Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 93 ( 2013 ) 1811 – 1814

1877-0428 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Selection and peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Ferhan Odabaşıdoi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.122

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*Corresponding author: Asuman Şahan, Tel: +90 242 3106840; fax: +90 242 2271116 E-mail adress: asusahan@akdeniz.edu.tr

3rd World Conference on Learning, Teaching and Educational Leadership (WCLTA-2012)

The relationship between tennis skill acquisitions with sleep quality and quality of life

Funda Seferoğlua, Asuman Şahana*, Tarık Karamana, Alparslan Ermana

School of Physical Education and Sports, Akdeniz University, Dumlupınar Avenue 07058 Campus Antalya, Turkey

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between tennis skill acquisitions and sleep quality, quality of life and depression level. 21.88±2.10 years old 33 subjects took part in the study as a volunteer. Tennis education was given to the individuals for two hours and twice a week during 12 weeks. Beck Depression Inventory, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, SF-36 Quality of life index and Tennis Ability Test was applied before and after the tennis education. At the end of the study; the statistically significant relationship was determined just between quality of life and sleep quality (r=0.42; p=0.01). On the other hand in tennis ability % 22.31±18.19 points statistically significant improvement was recorded (p=0.00), but there could be found no relationship between this development and any parameter. © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer review under the responsibility of Prof. Dr. Ferhan Odabaşı

Keywords: Sleep; quality of life; depression; tennis; skill acquisition.

1. Introduction

Sleep has an important role in memory retention and acquisition of motor skills. Specifically, sleep has been implicated in the consolidation process, which is the conversion of an unstable memory trace into a stable form that becomes the performance gains. There is still controversial the importance of the memory phases in the alternate periods of Non-Rapid Eyes Movements (NREM) and Rapid Eyes Movements (REM) during sleep. Sleep start with NREM phase and phases of sleep during the night varies (Debarnot et al., 2009).

The effect of sleep which improves memory in young and elderly subjects varies. Hippocampus and prefrontal cortex structure and function of the elderly have changed. This change may be the underlying cause of the lack of memory and depending on the quality of sleep may reveal differences in the restructuring of memory. Studies reported the elderly than in younger persons less benefit from sleep. Most of studies focused on clarifying the effect of exercise on sleeping on young (Aly et al., 2010). It is indicated that insomnia means waking up early in the morning and sleep fragmentation. It means 50 % elderly individuals have got chronic insomnia problems. In the studies it was figure out aerobic exercise increased sleep quality, psychological condition and life quality (Reid et

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© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Selection and peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Ferhan Odabaşı

1812 Funda Seferoğlu et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 93 ( 2013 ) 1811 – 1814

al., 2010). In one of the studies, it is expressed a regular physical exercise done more than one hour a week in middle intensity, increased life quality of healthy old people (Acree et al., 2006). In general on studies done as experimental, it was found out that exercises improved life quality by decreasing depression and anxiety (Bowen et al., 2006).

In different studies it is referred that sleep quality, life quality and motor learning affect each other. This interaction differs in age group, health condition and social features. Although the positive correlation between sleep and memory is stated in most of studies, it hasn’t been come across a study about relation of sleep quality and tennis skill acquisition and life quality. For this reason the correlation of tennis skill acquisition and sleep quality, quality of life and depression level are the original core of this study.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Subject

Thirty-three healthy university students volunteered to participate in the study. All participants were informed about the study after The Short Form SF-36 (Quality of Life Index), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Tennis Ability Test (TAT) at the beginning and at the end of tennis training were conducted.

2.2. Tennis training procedure

12 weeks of tennis training was given to the subjects, two days a week and two hours a day. Firstly subjects were trained feeling of the ball. Later ground stroke, volley and serve practical were made. Targeting the balls some special points (e.g. to the baseline, cross-court, down-the line) and tactical using of stroke variations was thought. Small rallies and single or double matches in all court and some games related with tennis were played.

2.3. Tennis Ability Test (TAT)

The aim of this test is to measure tennis ability. One tennis racquet and 22 tennis balls of the same standards were used during the test. The subject was asked to stand on the baseline. Eleven balls were thrown to the participant’s left and right sides from the teacher standing in front of the net. The participant required to strike the balls alternately as forehand and backhand. It was evaluated as one point when the ball fell into the service boxes in the singles court; two points when it fell back court and zero point when the ball fell outside of the lines or into the net. The test was applied as three sets and the best score was recorded (Seferoğlu et al., 2012).

