The Protists Chapter 19.1page 502 - 525

The Fungi Chapter 20Page 528 - 547

(503) What is a protist?Kingdom Protista:

1) Most diverse kingdom

2) Unicellular and Many multi-cellular

3) Microscopic

4) Some make own food,_______________ some don’t, __________________

What then, do all protists have in common?

They are all ____________EUKARYOTES• membrane

bound organelles

• Nucleus

AUTOTROPHS

HETEROTROPHS

Groups of Protista5) A ______________ is a unicellular animal

like organism.– Moist environments– Very diverse group– All feed on other organism (dead or alive)

They are therefore _______________.

6) Four Diverse Groups– Amoebas (have pseudopodia) – Flagellates (have flagella) – Ciliates (have cilia) – Sporozoans (parasites)

PROTOZOAN

HETEROTROPHS

Amoeba

7) Moves by sending out extensions of the plasma membrane to move and feed

8) These extensions are called ___________.

9) Do not have a cell wall

10) To feed, the pseudopodia surrounds the food

PSEUDOPODIA

Video: amoeba

Amoeba

11) Amoebas can remove excessive water with little pumps called ___________ ________

12) Found in moist environments

13) Amoebas found in the sea are part of the ______

14) Plankton is assortment of organisms that float in oceans and form base of the ocean’s food chain.

15) Radiolarians are an important part of plankton too.

16) Most amoebas reproduce by ________________

CONTRACTILE VACUOLES

PLANKTON

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Flagellates 17) Get their name because they are protists with one or more ____________. 18) Flagella allow for the protist to move about. 19) Some flagellates are parasites, causing diseases like sleeping sickness. 20) Some protozoa are found in the guts of termites and will digest cellulose as food.

FLAGELLA

Video- dinoflagellates

Zoomastigina – African sleeping sickness (506)21) From bite of tsetse fly (506)

22) Cause chills and rashes, infect nerve cells

23) Lose consciousness and laps into deep & fatal coma

Chapter 19

Flagellates:

Ciliate What are ciliates?

24) Contain _________, hair-like projections to move from place to place

25) Paramecia are one of the largest unicellular organisms.

26) Use cilia, oral groove, gullet and food vacuole for digestion.

27) Another ciliate: Stentor

CILIA

Paramecium

Stentor

Ciliate

28) Paramecia reproduce asexually and sexually by _____________. In this process paramecia join and exchange genetic material.

29) Also paramecia divide through asexual reproduction, by dividing into two identical daughter cells

Asexual reproduction.

CONJUGATION

Sporozoans 30) Most of the Protist are in the group

Sporozoans, which produce __________.

31) Spores are a reproductive cell with a hard outer coat that produces a new organism without fertilization.

32)All are __________

33) This is the life cycle of malaria,

a disease caused by a Sporozoan

through the life cycle of a Mosquito.

SPORES

PARASITES

Reinforcement and Study Guide 19.1

Answers page 83. Protists1. True

2. Animal-like, plantlike, and fungus-like

3. True

4. Animal-like

5. Pseudopodia

6. Contractile vacuole

7. Asexual reproduction

8. Flagellates

9. Cilia

10. Conjugation

11. Sporozoans

12. Plasmodium

13. mosquito

Algae: Plantlike Protists Chapter 19.2 page 510 – 525 Diatoms (below)

Algae: Plantlike Protist 19.2What are algae?

34) Protists that photosynthesize are algae.

35) Algae use chlorophyll to trap energy from sun.

36) Up to 4 kinds of chlorophyll w/ various pigments. (variety of colors in algae)

37) Can be unicellular or multicellular.

38)_Photosynthesizing algae are called ________________

Diversity of Algae

39) Six phyla of algae

40) Three of phyla (euglenoids, diatoms & dinoflagellates) are unicellular

PHYTOPLANKTON

Euglenoids (511)

What are euglenoids?

41) Have both plant and animal characteristics.

42) Contain chlorophyll & photosynthesize but don’t have cellulose or cell wall

43) Can take in food similar to protozoans

44) Have one or more flagella to

move toward food or lightvideos

Diatoms: The golden algae

45) Unicellular photosynthesizing organisms

46) Make up a large part of phytoplankton in fresh and salt water ecosystems

47) Shells made of silica (sand) with two parts

48) Contain chlorophyll and carotenoid (golden-yellow pigment)

49) Oil in diatoms helps

diatoms float on surface,

Will be closer to sunlight

Diatom

Diatom

Diatom

Dinoflagellates (513)

50) Have two (2) flagella located in grooves.

