The Reason-Giving Game
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Transcript of The Reason-Giving Game
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The Reason-Giving Game
80-100: Introduction to Philosophy
May 21, 2009
Instructor: Karin Howe
Carnegie Mellon University
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The Reason-Giving Game
• Models philosophical inquiry as a reason-giving game
• The players:– A: "the claimant"– B: "the challenger"
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Moves in the game
• Claims (two kinds)
• Challenges (two kinds)
• Defendings (two kinds)
• Retractions
• Withdrawals
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Two kinds of claims
• Presumptive• Non-presumptive• What's the difference?
– Presumptive claims are claims that can be taken as given, because they are acceptable to both parties given their shared common ground
• What effect does advancing a claim have on the game?
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Two kinds of challenges
• Bare
• Assertional
• What's the difference?– An assertional challenge presents grounds for
doubt - reason(s) that count against the claim
• What effect do challenges have on the game?
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Two kinds of defendings
• Direct• Indirect• What's the difference?
– Direct defendings directly respond to the challenge by providing supporting reasons for the claim. Indirect defendings respond to a challenge by showing that the challenge is misplaced in some way.
• What sorts of effects can a defending have on the game?
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Two final possible moves
• Withdrawals• Retractions• What's the distinction between a withdrawal and a
retraction?– A retraction is a reversal of the commitment to defend
(generally on the part of the claimant). A withdrawal is the reversal of a challenge (generally on the part of the challenger).
• What is the effect of each of these moves on the game?
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Exercise
We should postpone the picnic.Move: Non-presumptive claimEffect: Starts the discussion
Why?Move: bare challengeEffect: Provokes a defending, suspends use of the claim
It's going to rain.Move: direct defendingEffect: Presents another (embedded) claim
How do you know?Move: bare challengeEffect: challenges the direct defense; suspends use of that defense
Haven't you seen the weather forecast?Move: indirect defendingEffect: Establishes previous claim as presumptive
No. If you have, though, it's your call.Move: withdrawalEffect: Challenger gives up his/her challenge; allows the original claim to be used.
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Now you try!
* Small Group Exercise
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The Meno
* Small Group Exercise
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Socratic Philosophy
• Socrates or Plato?• Socrates: 469-399 B.C.E.• Plato: 429-347 B.C.E.• Socrates sentenced to death by Athenians for "crimes"
against the state
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The Apology
• Account of Socrates' trial
• Apologia– "A defense especially
of one's opinions, position or actions"
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