Protists Chapter 28. Protists Eukaryotes Not plants, fungi or animals.
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Transcript of Protists Chapter 28. Protists Eukaryotes Not plants, fungi or animals.
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Protists
Chapter 28
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Protists
Eukaryotes Not plants, fungi or animals
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Protists
Unicellular Colonial Multi-cellular Highly variableNo one unifying feature“protist” informal term Greatest diversity of eukaryotic kingdoms.
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Endosymbiosis
Cyanobacterium
Heterotrophiceukaryote
Over the courseof evolution,this membranewas lost.
Red alga
Green alga
Primaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Plastid
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Stramenopiles
Plastid
Euglenids
Chlorarachniophytes
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General biology
Cell surfaceLocomotion organellesCyst formationNutrition Reproduction
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Cell surface
Varies Only cell membraneExtra cellular material (ECM) on outside of membraneECM makes a strong cell wall Diatoms shells of silica
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Locomotion organelles
Varies Flagella (1 or more)Several shorter called cilia Pseudopodial (false feet)Lobopodia-blunt extensionsFilopodia-thin branch extensionsAxopodia-supported by microtubules
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Cyst formation
Protective coveringIn adverse environmentsDormant forms
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Nutrition
Phototrophs (photosynthetic)HeterotrophsMixotrophs Combine photosynthesis with heterotrophic nutritionPhagotrophsIngest visible particles of foodOsomotrophsIngest soluble food
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Reproduction
Asexually– Binary fission– Budding
Sexual reproductionGamete meiosisSpore-producing protists are haploid as adultsAlgae alternate haploid/diploid
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Fig. 28-23
Commonancestorof alleukaryotes
DHFR-TSgenefusion
Unikonta
Excavata
Chromalveolata
Rhizaria
Archaeplastida
Choanoflagellates
Animals
Fungi
Amoebozoans
Diplomonads
Euglenozoans
Alveolates
Stramenopiles
Rhizarians
Red algae
Green algae
Plants
RESULTS
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Categories
1. Excavata2. Chromalveolata3. Rhizaria4. Archaeplastida5. Unikonta
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1. Excavata
DiplomonadsParabasalidsEuglenozoans
CDC
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Diplomonads
Giardia lamblia (parasite)Flagellate protistMitochondria lacking DNA, ETC or enzymes for citric acid cycleAnaerobic environmentFound in waterCause diarrhea“hikers diarrhea”
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Parabasalids
TrichomonadsReduced mitochondriaAnaerobic energy production T. vaginalisInfects vaginal liningDisrupts normal acidity of vagina
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Euglenozoans
AutotrophsHeterotrophsParasites
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Euglenozoans
EuglenoidsMixotrophs Earliest free-living eukaryotesFresh waterMove by flagellumAsexually
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Euglena
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Euglenozoan
KinetoplastidsSingle mitochondria2 types of DNAParasitesTypanosomiasis African sleeping disease
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2. Chromalveoletes
Alevolates– Dinoflagellates– Apicomplexans– Ciliates
Stramenopiles– Diatoms– Golden algae– Brown algae– Oomycetes
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Dinoflagellates
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Alveolata
Common traitAlveoli (membrane sac) Space below plasma membraneDinoflagellatesApicomplexesCilliates
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Dinoflagellates
PhotosyntheticMarine & freshwaterCharacteristic shapeReinforced by internal plates of cellulose.Two flagella sit in perpendicular grooves in the “armor” Produce a spinning movement“red tide” produced with large growth
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Apicomplexes
Spore forming parasitesSpores pass from host to hostApical complexes:Organelles-one of cellPlasmodium causes malariaMosquito to human
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Plasmodium
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Malaria
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Toxoplasma gondi
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Ciliates
Large numbers of ciliaAnchored to microtubules below membrane2 nuclei Macronucleus for mitosisMicronucleus for sexual reproduction
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Paramecium
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Paramecium
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Ciliates
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Paramecium
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Stramenopila
DiatomsBrown algaeGolden algaeOomycetes
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Diatoms
Unique glasslike walls Hydrated silica in an organic matrix.Overlap like a shoe box & lid.PhotosyntheticMostly unicellular
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Diatoms
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Brown algae
Largest algae (kelp)MulticellularMost are marineFound in cooler watersColor due to carotenoids Alternate between diploid & haploid cyclesThickens foods (ice cream, pudding)
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Brown algae
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Golden algae (Chrysophyta),
Named for the yellow & brown carotene Xanthophyll pigmentsTypically bi-flagellated.Many freshwaterMost are unicellular, some are colonial.Poor environment;Form resistant cysts-viable for decades.
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Golden algae (Chrysophyta),
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Oomycetes
Cellulose in cell wallsMostly diploidFlagellated cellsCaused the potato blight in 1845-47Turned potato plants to black slime
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3. Rhizaria
AmoebasForamsRadiolarians
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Amoebas
PseudopodsFlowing extension of cytoplasmPulls amoeba forwardCauses dysentery
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Amoebas
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Forams
Almost all marine.Most live in sand or attach to rocks or algae.Some are in plankton.Multi-chambered, porous shells Consists of organic materialsHardened with calcium carbonateTests
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Forams
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Radiolarians
MarineInternal skeleton made of silicaSkeleton lines seafloor when dies
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200 µm
Radiolarians
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4. Archaeplastida
Red algaeGreen algae
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Rhodophyta
Red algaeMicroscopic to large seaweed on beachMostly multi-cellularWarm coastal watersUsed in sushi
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Red algae
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Chlorophyta
Green algaeGreen chloroplastsSimilar to plantsDiverged recentlyMostly live in fresh waterUnicellular to multi-cellular
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Green algae
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5. Unikonta
Slime moldsChoanoflagellida
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Slime molds
Looks like a moving mass of slimePlasmodiumA multinucleated mass of cytoplasmMove as a mass called a slugDigest bacteria, yeasts & other small organic particlesMulti-cellular & unicellular
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Slim molds
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Slim molds
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Slim molds
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Slim mold
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Choanoflagellida
Similar to spongesFreshwaterSingle flagellumFeed on bacteria
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Fig. 28-UN6