51) Cell spins slowly as flagella beat.

52) Makes up Phytoplankton in salt water.

53)Cause _________ , that kill fish, and shellfish.

(513)

RED TIDE

28-12-Dinoflagellate-B.lnk

Dinoflagellates

Red

Tide!

Red Tide

Algae____________ Red Algae (514)

54) The next three phyla of algae has to do with their color: red, brown, and green algae.

55) Red algae are seaweeds. The body of the seaweed is called a ___________. Seaweeds lack roots, stems, and leaves.

56) Red algae can survive deep water because light is absorbed in the green, violet

and blue pigments. Red is the

part of light spectrum that can

penetrate deep water

(below 100m)

THALLUS

Brown Algae (514)57) Brown algae are found in cool ocean water.

58) Many have ____________ that keep bodies floating near the surface.

59)The largest of the brown algae are _________

60) Kelp forest are complete ecosystems.

BLADDERS

KELP

Kelp (multicellular seaweed) (514)

61) Looks like plants but is not; no roots, stems or leaves62) Has hold fasts to attach to rock

Chapter 20

Brown Algae (Kelp)

Green Algae

63) Most live in fresh water

64) But live in a variety of water; salt water, snow, tree trunk, fur of animals.

COLONY

65) Unicellular or multicellular. Live in a group of cells that live

together in close association called a

_________.

Volvox

Volvox

Volvox

Green algae reproduction Plant like Protist

66) Reproduce sexually and asexually67) Individual organism breaks into pieces and

each piece forms a new organism. This type of reproduction is called ___________.

68) Life cycles that alternate between individuals that produce spores and individuals that produce gametes are called _____________

69) Alternates between haploid and _________.

FRAGMENTATION

ALTERNATION OF GENERATION

DIPLOID

Forms sex cells Forms body cells

(516)

70) Colonial Green Algae:

71) multicellular

72) Spirogyra: forms threadlike long colonies called filaments

Chapter 20-4 Plantlike Protist:

Chapter 20

Red, Brown, & Green Algae

Spirogyra – undergoing conjugation and showing filaments

Internal structure

Alternation of generations

Chapter 20

Mature Cell

+

-

Zygote

Diploid

Zoospores

Meiosis

Haploid

Asexual Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction

An organism’s life cycle alternates between ___________ reproduction and ___________ reproduction

ASEXUAL

SEXUAL

Reinforcement and Study Guide 19.2

1. The characteristic common to all protists is that they are eukaryotic.

2. Unicellular protists that are major producers of oxygen in aquatic ecosystems are phytoplankton.

3. Unicellular and multicellular photosynthetic protists are algae.

4. Most green, red and brown algae are multicellular.

5. Photosynthetic pigments are used to classify algae.

6. Algae are classified into six phyla.

7. Phylum Euglenophyta

8. Contractile vacuole

9. Nucleus

10. Chloroplast

11. Flagellum

12. Eye spot

13. Pellicle

14. Mitochondria

Reinforcement and Study Guide 19.2

15. When diatoms that have been reproducing sexually reach about on-fourth of their original size, they reproduce sexually.

16. Dinoflagellates are unicellular algae that all of the above; have two flagella, create red tides, have thick cellulose plates.

17. Red algae are a kind of seaweed having pigments that absorb green, violet, and blue light waves, which allows the algae to photosynthesize in limited light

18. The air bladders of green algae allows the algae to float to surface.

19. A green algae that forms colonies is Volvox.

20. Some algae have a life cycle that has a pattern called (20) alternation of generations. These algae alternate between a(n) (21) haploid form that is called the (22) gametophyte because it produces gametes, and a(n) (23) diploid form called the (24) sporophyte. When the haploid gametes fuse, they form a(n) (25) zygote form which the sporophyte develops. Certain cells in the sporophyte undergo (26) meiosis to form haploid (27) spores that develop into gametophytes.

Fungi Chapter 20

What is a fungus? Chapter 20

Characteristics of Fungi:

73) Are everywhere

74) Grow best in moist, warm environments

75)Have cell walls but not of ___________, like found in plants.

Fungi have cell walls of ____________.

CELLULOSE

CHITIN

What is the structure of fungi?

76) Most are multicellular and have long threadlike filaments called _________

77) Hyphae grow from __________.

78) As hyphae grow they form an network of filaments called a _______________.

HYPHAE

SPORES

MYCELIUM

79) A germinating fungal spore produces hyphae that branch to for mycelium.

(530)

Hypha

Mycelium

Spore

How do fungi get food?

