The Process of Evolution How it Works and How we See It.
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Transcript of The Process of Evolution How it Works and How we See It.
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The Process of The Process of EvolutionEvolution
How it Works and How How it Works and How we See Itwe See It
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Topic OutlineTopic Outline
Evolution in a Genetic ContextEvolution in a Genetic Context - Microevolution- Microevolution
Hardy-WeinbergHardy-Weinberg Causes of MicroevolutionCauses of Microevolution Natural SelectionNatural Selection
Types of SelectionTypes of Selection Maintenance of VariationsMaintenance of Variations SpeciationSpeciation
Modes of SpeciationModes of Speciation
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Background VocabularyBackground Vocabulary GeneGene AlleleAllele Phenotype vs GenotypePhenotype vs Genotype HomozygousHomozygous HeterozygousHeterozygous Gene poolGene pool MicroevolutionMicroevolution Polygenic (Quantitative) vs Monogenic Polygenic (Quantitative) vs Monogenic
TraitsTraits
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The Hardy-Weinberg ModelThe Hardy-Weinberg Model
pp22 + + 2pq2pq + + qq22
And And
pp++q=1q=1
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What Does it Mean?What Does it Mean?
p=Frequency of Dominant allelep=Frequency of Dominant allele q=Frequency of recessive alleleq=Frequency of recessive allele pp22=frequency of Homozygous =frequency of Homozygous
dominant individualsdominant individuals qq22=frequency of homozygous =frequency of homozygous
recessive indvidualsrecessive indviduals 2pq=frequency of heterozygotes2pq=frequency of heterozygotes
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So What?So What?
The Hardy-Weinberg principle states The Hardy-Weinberg principle states an equilibrium of allele frequencies in an equilibrium of allele frequencies in a gene pool of a sexually reproducing a gene pool of a sexually reproducing population, population, pp22 + + 2pq2pq + + qq22, won’t , won’t change as long as certain conditions change as long as certain conditions are met. What are these conditions?are met. What are these conditions?
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Example: Industrial Example: Industrial MelanismMelanism
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Causes of MicroevolutionCauses of Microevolution
Genetic Mutations Genetic Mutations Gene FlowGene Flow Nonrandom MatingNonrandom Mating Genetic DriftGenetic Drift Natural SelectionNatural Selection
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MUTATIONSMUTATIONS
Gene mutations -- -- the only source Gene mutations -- -- the only source of new allelesof new alleles
Chromosomal mutations -- -- Chromosomal mutations -- -- alterations in the number, alterations in the number, composition, or the arrangement of composition, or the arrangement of gene’s on a chromosomegene’s on a chromosome
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Chromosomal mutationsChromosomal mutations
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DeletionDeletion
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TranslocationTranslocation
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DuplicationDuplication
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InversionInversion
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Gene FlowGene FlowPhysical Movement of AllelesPhysical Movement of Alleles
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Nonrandom MatingNonrandom Mating
Assortative mating Assortative mating
Sexual selectionSexual selection
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Genetic DriftGenetic Drift
Bottleneck EffectBottleneck Effect
Founder EffectFounder Effect
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Bottleneck EffectBottleneck Effect
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Founder EffectFounder Effect
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Founder Effect 2Founder Effect 2
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Natural SelectionNatural Selection
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Types of SelectionTypes of Selection
Directional SelectionDirectional Selection
Stabilizing SelectionStabilizing Selection
Disruptive SelectionDisruptive Selection
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Directional Directional SelectionSelection
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Stabilizing Stabilizing SelectionSelection
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Disruptive Disruptive SelectionSelection
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Maintenance of VariationsMaintenance of Variations
Are there any advantages to variation Are there any advantages to variation in a population?in a population?
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Sickle Cell DistributionSickle Cell Distribution
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SpeciationSpeciation
Species DefinitionSpecies DefinitionMorphologicalMorphologicalBiologicalBiological
Reproductive IsolationReproductive IsolationPhylogeneticPhylogenetic
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SpeciesSpecies A group of interbreeding A group of interbreeding
populations that share a gene populations that share a gene pool and are pool and are reproductively reproductively isolatedisolated from other species. from other species.
Subpopulations can exchange Subpopulations can exchange genes. Different species can’t.genes. Different species can’t.
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Reproductive Isolating Reproductive Isolating MechanismsMechanisms
Prezygotic Isolating Prezygotic Isolating MechanismsMechanisms
Postzygotic Isolating Postzygotic Isolating MechanismsMechanisms
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Modes of SpeciationModes of Speciation
Allopatric Speciation-Allopatric Speciation-spatial separationspatial separation
Sympatric Speciation- no Sympatric Speciation- no spatial separationspatial separation
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SYMPATRIC SPECIATION --EXSYMPATRIC SPECIATION --EX
SPECIES A: 2N=14,SPECIES A: 2N=14,
N = 7N = 7
DUPLICATIONDUPLICATION
SPECIES A’: 2N=28SPECIES A’: 2N=28
N = 14N = 14
SPECIES A X SPECIES B 2N=21SPECIES A X SPECIES B 2N=21
N=?N=?
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Adaptive RadiationAdaptive Radiation
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ReviewReview Evolution in a Genetic ContextEvolution in a Genetic Context
- Microevolution- Microevolution Hardy-WeinbergHardy-Weinberg Causes of MicroevolutionCauses of Microevolution Natural SelectionNatural Selection
Types of SelectionTypes of Selection Maintenance of VariationsMaintenance of Variations SpeciationSpeciation
Modes of SpeciationModes of Speciation
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