How culture transformed human evolution
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How culture transformed human evolution
• The human puzzle
• Culture allows rapid cumulative adaptation
• Culture leads to maladaptive behavior
How culture transformed human evolution
• The human puzzle
• Culture allows rapid cumulative adaptation
• Culture leads to maladaptive behavior
Humans are better at adapting to a wide range of environments than other creatures
Our ancestors were like contemporary apes
• Limited ranges
• Limited use of tools
• Small social groups
• Little variation
Humans are very different from other animals
• Range = whole world
Humans are very different from other animals
• Ranges whole world
• Complex tools crucial for survival
• Large social groups
• Extensive variation in Subsistence
Social arrangements
Exceptional ability to adapt to local conditions
Much human behavior is maladaptive
• False beliefs
Much human behavior is maladaptive
• False beliefs
• Dangerous hobbies
Much human behavior is maladaptive
• False beliefs
• Dangerous hobbies
• Reduced fertility
Much human behavior is maladaptive
• Dangerous hobbies
• False beliefs
• Reduced fertility
• Self-sacrificial altruism
• Not rare mistakes, but systematic deviations
The human puzzle…
• Humans are products of evolution,
• but…
• Humans are very different from other animals Tremendous ecological success, but.. do lots of wacky things
• How can we understand these facts in Darwinian terms?
The usual answer: Yogi & Alley Oop
• People are successful because we are so smart
• People behave maladaptively because our minds are adapted to Pleistocene foraging conditions
How culture transformed human evolution
• The human puzzle
• Culture allows rapid cumulative adaptation
• Culture leads to maladaptive behavior
People are able to adapt because they are so smart
These inferences are played out internally in mental models of the world, governed by intuitive conceptions of physics, biology, and psychology, including the psychology of animals. It allows humans to invent tools, traps, and weapons, to extract poisons and drugs from other animals and plants….
These cognitive stratagems are devised on the fly in endless combination suitable to the local ecology. They arise by mental design, and are deployed, tested, and fine‐tuned by feedback in the lifetimes of individuals…
Steve Pinker, “The cognitive niche”, PNAS in press
Intelligence alone is not the answer
• Your task is to survive on King William Island in the central Canadian arctic
You get year of supplies
Then, I take away all industrialized products.
Will you make it??
• I don’t like your chances...
• Franklin and McClure expeditions starved here
Inuit flourished where explorers died
• Key: adaptive, culturally transmitted information.
Subsistence skills Specialized technology Extensive knowledge of
arctic. Social organization
Culturally evolved adaptations allowed Inuit to flourish
Learning is subject to a generality-accuracy trade-off
• Specialized mechanisms allow complex adaptations to particular problems
• General mechanisms allow simpler adaptations to wider range of environments
Individual learning alone doesn’t usually lead to complex habitat-specific adaptations
Only humans have much cumulative cultural evolution
• Many examples of social traditions Norway rat pups acquire preference for
food they taste in mother’s milk Chimpanzees learn termite fishing
technique from mother
• Cumulative cultural evolution is rare Most traditions limited to behaviors in
animals normal repertoire Only bird song cumulates
Culture finesses accuracy-generality tradeoff
• Culture allows selective learning Learning situations vary Rely on learning when it is accurate or cheap, otherwise imitate
• Culture allows accumulation of small improvements Big improvements harder than small ones Accumulation of many small improvements can lead to complex
adaptations without specialized mechanisms
• Human populations accumulate adaptive information over generations that no individual could invent on their own
Culture allows the evolution of complex adaptations that individuals cannot invent
Copper Inuit bow
Culture allows the evolution of complex adaptations that individuals cannot invent
• Bow is an adaptation ≡ a complex object superbly designed for a task
• Bow played an crucial role in Copper Inuit subsistence• Necessary for caribou hunting in
late summer
• Provides food until sea freezes
• Hides/furs for clothing
• Show design features fit the task
Longer bows store more energy for a given draw
• Area under curve = energy stored
• Higher string angle lower force/draw
For a given draw weight, longer bows store more energy
• Allows higher velocity or heavier arrow
• Needed for hunting caribou & polar bear from a distance
Inuit made short but powerful bows
• Cooper Inuit didn’t have access necessary wood to make long bow Softwood drift wood Horn
• Had to splice smaller pieces
• Design features of Inuit short bows allowed them to be powerful Shape: wide, thin & tapered Cable-backed Recurved
Short powerful bows are wide, thin & tapered
• Wider bows are more powerful
• Wide bows must be relatively thinner Back is in tension, belly in compression Thicker bows experience more strain Shorter bows have higher radius of
curvature Shorter bows must be thinner
• Short bows should be tapered Most energy stored near handle Thinner tips lower mass Higher arrow speed.