80) Fungi can not make their own food, they are

81) Food is digested ___________ the fungus’s cells and then food is absorbed by digestive ___________

82) Enzymes break down large food molecules into small food molecules

83) Small food molecules move into the hyphae by Osmosis)

HETEROTROPHS

OUTSIDE

ENZYMES

Reproduction in Fungi

84) Fungi undergo asexual reproduction by pieces of mycelium breaking off called: ______________

85) Another asexual method in which a new individual pinches off from the parent is

__________

FRAGMENTATION

BUDDING

Common BasidiomycotesDiversity is obvious

• Mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bird’s nests fungi, rust, smut, and bracket fungi.

Another Example of Mutualism: Mycorrhizae and Lichens

86) Mutualism: a symbiotic relationship that benefit both species

87) A fungus that has a symbiotic relationship: a plant and its roots is ______________

88) Fine, threadlike hyphae grow around the plant’s roots without harming the plant. The hyphae maintain water around roots. The fungus receives organic nutrients from the plant.

MYCORRHIZAE

89) A _________ is a symbiotic association between a fungus and _____________.

90) The fungus portion forms a dense web of _________, the algae grows inside the web.

91) The algae provides food for both organisms, the fungus protects the algae from changes in the environment.

92) Often first to colonize an area in __________ succession.

LICHEN

Mutualism: Mycorrhizae and Lichens

GREEN ALGAE

HYPHAE

PRIMARY

Chapter 21 – Fungi

Chapter 21

21 – 2 Classification of Fungi

Mushrooms

Jelly fungi

Bird’s Nest Fungus

Lichens

Fungi page 87-88 Worksheet4. Many fungi are decomposers, which break down organic

substances into raw materials that can be used by other organisms.

5. Fungi use extracellular digestion (outside) to obtain nutrients.

6. Hyphae release digestive enzymes that break down molecules in their food source.

7. Saprophytic are fungi are decomposers.8. Parasitic fungi grow haustoria into host cells and absorb

the cell’s nutrients.9. Fungi reproduce asexually by fragmentation, budding, or

producing spores.10. In fragmentation, pieces of hyphae grow into new mycelia.11. The process of a parent cell undergoing mitosis and

producing a new individual that pinches off, matures, and separates from the parent is called budding.

Fungi page 87-88 Worksheet12. When environmental conditions are right, a spore may

germinate and produce a threadlike hypha that will grow into a mycelium.

13. Some hyphae grow away from the mycelium to produce a spore-containing structure called a sporangium.

14. In most fungi, the structures that support sporangia are the only part of the fungus that can be seen.

15. Fungi may produce spores by mitosis or meiosis.16. Many adaptations of fungi for survival involve spores.17. Sporangia protects spores and keep them from drying out

until they are released.18. A single puffball may produce a cloud containing as many as

1 trillion spores.19. Producing a large number of spores increase a species’

chances of survival.20. Fungal spores can be dispersed by: water, wind, animals

Fungi page 89-90 Worksheet1. 2__ Hyphae called rhizoids penetrate the food, anchor the

mycelium, and absorb nutrients.2. 1__ An asexual spore germinates on a food source and

hyphae begin to grow.3. 5__ Spores are released and another asexual cycle begins.4. 3__ Hyphae called stolons grow across the surface of the

food source and form a mycelium.5. 4__ Special hyphae grow upward to form sporangia that are

filled with asexual spores.

Ascomycotes are also called (6) sac fungi because they produce sexual spores, called, (7) ascospores , in a saclike structure, called a(an) (8) ascus.

During asexual reproduction, Ascomycotes produce spores called (9) conidia.

Fungi page 89-90 Worksheet(10.) Conidiophores , which are elongated hyphae.Morels and truffles are (11) multicellular Ascomycotes that

are edible. Yeasts are (12) unicellular Ascomycotes. (13) Yeasts are used to make beer, wine, and bread. They are also used in genetic research. A(n) (14) vaccine for the disease hepatitis B is produced from rapidly growing (15) yeast cell, which contain spliced human genes.

20. Penicillim is an example of a deuteromycotes.21. A mycorrhiza is a mutualistic relationship between a fungus

and a(n) plant.22. Penicillim is an antibiotic produced by a deuteromycotes.23. Plants that have mycorrhizae associated with their roots

grow larger24. Deuteromycotes make up a division of fungi that have no

known sexual stage

Fungi page 89-90 Worksheet(25) A lichen is a mutualistic relationship between a fungus

and a(n) alga or cyanobacterium.(26) Lichens are pioneer species in all parts of the world.(27) Scientists think that ascomycotes and basiciomycotes evolved from a common ancestor.