2.4. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)

It is used for evaluating sleep quality of person in the last month. It enables only a total point acquiring the points of quantities and qualitative questions. It can be used easily and common for determine sleep deformities and the influence of these deformities with the other psychiatric deformities. 21 points can be got at the survey. More than 5 points indicates that the person has a sleep disorder (Ağargün et al., 1996).

2.5. SF-36 Quality of Life Index (SF- 36)

It was improved and presented by Rand Corporation to evaluate life quality. It was translated into Turkish and validity and reliability study was done. It is kind of self evaluating scale which has got jeneric criterion characteristic. It is formed of 36 questions providing eight dimensions measuring. These dimensions are physical function, social function, restrictiveness depends on physical problems and restrictiveness depends on emotional problems, mental health, energy/vitality, general perception of ache and health. In the evaluation likert type is

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applied except some questions and last 4 weeks are taken into consideration. Subscales evaluate health 0-100; 0 means unhealthy, 100 means healthy (Ware et al., 1992; Koçyiğit et al., 1999).

2.6. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

It is a self-notice scale developed by Beck to evaluate the intensity of somatic, emotional, mental, motivational symptoms under depression. It was improved in 1961 and the works of validity and reliability in Turkish was done by Teğin, Hisli in 1988 Beck Depression Test includes 21 questions of depression symptoms such as pessimism, failure feeling, unsatisfaction, feeling quality, uneasiness, tiredness, loss of appetite, indecisiveness, sleep deformity, introvertness. It is asked the patient to choose the best answer for them. In this measure, there are 4 options in each question and they get 0-3 points. Depression point is got to have been added these points. The points from the scale can change between 0-63 points and high points in the test indicate the increasing of depressive symptoms (Güleç 2005).

2.7. Statistical methods

Pearson Correlation Test was applied to determine the relationships between parameters and the Paired Simples T-Test was applied to determine the differences between pre and post tests of Tennis Ability Test.

2.8. Results

Table 1. Descriptive characteristics of study groups.

n=33 Mean±Std. Deviation

Age (years)

Height (cm)

Weight (Kg)

PSQI(point)

SF-36 (point)

BDI (point)

21,88±2,11

174,52±8,68

64,91±10,16

7,60 ±3,60

113,87±10,75

12,15±11,3 Table 2. Tennis ability test results.

n=33 Mean±Std. Deviation

TAT pre test (% point)

TAT post test (% point)

TAT (pre-post test % difference)

44,08±16,00

66,39±20,32

22,31±18,19

TAT 22.31±18.19 point statistically significant improvement was recorded (p=0.00).

Table 3. The relationship between PSQI, SF-36, BDI and TAT.

*p <0,05

Parameters (n=33) r p

BDI-SF-36 -0,17 0,33

BDÖI-PSQI -0,06 0,75

PSQI- SF-36 -0,49 0,03*

PSQI-TAT % difference 0,02 0,92

SF-36-TAT % difference -0,13 0,47

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The correlation analysis was done between points of PUKI, SF-36 BDI and TATA pre-post test difference point % of all participants. The result of this analysis negative significant correlation was found between only PUKI and SF-36 (r=-0,495; p=0,03) (Table 2).

3. Conclusion

We investigated the relationship between tennis skill acquisitions and sleep quality, quality of life and depression level. At the end of the study when we take into consideration of the points at PUKI, SF-36, BD scale and the points at TAT, pre-post test % different points of participants, we got the negative significant correlation between PUKI and SF-36.

In the studies it is suggested to use the exercise programs not only to prevent and to treat insomnia but also to use depression treatment on elderly people. However a few meta-analysis show exercises training have an effect on sleeping. A study has been done on middle aped individuals and olds who have sleep problems. At the end of this study it was found that aerobic and strength exercises have a middle rate impression on sleep quality (Yang et al., 2012).

A study done on over 55 aged of individuals having sleep problems and was found a reduction of sleep and life quality improvement and depression symptoms after 16 weeks aerobic (Reid et al., 2010). In a study done on postmenopausal sedentary women, aged of 50-75 the participants have done middle or intensity strength recreational activities less than 60 minutes once a week. After these kinds of exercises a recovery has been discovered on the life quality of participants in long or short term (Bowen et al., 2006). In a study done to determine the effect of sleep on motor learning, it was found that subjects were more accurate and performed finger-tapping sequences faster after sleep, while equivalent time during wake did not provide significant changes (Walker et al., 2002).

As it is stated on these studies, our study as well, it was found that sleep quality and life quality affect each other. In our study the relation between long term tennis education and sleep and life quality were tried to figure out. At the end of the study the relation between tennis education and sleep and life quality couldn’t be found. According to results, it can be said there is an acute interaction more than chronic interaction between sleep quality skill learning and depression level.

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