Recurved bows are more powerful, but more strained
straight recurved
Initial string angle
Strained bows can be strengthened by sinew backing
Mandan Bow Pitt River CA Tejon CA
• Sinew backed bow has sinew glued to back of bow Sinew strong in tension Wood back less stressed Requires high quality animal glues Widely used in N. America, Asia
Shorter bows can be strengthened by sinew backing
• Sinew backed bow has sinew glued to back of bow Sinew strong in tension Wood back less stressed Requires high quality animal glues Widely used in N. America, Asia
• Cable backed bow has braided sinew line lashed to back of bow Glues hard to use in cold Animal glues fail in wet
environments
Mandan Bow
Cordage backed bowYukon DeltaMason 1893
Cable backed bow From Yukon delta
Short, flat, tapered bow
Cable-backed
Recurved
A Copper Inuit bow
Cordage made from twisted plies of spliced, twisted sinew
• Sinew provides the best natural fiber in most environments
• Problem: Sinew fibers are too short
• Solution: twist fibers to increase friction at splices
• Problem: How to keep fiber from untwisting?
• Solution: use two plys with opposite twist
Complex cultural adaptations key to human success
Polar Inuit lost much technology
• Polar Inuit isolated from other Inuit populations
• Elisha Kane winters with Polar Inuit during 1850’s
• Lacked many typical Inuit technologies Long entrance to snow houses Bow and arrow Leister Kayaks
• Lost technologies during a plague which spared only the young
Polar Inuit
Elisha Kane
Not able to reinvent it in 40 years
Merqusaq
• Rasmussen visits Polar Inuit in 1905
• Merqusaq tells of journey from Baffin Is to Greenland 40 years before
• Taught Polar Inuit how to make and use lost technologies
• Evidence it was useful Early Polar Inuit kayaks resemble Baffin
Island type, not West Greenland Hunted caribou with bows, seals from
kayaks Population decline reversed.
Polar Inuit
How culture transformed human evolution
• The human puzzle
• Culture allows rapid cumulative adaptation
• Culture leads to maladaptive behavior
Expect learned behavior to be adaptive
• The brain is a complex adaptation shaped by evolutionary processes
• People learn some things more readily than others
• Result: behavior that would have been adaptive in previous environments• Easier to learn fear of snakes than automobiles
• People prefer to raise their own children
• Brother-sister marriage is rare
• Controversial for humans, but standard assumption for other animals
“The epigenetic rules will then tend to channel cognitive development toward certain culturgens as opposed to others…Genetic natural selection operates in such a way as to keep culture on a leash.”
Lumsden and Wilson 1981: 13
Do genes hold culture on a leash?
Adaptation always constrained by tradeoffs
• E. g. No large flying animals.
• Reason: biomechanical tradeoffs
Cultural adaptation creates a tradeoff
• Benefit: low cost information.
• But, have to be credulous…
• Result: Maladaptive ideas can spread
Repeated transmission can amplify weak content biases
• Transmission chain experiments (Beppo & Griffiths 2008) Initial population trained on 50 data pairs Then given 50 values for argument, asked to estimate function Each subsequent generation trained on estimates of previous
generation
Generation 1 Generation 2 Generation 3 Generation 4
Prestige bias can lead to maladaptive runaway processes
• Imitating successful good general rule
• Number of other imitators a cue of success
• Imitate the prestigious a good rule
• But can lead to sexual selection-like runaway process
St. Simeonthe “stylite”
Rapid cultural evolution can increase variation among groups
• Repeated interaction and conformism lead to many behavioral equilibria
• Cultural adaptation much more rapid than genetic adaptation
• Culture can amplify variation among groups
Bell et al PNAS 2009
Maladaptation a consequence of cultural adaptation
• Evolutionary Psychology™: maladaptations due to novel environments
• The argument here: Maladaptations due to trade-off imposed by cultural adaptation
• Test: Did the same maladaptations we see now exist in Pleistocene foraging societies? Supernatural beliefs? Exaggerated prestige systems? Large scale social cooperation?
Man Thought of His Kayak, Irene Avaalaaqiaq, 1976
Complex cultural adaptations key to human success