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS

Page 34: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

CHINESE INNOVATIONS

Page 35: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

EMPRESS WU ZHAO

• Tang Dynasty had a woman emperor (unique) • Blame it on Buddhism! Confucianists were

not happy with this development

Page 36: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

Foot Binding during Song Dynasty

• To keep women in rightful place (for elites this meant at home), Chinese practiced foot binding to keep the female feet small and childlike (big feet were considered masculine)

Page 37: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

JAPAN

• Yamato Clan takes over leadership, claiming to be direct descendants of the sun goddess, one of the main deities in Shinto religion

• Yamato stayed in power for 1500 years…even today the emperor is from the same family

• Hereditary social structure: different than Confucianist China and civil service exams based on merit rather than family

Page 38: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

FEUDAL JAPAN

Page 39: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

If Japan could do it all over again, you know they would have someone very

different at the top of the feudal pyramid…

Page 40: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

BUSHIDO (Chivalry)

Page 41: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

THE DELHI SULTANATE of INDIA

• Islamic invaders took over northwestern India and tried to convert Hindus or tax them

• Northern India was changed, many converted to Islam while those in the south stayed Hindu

• Much development occurred during this time period for India

Page 42: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

Delhi Sultanate India

Page 43: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

THE MONGOLSTHE MONGOLS• Excellent horsemen and archers• Genghis Khan in the early 1200’s unified

various Mongol tribes and began conquest of much of Eurasia

Page 44: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

MONGOL HORDES• Golden Horde conquered Russia• Kublai Khan (emperor) ruled in China (Yuan

Dynasty)• Il-Khanate ruled SW Asia• Chagatai ruled in South Asia

Page 45: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

PAX MONGOLICAPAX MONGOLICA

• Trade flourished thanks to Mongol control of the trade routes (no one dared messed with traders since the Mongols would exact revenge if money did not reach them)

• Mongols were in the game solely for wealth extraction, not promotion of their own culture (unlike Greeks, British, French)

Page 46: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

AFRICAAFRICA• Mali in western Africa (city of

Timbuktu)• Mansa Musa travels to Mecca and

shows off the great wealth of his kingdom (gold/salt)

• Islam had major impact on West Africa

Page 47: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

TRANS-SAHARA TRADE ROUTES

Page 48: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

THE AMERICAS

• Maya in Central America• Inca in the Andes Mountains of S. America• Aztec in Mexico

Page 49: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

AZTEC EMPIRE• Tenochtitlan capital city• Tens of thousands of

ritual sacrifices to deities (war captives)

• Warriors were the elite social class

• Tribute required of neighboring states

Page 50: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

AZTECS…gotta get that Sun to keep rising.

Page 51: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

INCA EMPIRE• 2000 miles of South

American coastline• Professional army• Established bureaucracy• Unified language• Roads and bridges

connecting the empire• Mit’a System in place to

maintain infrastructure of empire

Page 52: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

MAYA• Largely agricultural peasant

population• Warfare frequent (decentralized city-

states)• Large cities of 40,000 people

Page 53: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

INDIAN OCEAN TRADE

• In the post-classical era, Persians and Arabs dominated trade in the Indian Ocean

• Connected ports in eastern Africa (Swahili Coast) with ports in Western India and the Persian Gulf

• Boats used monsoon winds to travel • Safer travel in Indian Ocean compared to the

Mediterranean (where warfare was constant)• Blended cultures as a result of sailors marrying

women in different ports

Page 54: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

THE SILK ROAD• Carried more than silk (porcelain,

paper)• Religions were also transmitted

along the Silk Road– Buddhism from India to China– Islam to Central Asia and beyond– Christianity – Cultural Diffusion at work (religion,

languages, food, art, and products spread around the world as a result of the Silk Road)

Page 55: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

AP Essay Prompts from the Post-Classical Era

2010 Comparative Essay

Analyze similarities and differences in the rise of TWO of the following empires:

• Mongol Empire• Aztec Empire• A West African Sudanic Empire (Mali OR

Ghana OR Songhai)

Page 56: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

AP Essay Prompts from the Post-Classical Era

2009 Change and Continuity over Time

Analyze changes and continuities in patterns of interactions along the Silk Roads from 200 BCE to 1450 CE

Page 57: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

AP Essay Prompts from the Post-Classical Era

• 2008 Change and Continuity over Time

Analyze changes and continuities in commerce in the Indian Ocean region from 650 CE to 1750 CE

Page 58: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

AP Essay Prompts from the Post-Classical Era

2005 Comparison Essay

Compare and contrast the political and economic effects of Mongol rule on TWO of the following regions:

• China• Middle East• Russia

Page 59: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

AP Essay Prompts from the Post-Classical Era

2003 Change and Continuity Essay

Describe and analyze the cultural, economic, and political impact of Islam on ONE of the following regions between 1000 CE and 1750 CE:

• West Africa• South Asia• Europe

Page 60: AP TEST REVIEW Session 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. The Post-Classical Age.

AP Essay Prompts from the Post-Classical Era

• 2002 DBQ Essay

Using the documents, compare and contrast the attitudes of Christianity and Islam toward merchants and trade from the religions’ origins until about 1500.


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